View source for Milnor ring

{{Wiki markup}}

{{shortcut|H:MARKUP|WP:MARKUP}}

'''Wiki markup''' is the syntax and keywords used by the [[MediaWiki]] software to format a page. A short intro is at [[Help:Cheatsheet]]. To learn how to see this markup and to save an edit, see: [[Help:Editing]].

{{TOC limit}}

== Layout ==

=== Sections ===

==== Section headings ====
{{see|Help:Section|MOS:HEAD}}

The <code>=</code> through <code>======</code> markup are headings for the sections with which they are associated.
* A single = is styled as the article title and should not be used within an article.
* Headings are styled through [[CSS]] and add an <code>[edit]</code> link.
* Four or more headings cause a table of contents to be generated automatically.
* Do not use <em>any</em> markup after the final heading markup – this will either break the heading, or will cause the heading to not be included in an edit summary.

{{markup
|<nowiki>== Section ==</nowiki>
|{{fake heading|Section}}
|<nowiki>=== Subsection ===</nowiki>
|{{fake heading|sub=3|Subsection}}
|<nowiki>==== Sub-subsection ====</nowiki>
|{{fake heading|sub=4|Sub-subsection}}
}}
And so on.

Wiki headings translate to [[HTML]] [[HTML element#h1|heading element]]s, {{tag|h1|o}} through {{tag|h6|o}}, styled as follows by default:

{{#lst:Help:HTML in wikitext|HTML_section}}

Templates: {{tl|fake heading}} for use in documentation.

==== Horizontal rule ====
{{see|WP:LINE}}

The horizontal rule represents a paragraph-level thematic break. Do not use in article content.

{{markup
|<nowiki>----</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
----
}}

HTML: {{tag|hr|s}}

==== Table of contents ====
{{see|WP:TOC}}

When a page has at least four headings, a table of contents (TOC) will automatically appear after the lead and before the first heading. The TOC can be controlled by magic words or templates:
* <code><nowiki>__FORCETOC__</nowiki></code> forces the TOC to appear at the normal location regardless of the number of headings.
* <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> forces the TOC to appear at the point where the magic word is inserted instead of the normal location.
* <code><nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki></code> disables the TOC entirely.
* {{tl|TOC limit}} can be used to control the depth of subsections included in the TOC. This is useful where the TOC is long and unwieldy.
* [[:Category:Wikipedia table of contents templates]] contains a number of specialized TOC templates.

=== Line breaks ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Line-break handling|Wikipedia:Don't use line breaks}}

Line breaks or newlines are used to add whitespace between lines, such as separating paragraphs.
* A line break that is visible in the content is inserted by pressing {{key press|Return}} twice.
* Pressing {{key press|Return}} once will place a line break in the markup, but it will not show in the rendered content, except when using list markup.
* Markup such as bold or italics will be terminated at a line break.

{{markup
|<nowiki>A single newline has no
effect on the layout.

But an empty line starts a new
paragraph, or ends a list or
an indented part.
</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
A single newline has no
effect on the layout.

But an empty line starts a new
paragraph, or ends a list or
an indented part.
}}

HTML: {{tag|br|o}} or {{tag|br|s}}

Templates:
* {{tl|break}} adds multiple line breaks.
* {{tl|crlf2}} adds a true carriage return and line feed.
* {{tl|-}} adds a break with styling to clear floating elements.
* {{tl|plainlist}} creates an unbulleted list.

=== Indent text ===
{{see|WP:INDENT}}

Indentation is most commonly used on talk pages.

{{markup
|<nowiki>Indentation as used on talk pages:
:Each colon at the start of a line
::causes the line to be indented by three more character positions.
:::(The indentation persists
so long as no carriage return or line break is used.)
:::Repeat the indentation at any line break.
::::Use an extra colon for each response.
:::::And so forth ...
::::::And so on ...</nowiki>
|Indentation as used on talk pages:
:Each colon at the start of a line
::causes the line to be indented by three more character positions.
:::(The indentation persists
so long as no carriage return or line break is used.)
:::Repeat the indentation at any line break.
::::Use an extra colon for each response.
:::::And so forth ...
::::::And so on ...
}}

Templates: {{tl|outdent}}, {{tl|outdent2}}

=== Blockquote ===

When there is a need for separating a block of text. This is useful for (as the name says) inserting blocks of quoted (and cited) text.
{{markup
|<nowiki><blockquote>
The '''blockquote''' tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does.
</blockquote>
</nowiki>
|<blockquote>
The '''blockquote''' tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does.
</blockquote>
}}

=== Center text ===

{{markup
|<nowiki><div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Centered text</div> </nowiki>
|2=<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Centered text</div>
}}

Template {{tl|center}} uses the same markup. To center a table, see [[Help:Table#Centering tables]].
Please do not use {{tag|center}}: it is obsolete.

===Align text to right===

{{markup
|<nowiki><div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">Text on the right</div></nowiki>
|2=<div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">Text on the right</div>
}}

=== Lists ===
{{see|Help:List|MOS:LIST}}

Do not leave blank lines between items in a list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the MediaWiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list.

==== Unordered lists ====

{{markup
|<nowiki>* Item1
* Item2
* Item3
* Item4
** Sub-item 4 a)
*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii)
** Sub-item 4 b)
* Item5</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
* Item1
* Item2
* Item3
* Item4
** Sub-item 4 a)
*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii)
** Sub-item 4 b)
* Item5
}}

==== Ordered lists ====

{{markup
|<nowiki># Item1
# Item2
# Item3
# Item4
## Sub-item 1
### Sub-item
#### Sub-item
## Sub-item 2
# Item5
</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
# Item1
# Item2
# Item3
# Item4
## Sub-item 1
### Sub-item
#### Sub-item
## Sub-item 2
# Item5
}}

==== {{Anchor|DL}}Definition lists ====
{{Shortcut|H:DL}}

To list terms and definitions, start a new line with a semicolon (;) followed by the term. Then, type a colon (:) followed by a definition.

Definition lists consist of group names corresponding to values. Group names (terms) are in bold. Values (definitions) are indented. Each group <em>must</em> include one or more definitions. For a single or first value, the <code>:</code> can be placed on the same line after <code>;</code> – but subsequent values must be placed on separate lines.

{{hatnote|Do not use a semicolon (;) simply to bold a line without defining a value using a colon (:). This usage renders invalid [[HTML5]].}}

{{markup
|<nowiki>; Term : Definition1</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
; Term : Definition1
|<nowiki>; Term
: Definition1
: Definition2
: Definition3
: Definition4</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
; Term
: Definition1
: Definition2
: Definition3
: Definition4
}}

HTML: {{tag|dl|o}} {{tag|dt}}, {{tag|dd}} {{tag|dl|c}}

Templates: {{tl|defn}}

=== Retaining newlines and spaces ===
{{shortcut|H:POEM}}

The MediaWiki software suppresses single newlines and converts lines starting with a space to preformatted text in a dashed box. HTML suppresses multiple spaces. It is often desirable to retain these elements for poems, lyrics, mottoes, oaths and the like. The [[mw:Extension:Poem|Poem]] extension adds HTML-like {{tag|poem}} tags to maintain newlines and spaces. These tags may be used inside other tags such as {{tag|blockquote}}. [[H:CSS|CSS styles]] may be applied to this tag, e.g.: <code><nowiki><poem style="margin-left: 2em;"></nowiki></code>.

{{markup
|<nowiki><poem>
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
  A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
  Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.

So twice five miles of fertile ground
  With walls and towers were girdled round:
And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
  Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
  Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.
</poem></nowiki>
|<poem>
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
  A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
  Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.

So twice five miles of fertile ground
  With walls and towers were girdled round:
And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
  Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
  Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.
</poem>
}}

== Format ==

=== Text formatting ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|- id="emph" valign="top"
|
''Italics'', '''bold''', {{Smallcaps|small capital letters}}
|
<pre>To ''italicize text'', just put
2 apostrophes on each side.

3 apostrophes will '''bold the text'''

5 apostrophes for '''''bold italics'''''

'''''Italic and bold
formatting''''' only works properly
within a single line.

For text as {{Smallcaps|small caps}},
that uses a [[Help:Template|template]].
</pre>
|
To ''italicize text'', just put
2 apostrophes on each side.

3 apostrophes will '''bold the text'''

5 apostrophes for '''''bold italics'''''

'''''Italic and bold
formatting''''' only works properly
within a single line.

For text as {{Smallcaps|small caps}},
that uses a [[Help:Template|template]].

|-
|
Small chunks of source code within a line of normal text.

Code is displayed in a monospace font.
|
<pre><nowiki>function <code>int m2()</code> is nice</nowiki></pre>
|
function <code>int m2()</code> is nice
|- valign="top"
|
[[mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight GeSHi|Syntax highlighting]] for source code.

Computer code has colored text and more stringent formatting.
For example, to define a function: <code>int m2()</code>, with highlights.
|
<pre><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <iostream>
int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) {
  std::cout <<"Hello World!";
  return 0;
}</syntaxhighlight></nowiki></pre>
|
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <iostream>
int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) {
  std::cout <<"Hello World!";
  return 0;
}</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|
<small>Small text</small>
|
<pre><nowiki>Use <small>small text</small> if needed.

A span tag can set text font-size as
being <span style="font-size: 87%">87%
of prior size</span>, to match an
image caption.</nowiki></pre>
|
Use <small>small text</small> if needed.

A span tag can set text font-size as
being <span style="font-size: 87%">87%
of prior size</span>, to match an
image caption.
|-
|
<big>Big text</big> (Obsolete)
|
<pre><nowiki>
Better not use <big>big text</big>,
unless <small> it's <big>within</big>
small</small> text.
</nowiki></pre>
|
Better not use <big>big text</big>,
unless <small> it's <big>within</big>
small</small> text.
|-
|
You can include a '''non-breaking space''' (sometimes called '''non-printing character''') where you require two words to always appear together on the same line, such as ''Mr.&nbsp;Smith'' or ''400&nbsp;km/h'', using '''<code>&amp;nbsp;</code>''' in place of a regular space between the two "words" that need to behave as a single word (never be separated on different lines).
|
<pre>Mr.&amp;nbsp;Smith or 400&amp;nbsp;km/h</pre>
|
Mr.&nbsp;Smith or 400&nbsp;km/h
|-
|
'''Extra spacing''' within text can best be achieved using the [[Template:Pad|pad]] template.
|
<pre><nowiki>Mary {{pad|4em}} had a little lamb.</nowiki></pre>
|
Mary {{pad|4em}} had a little lamb.
|-
|
'''Typewriter font''' (Obsolete)

(Also works beyond the end of a paragraph.)
|
<pre><nowiki><tt>arrow      &amp;rarr;</tt>

<tt>''italics'', '''bold'''</tt>

<tt>[[wikilink]]

New paragraph </tt>started here.</nowiki></pre>
|
<tt>arrow      &rarr;</tt>

<tt>''italics'', '''bold'''</tt>

<tt>[[wikilink]]

New paragraph </tt>started here.
|}

=== Special characters ===

==== Egyptian hieroglyphs ====
{{main|Help:WikiHiero syntax}}

WikiHiero is a software extension that renders [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] as PNG images using {{xtag|hiero}} tags.

Example:
{{markup
|<nowiki><hiero>P2</hiero></nowiki>
|<hiero>P2</hiero>
}}

==== Chess symbols ====
{{main|Chess symbols in Unicode}}

==== Diacritical marks ====

* See [[Help:Special characters]].

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<pre><nowiki>&amp;Agrave; &amp;Aacute; &amp;Acirc; &amp;Atilde; &amp;Auml; &amp;Aring; &amp;AElig;

&amp;Ccedil; &amp;Egrave; &amp;Eacute; &amp;Ecirc; &amp;Euml;

&amp;Igrave; &amp;Iacute; &amp;Icirc; &amp;Iuml; &amp;Ntilde;

&amp;Ograve; &amp;Oacute; &amp;Ocirc; &amp;Otilde; &amp;Ouml; &amp;Oslash; &amp;OElig;

&amp;Ugrave; &amp;Uacute; &amp;Ucirc; &amp;Uuml; &amp;Yuml; &amp;szlig;

&amp;agrave; &amp;aacute; &amp;acirc; &amp;atilde; &amp;auml; &amp;aring; &amp;aelig; &amp;ccedil;

&amp;egrave; &amp;eacute; &amp;ecirc; &amp;euml;

&amp;igrave; &amp;iacute; &amp;icirc; &amp;iuml; &amp;ntilde;

&amp;ograve; &amp;oacute; &amp;ocirc; &amp;otilde; &amp;ouml; &amp;oslash; &amp;oelig;

&amp;ugrave; &amp;uacute; &amp;ucirc; &amp;uuml; &amp;yuml;</nowiki></pre>

|
À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ

Ç È É Ê Ë

Ì Í Î Ï Ñ

Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Œ

Ù Ú Û Ü Ÿ ß

à á â ã ä å æ ç

è é ê ë

ì í î ï ñ

ò ó ô õ ö ø œ

ù ú û ü ÿ
|}

==== Punctuation, special characters ====

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<pre><nowiki>&amp;iquest; &amp;iexcl; &amp;sect; &amp;para;

&amp;dagger; &amp;Dagger; &amp;bull; &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash;

&amp;lsaquo; &amp;rsaquo; &amp;laquo; &amp;raquo;

&amp;lsquo; &amp;rsquo; &amp;ldquo; &amp;rdquo;

&amp;apos; &amp;quot;
</nowiki></pre>
|
¿ ¡ § ¶

† ‡ • &ndash; &mdash;

‹ › « »

&lsquo; &rsquo; &ldquo; &rdquo;

&apos; &quot;
|}

==== Other punctuation, escaping special characters ====

The [[#Pre|{{tag|pre|o}}]] and [[#Nowiki|{{tag|nowiki|o}}]] markup tags are also available. (For writing '''<nowiki>"[", "{", "&", "}", "]"</nowiki>''', for example.)

==== Commercial symbols ====

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<pre><nowiki>&amp;trade; &amp;copy; &amp;reg; </nowiki>

<nowiki>&amp;cent; &amp;euro; &amp;yen; &amp;pound; &amp;curren;
</nowiki></pre>
|
™ © ®

¢ € ¥ £ ¤
|}

==== Subscripts and superscripts ====

* The [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)#Superscripts and subscripts|Manual of Style]] prefers the <em><nowiki>x<sub>1</sub></nowiki></em> format.
* The latter methods of sub/superscripting cannot be used in the most general context, as they rely on Unicode support which may not be present on all users' machines. For the 1, 2, 3 superscripts, it is nevertheless preferred when possible (as with units of measurement) because most browsers have an easier time formatting lines with it.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''Subscripts''
|
<pre><nowiki>
x<sub>1</sub> x<sub>2</sub> x<sub>3</sub> or

x&amp;#8320; x&amp;#8321; x&amp;#8322; x&amp;#8323; x&amp;#8324;

x&amp;#8325; x&amp;#8326; x&amp;#8327; x&amp;#8328; x&amp;#8329;
</nowiki></pre>
|

x<sub>1</sub> x<sub>2</sub> x<sub>3</sub> or

x₀ x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄

x₅ x₆ x₇ x₈ x₉

|-
|
''Superscripts''
|
<pre><nowiki>
x<sup>1</sup> x<sup>2</sup> x<sup>3</sup> or

x&amp;#8304; x&amp;sup1; x&amp;sup2; x&amp;sup3; x&amp;#8308;

x&amp;#8309; x&amp;#8310; x&amp;#8311; x&amp;#8312; x&amp;#8313;
</nowiki></pre>
|

x<sup>1</sup> x<sup >2</sup > x<sup >3</sup > or

x⁰ x¹ x² x³ x⁴

x⁵ x⁶ x⁷ x⁸ x⁹

|-
|
''Combined''
|
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;epsilon;<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 &amp;times; 10<sup>&amp;minus;12</sup> C&amp;sup2; / J m

1 [[hectare]] = [[1 E+4 m&amp;sup2;]]
</nowiki></pre>
|

&epsilon;<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 &times; 10<sup>&minus;12</sup> C&sup2; / J m

1 [[hectare]] = [[1 E+4 m&sup2;]]

|}

==== Greek characters ====

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;

&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;

&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho; &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;

&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;

&amp;Alpha; &amp;Beta; &amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Epsilon; &amp;Zeta;

&amp;Eta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Iota; &amp;Kappa; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Mu;

&amp;Nu; &amp;Xi; &amp;Omicron; &amp;Pi; &amp;Rho; &amp;Sigma;

&amp;Tau; &amp;Upsilon; &amp;Phi; &amp;Chi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;
</nowiki></pre>
|
α β γ δ ε ζ

η θ ι κ λ μ ν

ξ ο π ρ σ ς

τ υ φ χ ψ ω

Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ

Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ

Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ

Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω
|}

==== Mathematical characters ====

* See also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics|WikiProject Mathematics]] and [[TeX]].

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic;

&amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;

&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; &amp;equiv; &amp;ne;

&amp;le; &amp;ge;

&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;divide; &amp;part;

&amp;prime; &amp;Prime;

&amp;nabla; &amp;permil; &amp;deg; &amp;there4; &amp;alefsym;

&amp;oslash;

&amp;isin; &amp;notin; &amp;cap; &amp;cup;

&amp;sub; &amp;sup; &amp;sube; &amp;supe;

&amp;not; &amp;and; &amp;or; &amp;exist; &amp;forall;

&amp;rArr; &amp;lArr; &amp;dArr; &amp;uArr; &amp;hArr;

&amp;rarr; &amp;darr; &amp;uarr; &amp;larr; &amp;harr;
</nowiki></pre>
|
∫ ∑ ∏ √

&minus; ± ∞

≈ ∝ ≡ ≠

≤ ≥

&times; · ÷ ∂

&prime; &Prime;

∇ ‰ ° ∴ ℵ

ø

∈ ∉ ∩ ∪

⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇

¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀

⇒ ⇐ ⇓ ⇑ ⇔

→ ↓ ↑ ← ↔
|}

==== Mathematical formulae ====
{{main|Help:Displaying a formula}}

* Formulae that include mathematical letters, like {{math|x}}, and operators like <code>×</code> should not use the plain letter <code>x</code>. See [[MOS:MATH#Font_formatting|math font formatting]]. For a comprehensive set of symbols, and comparison between {{tag|math|o}} tags and the {{tl|math}} template see section [[Help:Displaying_a_formula#TeX_vs_HTML|''TeX vs HTML'']].

* The {{tag|math|o}} tag typesets using [[MOS:MATH#Typesetting_of_mathematical_formulae|LaTeX markup]], which may render as an image or as HTML, depending on environmental settings. The {{tag|math|o}} tag is best for the complex formula on its own line in an image format. If you use this tag to put a formula in the line with text, put it in the {{tl|nowrap}} template.

* The {{tl|math}} template [[MOS:MATH#Using_HTML|uses HTML]], and will size-match a serif font, and will also prevent line-wrap. All templates are sensitive to the <code>=</code> sign, so remember to replace <code>=</code> with <code>{{tl|{{=}}}}</code> in template input. Use wikimarkup <code><nowiki>''</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>'''</nowiki></code> inside the {{tl|math}} template, as well as other [[Wikipedia:Mathematical_symbols|HTML entities]]. The {{tl|math}} template is best for typeset formulas in line with the text.

{{markup
|<nowiki>
<math>2x \times 4y \div 6z + 8
   - \frac {y}{z^2} = 0</math>
{{crlf|}}

{{math|2x &amp;times; 4y &amp;divide;
6z + 8 &amp;minus; {{Fraction
  |y|z<sup>2</sup>}} {{=}} 0}}


<math>\sin 2\pi x + \ln e\,\!</math>
<math>\sin 2\pi x + \ln e</math>
{{math|sin 2&amp;pi;''x'' + ln ''e''}}
</nowiki>
|<math>2x \times 4y \div 6z + 8
   - \frac {y}{z^2} = 0</math>
{{crlf|}}

{{math|2x × 4y ÷
6z + 8 − {{Fraction
  |y|z<sup>2</sup>}} {{=}} 0}}


<math>\sin 2\pi x + \ln e\,\!</math>{{crlf|
}}
<math>\sin 2\pi x + \ln e</math>{{crlf|
}}
{{math|sin 2π''x'' + ln ''e''}}
}}

==== Spacing in simple math formulae ====

* Using '''<code>&amp;nbsp;</code>''' to prevent line break is not needed; the {{tl|math}} template will prevent line breaks anyway; you can use {{tag|br|s}} if you need an explicit line break inside a formula.

{{markup
|<nowiki>
It follows that {{math
|''x''<sup>2</sup> &amp;ge; 0}} is true when {{mvar|x}} is a real number.
</nowiki>
|2=

It follows that {{math
|''x''<sup>2</sup> &ge; 0}} is true when {{mvar|x}} is a real number.
}}

==== Complicated formulae ====

* See [[Help:Displaying a formula]] for how to use {{tag|math|o}}.
* A formula displayed on a line by itself should probably be indented by using the colon (:) character.

{{markup
|<nowiki>
: <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}</math>
</nowiki>
|2={{crlf2}}

: <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}</math>
}}

==== Characters in the Private Use Area and invisible formatting characters ====
{{main|MOS:TEXT#PUA and RTL}}

Invisible and PUA characters should be avoided where possible.  When needed, they should both be substituted with their (hexa)decimal code values (as "&#(x)...;").  This renders invisible characters visible, for manual editing, and allows AWB to process pages with PUA characters.  The latter should also be tagged with the {{tl|PUA}} template for tracking and future maintenance.

== Links and URLs ==
{{main|Help:Link}}

=== Free links ===

In [[Wikipedia]] and some other [[wiki]]s, '''free links''' are used in [[wikitext]] markup to produce [[internal link]]s between pages, as opposed to the concept of [[CamelCase]] for the same purpose, which was used in the early days of Wikipedia – see [[Wikipedia:CamelCase and Wikipedia|CamelCase and Wikipedia]].

In [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page#Wiki markup|Wikipedia's markup language]], you create free links by putting double square brackets around text designating the title of the page you want to link to. Thus, <code><nowiki>[[Texas]]</nowiki></code> will be rendered as [[Texas]]. Optionally, you can use a [[vertical bar]] (|) to customize the link title. For example, typing <code><nowiki>[[Texas|Lone Star State]]</nowiki></code> will produce [[Texas|Lone Star State]], a link that is displayed as "<u>Lone Star State</u>" but in fact links to [[Texas]].

==== Link to another wiki article ====

* Internally, the first letter of the target page is automatically capitalized and spaces are represented as underscores (typing an underscore in the link has the same effect as typing a space, but is not recommended).
* Thus the link hereafter is to the Web address <code>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport</code>, which is the Wikipedia article with the name "Public transport". See also [[Help:Link#Conversion to canonical form|Canonicalization]].
* [[Intentionally permanent red link|A red link]] is a page that doesn't exist yet; it can be created by clicking on the link.
* [[Help:Self link|A link to its own page]] will appear only as bold text.

{{markup
|<nowiki>London has [[public transport]].</nowiki>
|London has [[public transport]].

|<nowiki>Link to this article: "[[Help:Wiki markup]]" will appear only as bold text.</nowiki>
|Link to this article: "[[Help:Wiki markup]]" will appear only as bold text.

}}

==== Renamed link ====

* Same target, different name.
* The target ("piped") text must be placed '''first''', then the text to be displayed '''second'''.

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>New York also has [[public transport|public transportation]].</nowiki></code>
|
New York also has [[public transport|public transportation]].
|}

==== Automatically rename links ====

* Simply typing the pipe character (|) after a link will automatically rename the link in certain circumstances. The next time you open the edit box you will see the expanded piped link. When [[Help:Show preview|previewing]] your edits, you will not see the expanded form until you press '''Save''' and '''Edit''' again. The same applies to [[#link-to-section|links to sections within the same page]].
* See [[Help:Pipe trick|Pipe trick]] for details.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''Automatically hide stuff in parentheses''
|
<code><nowiki>[[kingdom (biology)|]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[kingdom (biology)|kingdom]]
|-
| ''Automatically hide the comma and following text''
| <code><nowiki>[[Seattle, Washington|]]</nowiki></code>
| [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]
|-
|
''Automatically hide namespace''
|
<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Village pump|]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[Wikipedia:Village pump|Village pump]]
|-
|
''Or both''
|
<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings)|]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings)|Manual of Style]]
|-
|
''<b>But this doesn't work for section links</b>''
|
<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]]
|}

==== Blend link ====

* Endings are blended into the link.
** ''Exception'': a trailing [[apostrophe]] (') and any characters following the apostrophe are ''not'' blended.
* Preferred style is to use this instead of a piped link, if possible.
* Blending can be suppressed by using the [[#Nowiki|{{tag|nowiki|s}}]] tag, which may be desirable in some instances.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''Blending active''
|
<code><nowiki>San Francisco also has [[public transport]]ation. Examples include [[bus]]es, [[taxicab]]s, and [[tram]]s.</nowiki></code>
|
San Francisco also has [[public transport]]ation. Examples include [[bus]]es, [[taxicab]]s, and [[tram]]s.
|-
|
''Blending suppressed''
|
<code><nowiki>A [[micro-]]<nowiki />second.</nowiki></code>
|
A [[micro-]]<nowiki />second
|}

==== Link to a section of a page ====

* The part after the hash sign (#) must match a [[Section_editing#Creation_and_numbering_of_sections|section heading]] on the page. Matches must be exact in terms of spelling, case, and punctuation. Links to non-existent sections are not broken; they are treated as links to the beginning of the page.
* Include "| link title" to create a stylish ([[WP:Piping|piped]]) link title.
* If sections have the same title, add a number to link to any but the first. [[#Example section 3]] goes to the third section named "Example section". You can use the pipe and retype the section title to display the text without the # symbol.

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics]] is a link to a section within another page.</nowiki></code>
|
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics]] is a link to a section within another page.
|-
|
<code><nowiki>[[#Links and URLs]] is a link to another section on the current page. [[#Links and URLs|Links and URLs]] is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol.</nowiki></code>
|
[[#Links and URLs]] is a link to another section on the current page. [[#Links and URLs|Links and URLs]] is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol.
|-
|
<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics|Italics]] is a piped link to a section within another page.</nowiki></code>
|
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics|Italics]] is a piped link to a section within another page.
|}

==== Create page link ====

* To create a new page:
*# Create a link to it on some other (related) page.
*# Save that page.
*# Click on the link you just made. The new page will open for editing.
* For more information, see [[Wikipedia:Starting an article|starting an article]] and check out Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions|naming conventions]].
* Please do not create a new article without linking to it from at least one other article.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''Links to pages that don’t exist yet look red.''
|
<code><nowiki>The article about [[cardboard sandwiches]] doesn't exist yet.</nowiki></code>
|
The article about [[cardboard sandwiches]] doesn't exist yet.
|}

=== Redirects ===
{{main|Help:Redirect}}

* [[Wikipedia:Redirect|Redirect]] one article title to another by placing a directive like the one shown to the right on the ''first'' line of the article (such as at a page titled "[[USA]]").
* It is possible to redirect to a section. For example, a redirect to [[United States#History]] will redirect to the History section of the [[United States]] page, if it exists.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
|-
|
''Redirect to an article''
|
<code><nowiki>#REDIRECT [[United States]] </nowiki></code>
|-
|
''Redirect to a section''
|
<code><nowiki>#REDIRECT [[United States#History]]</nowiki></code>
|}

=== Link to another [[Help:namespace|namespace]] ===

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>See the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]].</nowiki></code>
|
See the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]].
|}

=== Link to the same article in another language (interlanguage links) ===
{{main|Help:Interlanguage links|Wikipedia:Complete list of language wikis available}}
{{notice|This section needs to be updated to include Wikidata.}}

* To link to a corresponding page in another language, use the form: <code><nowiki>[[</nowiki><em>language code</em>:<em>Foreign title</em><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code>.
* It is recommended interlanguage links be placed at the very end of the article.
* Interlanguage links are not visible within the formatted article, but instead appear as language links on the sidebar (to the left) under the menu section "languages".

* '''NOTE:''' To create an '''''inline link''''' (a clickable link within the text) to ''any'' foreign language article, see [[Help:Interlanguage links#Inline interlanguage links]] and consider the usage notes.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
|-
|
''Link from English article "Plankton" to the Spanish article [[:es:Plancton|"Plancton"]].''

''"es" is the language code for "{{lang|es|español}}" (the [[Spanish language]]).''
|
<pre>
[[es:Plancton]]
</pre>

|-
|
''Other examples: French (<code>fr</code> for {{lang|fr|français}}), German (<code>de</code> for {{lang|de|Deutsch}}), Russian (<code>ru</code>), and simple English (<code>simple</code>).''
|
<pre>
[[fr:Plancton]]
[[de:Plankton]]
[[ru:Планктон]]
[[simple:Plankton]]
</pre>

|}

=== [[InterWiki|Interwiki]] link ===

* Link to any page on other Wikimedia wikis.
* Note that interwiki links use the ''internal'' link style.
* See [[MetaWikiPedia:Interwiki_map]] for the list of shortcuts; if the site you want to link to is not on the list, use an external link ([[#External links|see hereafter]]).
* See also [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects|Wikimedia sister projects]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
| colspan="3"|
Linking to a page on another wiki in English.

All of these forms lead to the URL <em>http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hello</em>.
|-
|
''Simple link.''

''Without prefix.''

''Named link.''
|
<code><nowiki>[[Wiktionary:Hello]]</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>[[Wiktionary:Hello|]]</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>[[Wiktionary:Hello|Wiktionary definition of "Hello"]] </nowiki></code>
|
[[Wiktionary:Hello]]

[[Wiktionary:Hello|Hello]]

[[Wiktionary:Hello|Wiktionary definition of "Hello"]]
|-
| colspan="3"|
Linking to a page on another wiki in another language.

All of these forms lead to the URL <em>http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonjour</em>.
|-
|
''Simple link.''

''Without prefix.''

''Named link.''
|
<code><nowiki>[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour]]</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|]]</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|bonjour]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour]]

[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|fr:bonjour]]

[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|bonjour]]
|}

=== Categories ===

* To put an article in a [[Wikipedia:Categorization|category]], place a link like <code><nowiki>[[Category:Example]]</nowiki></code> into the article. As with interlanguage links, placing these links at [[WP:FOOTERS|the end of the article]] is recommended.
* To link to a category page without putting the article into the category, use a colon prefix (":Category") in the link.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''Categorize an article.''
|
<code><nowiki>[[Category:Character sets]]</nowiki></code>
|
|-
|
''Link to a category.''
|
<code><nowiki>[[:Category:Character sets]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[:Category:Character sets]]
|-
|
''Without prefix.''
|
<code><nowiki>[[:Category:Character sets|]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[:Category:Character sets|Character sets]]
|}

=== External links ===
<!-- linked from [[Wikipedia:External links]] -->

*Square brackets indicate an external link. Note the use of a ''space'' (not a pipe) to separate the URL from the link text in the "named" link. Square brackets may be used as normal when not linking to anything – [like this].
*A [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] must begin with a supported [[URI scheme]]: <code>http://</code> and <code>https://</code> will be supported by all browsers; <code>irc://</code>, <code>ircs://</code>, <code>ftp://</code>, <code>news://</code>, <code>mailto:</code> and <code>gopher://</code> will require a plugin or an external application. IPv6 addresses in URLs are currently not supported.
*A URL containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by <code>%20</code>. Encoding can be achieved by:
:*Use the link button [[File:Vector toolbar insert link button.png]] on the enhanced editing toolbar to encode the link; this tool will add the bracket markup and the linked text, which may not always be desirable.
:*Or manually encode the URL by replacing these characters:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 5em"
! ''space'' !! " !! ' !! , !! ; !! < !! > !! ? !! [ !! ]
|-
| %20 || %22 || %27 || %2c || %3b || %3c || %3e || %3f || %5b || %5d
|}
:*Or use the <nowiki>{{urlencode:}}</nowiki> magic word. See [[:mw:Help:Magic words#URL data|Help:Magic words]] in the MediaWiki documentation for more details.

* See [[Wikipedia:External links|External links]] for style issues, and [[:Category:External link file type templates|External link file type templates]] for indicating the file type of an external link with an icon.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''Named link'' with an [[Help:external link icons|external link icon]]
|
<code><nowiki>[http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]</nowiki></code>
|
[http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]
|-
|
''Unnamed link''

''(Only used within article body for footnotes)''
|
<code><nowiki>[http://www.wikipedia.org]</nowiki></code>
|
[http://www.wikipedia.org]
|-
|
''Bare URL''

''(Bad style)''
|
<code><nowiki>http://www.wikipedia.org</nowiki></code>
|
http://www.wikipedia.org
|-
|
''Link without arrow''

''(Not often used)''
|
<code><nowiki><span class="plainlinks">[http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]</span></nowiki></code>
|
<span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]</span>
|}

=== Miscellaneous ===

==== "As of" tag ====

* "[[Wikipedia:As of|As of]]" tags generate phrases like "As of April 2009" or "as of April 2009", and categorize info that will need updating. For an explanation of the parameters see [[Template:As_of|template documentation]].

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>{{As of|2009|4|df=us}}</nowiki></code>
|
{{As of|2009|4|df=us}}
|-
|
<code><nowiki>{{As of|2009|4|df=us|lc=y}}</nowiki></code>
|
{{As of|2009|4|df=us|lc=y}}
|}

==== Media link ====

* To include links to non image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link. For images, [[#Images|see next section]].
* Some uploaded sounds are listed at [[Commons:Sound]].

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>[[media:Classical guitar scale.ogg|Sound]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[media:Classical guitar scale.ogg|Sound]]
|}

==== Links directly into edit mode ====

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''Full URL''
|
<code><nowiki>{{fullurl:Help:Wiki markup|action=edit}}</nowiki></code>
|
{{fullurl:Help:Wiki markup|action=edit}}
|-
|
''"Edit" label''
|
[[template:edit|<code><nowiki>{{edit}}</nowiki></code>]]
|
{{edit}}
|}

==== Automatic links ====
{{main|Help:Magic links}}

===== Book sources =====

* Link to books using their [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN]], which creates a link to [[Special:BookSources]]. This is preferred to linking to a specific online bookstore, because it gives the reader a choice of vendors. However, if one bookstore or online service provides additional free information, such as table of contents or excerpts from the text, then a link to that source will aid the user and is recommended. ISBN links do not need any extra markup, provided you use one of the indicated formats.
* To create a link to [[Special:BookSources]] using alternative text (e.g. the book's title), use the internal link style with the appropriate namespace.

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>ISBN 012345678X</nowiki></code>
|
ISBN 012345678X
|-
|
<code><nowiki>ISBN 0-12-345678-X</nowiki></code>
|
ISBN 0-12-345678-X
|-
|
<code><nowiki>Link to a book using [[Special:BookSources/0670037818|alternative text, such as its title]]</nowiki></code>
|
Link to a book using [[Special:BookSources/0670037818|alternative text, such as its title]]
|}

===== RFC number =====

* Link to an [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] [[Request for Comments|Request for Comments (RFC)]].

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>Text mentioning an RFC number anywhere, e.g. RFC 4321.</nowiki></code>
|
Text mentioning an RFC number anywhere, e.g. RFC 4321.
|}

===== Links partially italicized =====
*Link to a page with words usually italicized, such as [[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]].

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>[[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]]
|}

== Pronunciation aids ==

It is often desirable to provide an aid to pronunciation for a word. The [[Template:IPAc-en|''IPAc-en'']] and [[Template:Respell|''Respell'']] templates can be of assistance.

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>'''Konjac''' {{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|j|æ|k}}</nowiki></code>
|
'''Konjac''' {{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|j|æ|k}}
|-
|
<code><nowiki>'''Konjac''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|j|æ|k}} {{respell|KOHN|yak}})</nowiki></code>
|
'''Konjac''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|j|æ|k}} {{respell|KOHN|yak}})
|-
|
<code><nowiki>''Konjac'' is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|j|æ|k}} in English.</nowiki></code>
|
''Konjac'' is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|j|æ|k}} in English.
|}

Refer to [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)]] for more information.

== Musical notation ==
{{main|Help:Score}}
Musical notation is added by using the {{xtag|score|p}} extension tag. For example:
:
{{markup
|<nowiki><score>\relative c' { fis d fis a d f e d c cis d e a g f ees }</score></nowiki>
|<score>\relative c' { fis d fis a d f e d c cis d e a g f ees }</score>
}}

== Images ==

Only images that have been uploaded to Wikipedia can be used. To upload images, use the [[Special:Upload|upload page]]. You can find the uploaded image on the [[Special:Imagelist|image list]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! What you type
! What it looks like
! Notes
|- valign="top"
| <pre>A picture: 
<nowiki>[[File:wiki.png]]</nowiki></pre>

| A picture: 
[[File:wiki.png]]

|
|- valign="top"
| <pre>With alternative text: 
<nowiki>[[File:wiki.png|alt=Puzzle globe logo]]</nowiki></pre>

| With alternative text: 
[[File:wiki.png|alt=Puzzle globe logo]]

|
* Alternative text, used when the image is unavailable or when the image is loaded in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud, is '''strongly''' encouraged. See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images|Alternative text for images]] for help on choosing it.

|- valign="top"
| <pre>With link: 
<nowiki>[[File:wiki.png|link=Wikipedia]]</nowiki></pre>

| With link: 
[[File:wiki.png|link=Wikipedia]] <br clear=all />

|
* The link directs to a page, [[Wikipedia]], instead of the file.

|- valign="top"
| <pre>Floating to the right side of the page using the ''frame'' attribute and a caption: 
<nowiki>[[File:wiki.png|frame|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]]</nowiki></pre> 

| Floating to the right side of the page using the ''frame'' attribute and a caption: 
[[File:wiki.png|frame|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]] <br clear=all />

|
* The frame tag automatically floats the image right.
* The last parameter is the caption that appears below the image.

|- valign="top"
| <pre>Floating to the right side of the page using the ''thumb'' attribute and a caption: 
<nowiki>[[File:wiki.png|thumb|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]]</nowiki></pre> 

| Floating to the right side of the page using the ''thumb'' attribute and a caption: 
[[File:wiki.png|thumb|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]] <br clear=all />

|
* The thumb tag automatically floats the image right.
* An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner.

|- valign="top"
| <pre>Floating to the right side of the page ''without'' a caption: 
<nowiki>[[File:wiki.png|right|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]</nowiki></pre>

| Floating to the right side of the page ''without'' a caption: 
[[File:wiki.png|right|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]
|
* The [[WP:PIC|picture tutorial]] explains more options.

|- valign="top"
| <pre>A picture resized to 30 pixels... 
<nowiki>[[File:wiki.png|30 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]</nowiki></pre>

| A picture resized to 30 pixels... 
[[File:wiki.png|30 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]

|
* The [[WP:PIC|picture tutorial]] explains more options.

|- valign="top"
| <pre>Linking directly to the description page of an image: 
<nowiki>[[:File:wiki.png]]</nowiki></pre>

| Linking directly to the description page of an image: 
[[:File:wiki.png]]

|
* Clicking on an image displayed normally on a page also leads to the description page.

|- valign="top"
| <pre>Linking directly to an image without displaying it: 
<nowiki>[[Media:wiki.png|Image of jigsaw globe]]</nowiki></pre>

| Linking directly to an image without displaying it: 
[[Media:wiki.png|Image of jigsaw globe]]

|
* To include links to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link.

|- valign="top"
|
<pre><nowiki>Example: 
<div style="display: inline; width: 220px; float: right;">
Place images here </div></nowiki></pre>

|
Example: 
<div style="display: inline; width: 220px; float: right;">
Place images here </div>

|
Using the [[span and div|<code>span</code> or <code>div</code> elements]] to separate images from text (note that this may allow images to cover text).

|- valign="top"
|
<pre><nowiki>Example:

{| align=right
|-
|
Place images here
|}</nowiki></pre>

|
Example:

{| align=right
|-
|
Place images here
|}

|
Using wiki markup to make a table in which to place a vertical column of images (this helps edit links match headers, especially in Firefox browsers).

|}

See the Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|image use policy]] as a guideline used on Wikipedia.

For further help on images, including some more versatile abilities, see the [[WP:PIC|picture tutorial]].

== Tables ==

There are two ways to build tables:
* In special wiki-markup (see [[Help:Table]]).
* Using HTML elements: {{tag|table|o}}, {{tag|tr|o}}, {{tag|td|o}} or {{tag|th|o}}.

See also [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(tables)#When_tables_are_appropriate|When tables are appropriate]].

== References and citing sources ==
{{main|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Help:Footnotes}}
{{see also|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style{{!}}Chicago style|Harvard style|MLA style}}

Making a reference citing a printed or online source can be accomplished by using the {{tag|ref}} tags. Inside these tags details about the reference are added.

Details about the citation can be provided using a structure provided by various templates; the table below lists some typical citation components.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! What it's for !! What you type
|-
| {{Nowrap|To create the reference}} || {{tag|ref|params=name="name for reference"|content=Use a closing tag}}
|-
| To cite a book || {{Tlx|cite book}}
|-
| To cite a web source || {{Tlx|cite web}}
|-
| Book ISBN || {{para|isbn|0-4397-0818-4}} (ISBN of the book)
|-
| Web URL || {{para|url|ht<nowiki />tp://www.wikipedia.org}}
|-
| Title || {{para|title|title of source}}
|-
| Author || {{para|author|authors, use commas for multiple}}
|-
| First name || {{para|first|first name}}
|-
| Last name || {{para|last|last name}}
|-
| Location || {{para|location|location of publisher}}
|-
| Publisher || {{para|publisher|who published the source}}
|-
| Date || {{para|date|2007-09-21}} (date of source)
|-
| Year || {{para|year|year of source}}
|-
| Accessed date || {{para|accessdate|2008-12-25}}
|-
| A complete reference tag || {{tag|ref|o|params=name="WikiMarkup"}}<code><nowiki>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wiki_markup |title=Help:Wiki markup |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</nowiki></code>{{tag|ref|c}}
|-
| Referencing this again || {{tag|ref|s|params=name="WikiMarkup"}}
|-
| Citation needed || {{tlx|citation needed}}
|}

== Templates and transcluding pages ==
{{main|Wikipedia:Transclusion}}
{{see also|Help:Template#Noinclude, includeonly, and onlyinclude}}

Examples for templates: <nowiki>{{pad|...}}, {{math|...}}, {{as of|...}}, {{edit}}</nowiki>

'''[[Help:Template|Templates]]''' are segments of wiki markup that are meant to be copied automatically ("transcluded") into a page.
You add them by putting the template's name in <nowiki>{{double braces}}</nowiki>. It is also possible to transclude other pages by using <nowiki>{{:colon and double braces}}</nowiki>.

There are three pairs of [[html element|tags]] that can be used in [[wikitext]] to control how transclusion affects parts of a template or article.
They determine whether or not wikitext renders, either in its own article, which we will call "'''here'''", or in another article where it is transcluded, which we will call "'''there'''".
* '''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>: ''' the content '''will not be rendered ''there'''''. These tags have no effect ''here''.
* '''<nowiki><includeonly></nowiki>: ''' the content  '''will render only ''there''''', and  '''will not render ''here''''' (like [[invisible ink]] made visible by means of transclusion).
* '''<nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki>: ''' the content '''will render ''here''''' and '''will render ''there''''', but it will only render ''there'' what is between these tags.
There can be several such section "[[HTML#Elements|elements]]". Also, they can be nested. All possible renderings are achievable. For example, to render ''there'' one or more sections of the page ''here'' use '''<nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki>''' tags. To append text ''there'', wrap the addition in '''<nowiki><includeonly></nowiki>''' tags before, within, or after the section. To omit portions of the section, nest '''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>''' tags within it.

If a page is transcluded without transclusion markup, it may cause an unintentional [[Help:Category#Putting_pages_in_categories|categorization]]. Any page transcluding it will contain the same category as the original page. Wrap the category markup with '''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>''' tags to prevent incorrect categorization.

Some templates take ''parameters'', as well, which you separate with the pipe character <code>|</code>.

{| class="wikitable"
!width="500"| What you type
!width="1000"| What it looks like
|-
|
<pre>{{Transclusion demo}}</pre>
|
{{Transclusion demo}}
|-
|
<pre>{{Help:Transclusion demo}}</pre>
|
{{Help:Transclusion demo}}
|-
|
<pre>
This template takes two parameters,
and creates underlined text with a
hover box for many modern browsers
supporting CSS:

{{H:title|This is the hover text|
Hover your mouse over this text}}

Go to this page to see the H:title
template itself: {{tl|H:title}}
</pre>
|

This template takes two parameters,
and creates underlined text with a
hover box for many modern browsers
supporting CSS:

{{H:title|This is the hover text|
Hover your mouse over this text}}

Go to this page to see the H:title
template itself: {{tl|H:title}}

|}

== Talk and project pages ==

=== Signing comments ===

* The character '''tilde''' (~) is used when adding a comment to a Talk page.
* Your username provides a link to your [[Wikipedia:user page|user page]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
''You should sign your comments by appending four tildes to the comment, which adds your user name plus date/time.''
|
<code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>
|
[[Special:Mypage|Username]] ([[Special:Mytalk|talk]]) {{CURRENTTIME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} (UTC)
|-
|
''Adding three tildes will add just your user name.''
|
<code><nowiki>~~~</nowiki></code>
|
[[Special:Mypage|Username]] ([[Special:Mytalk|talk]])
|-
|
''Adding five tildes gives the date/time alone.''
|
<code><nowiki>~~~~~</nowiki></code>
|
{{CURRENTTIME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} (UTC)
|}

=== What links here and related changes ===

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<tt><nowiki>[[Special:WhatLinksHere/aaa]]</nowiki></tt>
|
[[Special:WhatLinksHere/aaa]]
|-
|
<tt><nowiki>[[Special:RecentChangesLinked/aaa]]</nowiki></tt>
|
[[Special:RecentChangesLinked/aaa]]
|}

=== Linking to old revisions of pages, diffs, and specific history pages ===

* External link function is mainly used for these.
* Open an old revision or diff and copy the [[URL]] from the address bar, pasting it where you want it.

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wiki_markup&diff=330350877&oldid=330349143 Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877]</nowiki></code>
|
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wiki_markup&diff=330350877&oldid=330349143 Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877]
|}

* For an old revision, you can also use a [[Help:Permanent link|permalink]]. Though here only the main text is guaranteed to be retained (images and templates will be shown as they are today, not as they were at the time).

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|
<code><nowiki>[[Special:Permalink/330350877|Revision 330350877]]</nowiki></code>
|
[[Special:Permalink/330350877|Revision 330350877]]
|}

=== User edits ===

* Link to a user's '''Contributions''' page.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
| ''Username (registered users).''
| <code><nowiki>[[Special:Contributions/UserName]]</nowiki></code>
| [[Special:Contributions/UserName]]
|-
| ''[[IPv4]] address (unregistered users).''
| <code><nowiki>[[Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0]]</nowiki></code>
| [[Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0]]
|-
| ''[[IPv6]] address (unregistered users).''
| <code><nowiki>[[Special:Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329]]</nowiki></code>
| [[Special:Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329]]
|}

=== Coloring text ===

{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|

<code><nowiki>I will change the color in {{color|blue|the middle part of}} this sentence.</nowiki></code>

|

I will change the color in {{color|blue|the middle part of}} this sentence.

|}

{{anchor|Strikethrough}}

===Highlighting text===


{| class="wikitable"
! What you type
! What it looks like
|-
|

<code><nowiki>This is how to {{Font color||yellow|highlight}} part of a sentence.</nowiki></code>

|

This is how to {{Font color||yellow|highlight}} part of a sentence.

|}

=== Show deleted or inserted text ===
{{details|Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines}}
* When editing regular Wikipedia articles, just make your changes and do not mark them up in any special way.
* When editing your own previous remarks in talk pages, it is sometimes appropriate to mark up deleted or inserted content.
** To indicate deleted content use {{tag|del}}.
** To indicate inserted content use {{tag|ins}}.

{{markup
|<nowiki>You can <del>strike out deleted content</del> and <ins>underline new content</ins>.</nowiki>
|You can <del>strike out deleted content</del> and <ins>underline new content</ins>.
}}

== {{anchor|Limiting formatting}} Limiting formatting / escaping wiki markup ==

A few different kinds of formatting will tell the wiki to display things as you typed them – what you see is what you get!

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:0em;"
|-
!What you type
!What it looks like
|-
|
<pre>'''&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt; tag:'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;
The nowiki tag ignores [[wiki]]
''markup''. It reformats text by
removing newlines and multiple
spaces. It still interprets
characters specified by
&amp;name;: &amp;rarr;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;</pre>
|
'''&lt;nowiki&gt; tag:'''

<nowiki>
The nowiki tag ignores [[wiki]]
''markup''. It reformats text by
removing newlines and multiple
spaces. It still interprets
characters specified by
&amp;name;: &amp;rarr;
</nowiki>
|-
|
<pre>'''&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt; tag:'''

&lt;pre&gt;The &lt;pre&gt; tag ignores [[wiki]]
''markup'' as does the &lt;nowiki&gt;
tag. Additionally, &lt;pre&gt; displays
in a mono-spaced font, and does
not  reformat    text    spaces.
It still interprets special
characters: &amp;rarr;
&lt;/pre&gt;</pre>
|
'''&lt;pre&gt; tag:'''

<pre>The &lt;pre&gt; tag ignores [[wiki]]
''markup'' as does the &lt;nowiki&gt;
tag. Additionally, &lt;pre&gt; displays
in a mono-spaced font, and does
not  reformat    text    spaces.
It still interprets special
characters: &rarr;</pre>
|-
|
<pre>'''[Text without a URL]:'''

Single square brackets holding
[text without a HTTP URL] are
preserved, but single square
brackets containing a URL are
treated as being an external
[http://example.com/ Web link].</pre>
|
'''[Text without a URL]:'''

Single square brackets holding
[text without a HTTP URL] are
preserved, but single square
brackets containing a URL are
treated as being an external
[http://example.com/ Web link].
|-
|
<pre>'''Leading space:'''

Leading spaces are another way
to preserve formatting.
 Putting a space at the
 beginning of each line
 stops the text   from
 being reformatted.
 It still interprets [[wiki]] ''markup'' and special characters: &amp;rarr;</pre>
|
'''Leading space:'''

Leading spaces are another way
to preserve formatting.
 Putting a space at the
 beginning of each line
 stops the text   from
 being reformatted.
 It still interprets [[wiki]] ''markup'' and special characters: &rarr;
|}

=== Nowiki ===
{{shortcut|Help:NOWIKI|WP:NOWIKI}}

{{tag|nowiki}} and {{tag|nowiki|s}} tags stop parsing of wiki markup, ''except'' [[HTML character entity]] references (e.g. for [[#Special characters|special characters]]). Unlike {{tag|pre|o}}, "nowiki" doesn't change formatting.

An example of {{tag|nowiki}}:

{{markup
|<nowiki><nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki></nowiki>
|<nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>
}}

(However in this particular case probably you prefer {{tlp|tl|cite book}} to create a link as {{tl|cite book}}, or {{tlp|tlf|cite book}} prints {{tlf|cite book}}.)

A singular {{tag|nowiki|s}} can be used to break wikimarkup.

* Markup such as {{code|*}}, {{code|#}}, {{code|;}} and {{code|:}} only and always take effect at the beginning of a line. A {{tag|nowiki|s}}  before the markup will cause the characters to not parse as markup.
* An internal link immediately followed by characters are blended to form a single link. Where this is not desired, add a {{tag|nowiki|s}} after the link.
* HTML(-like) tags can be stopped parsing by inserting {{tag|nowiki|s}} after the opening angle bracket.

{{markup|title={{tag|nowiki|s}} examples
|<nowiki>* Unordered list</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
* Unordered list
|<nowiki><nowiki />* Unordered list</nowiki>
|{{crlf2}}
<nowiki />* Unordered list
|<nowiki>A [[micro-]]second.</nowiki>
|A [[micro-]]second.
|<nowiki>A [[micro-]]<nowiki />second.</nowiki>
|A [[micro-]]<nowiki />second.
|<nowiki>'<nowiki />'We don't want italics.'<nowiki />'</nowiki>
|'<nowiki />'We don't want italics.'<nowiki />'
|<nowiki>[[<nowiki />Example]]</nowiki>
|[[<nowiki />Example]]
|<nowiki>[<nowiki />[[Example]]]</nowiki>
|[<nowiki />[[Example]]]<!-- <br />See also {{tl|bracket}}

{{Bracket}} was created in 2005, but only 8 transclusions are found in 2012. Maybe not so useful. 
-->
|No &lt;&lt;nowiki />br />line break. But for tag pairs, you need nowiki for the closing tag, too. &lt;&lt;nowiki />pre>The following /pre is gone!</pre<nowiki />>
|No <<nowiki />br />line break. But for tag pairs, you need nowiki for the closing tag, too. <<nowiki />pre>The following /pre is gone!</pre>
}}

If you want to write tags, {{tl|tag}} template is handy. E.g. {{tlp|tag|nowiki}} prints {{tag|nowiki}}.

'''HTML entities'''

{{tag|nowiki|o}} and {{tag|pre|o}} parse [[Character encodings in HTML|HTML entities]]. If you want to escape this, replace <code>&</code> with <code>&amp;amp;</code>.

{{markup
|<nowiki><nowiki>&amp;amp;</nowiki></nowiki>
|<code><nowiki>&amp;</nowiki></code>
|<nowiki><nowiki>&amp;lt;</nowiki></nowiki>
|<code><nowiki>&lt;</nowiki></code>
|<nowiki><nowiki>&amp;amp;amp;</nowiki></nowiki>
|<code><nowiki>&amp;amp;</nowiki></code>
|<nowiki><nowiki>&amp;amp;lt;</nowiki></nowiki>
|<code><nowiki>&amp;lt;</nowiki></code>
}}

'''Use in templates'''

When used in a template, {{tag|nowiki|o}} simply does not work as you may expect.
* Including {{tag|nowiki|o}} immediately acts upon the enclosed markup. Attempting to escape or transclude the brackets causes {{tag|nowiki|s}} to not work at all.
* Using {{code|#tag:nowiki}} works, but has major limitations:
** Templates, parameters, parser functions, and parser magic such as signatures are parsed, not nowikied.
** Included {{tag|ref|o}} tags will expose the [[Help:strip markers|strip markers]].

{{markup
|<nowiki><nowiki>{{tl|cite book}}</nowiki></nowiki>
|<nowiki>{{tl|cite book}}</nowiki>
|<nowiki>{{#tag:nowiki|{{tl|cite book}}}}</nowiki>
|{{#tag:nowiki|{{tl|cite book}}}}
|<nowiki>{{#tag:nowiki|<ref>Text</ref>}}
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>
|{{#tag:nowiki|<ref>Text</ref>}}
{{reflist|close}}
}}

=== Pre ===
{{shortcut|WP:PRE}}

{{tag|pre|o}} is a parser tag that emulates the HTML {{tag|pre|o}} tag. It defines preformatted text that is displayed in a fixed-width font and is enclosed in a dashed box. HTML and wiki markups are escaped and spaces and line breaks are preserved, but HTML entities are parsed.

{{markup|title={{tag|pre|o}} examples
|<nowiki><pre><!--Comment-->

[[wiki]] markup &amp;amp;</pre></nowiki>
|<pre><!--Comment-->

[[wiki]] markup &amp;</pre>
}}

{{tag|pre|o}} formatted text does not wrap, thus text may extend past the browser window:

<pre>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</pre>

To resolve this, {{tag|pre|o}} may use CSS styling to add wrapping or a horizontal scrollbar:
* Wrapping: {{tag|pre|o|params=style="white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; word-wrap:break-word;"}}
* Scroll bar: {{tag|pre|o|params=style="overflow:auto; width:auto;"}}

Alternatively, consider using {{tl|pre2}} template or {{xtag|syntaxhighlight|p|params=enclose="div" lang="text"}}.

== Invisible text (comments) ==
{{Merge to|Help:HTML in wikitext#Comments|date=June 2012|Reason=Not wikimarkup; see talk}}
{{see also|Help:Hidden text}}

It's uncommon{{spaced ndash}}but on occasion acceptable for notes to other editors{{spaced ndash}}to add a hidden comment within the text of an article. These comments are only visible when editing or viewing the source of a page. Most comments should go on the appropriate [[Wikipedia:Talk page|Talk page]]. <!-- This is an example of text that is not visible except in "edit" mode. --> The format is to surround the hidden text with "<code>&lt;!--</code>" and "<code>--&gt;</code>" and may cover several lines, e.g.:
 <nowiki><!-- An example of hidden comments
 This won't be visible except in "edit" mode. --></nowiki>

Another way to include a comment in the wiki markup uses the {{tl|Void}} template, which can be abbreviated as {{tl|^}}. This template "expands" to the empty string, generating no HTML output; it is visible only to people editing the wiki source. Thus {{j|1=<code>{{tlp|^|A lengthy comment here}}</code>}} operates similarly to the comment {{j|1=<code>&lt;!-- A lengthy comment here --&gt;</code>}}. The main difference is that the template version can be nested, while attempting to nest HTML comments produces odd results.

== Variables ==

{{seealso| Help:Magic_words#Variables}}

{{namespaces}}

{| style="text-align:center"
|-
! Code
! Effect
! Notes
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTWEEK}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTWEEK}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTDOW}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTDOW}}
|
Monday = 1, Tuesday = 2, etc., but Sunday = 0

|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTH}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTMONTH}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}</nowiki>
| {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</nowiki>
| {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTDAY}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTTIME}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTTIME}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</nowiki>
| {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}</nowiki>
| {{NUMBEROFPAGES}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}</nowiki>
| {{NUMBEROFUSERS}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> || {{PAGENAME}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{NAMESPACE}}</nowiki> || {{NAMESPACE}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki> || {{REVISIONID}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki> || {{REVISIONUSER}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{localurl:pagename}}</nowiki>
| {{localurl:pagename}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{localurl:</nowiki>''Wikipedia:Sandbox''<nowiki>|action=edit}}</nowiki>
| {{localurl:Wikipedia:Sandbox|action=edit}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{fullurl:pagename}}</nowiki>
| {{fullurl:pagename}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{fullurl:pagename|</nowiki>''query_string''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
| {{fullurl:pagename|query_string}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{SERVER}}</nowiki> || {{SERVER}}
|
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:1}}</nowiki> || {{ns:1}}
|
<nowiki>{{ns:</nowiki>''index''<nowiki>}} e.g. {{ns:1}}</nowiki>  &rarr;  full name of namespace

|-
| <nowiki>{{SITENAME}}</nowiki> || {{SITENAME}}
|
|}

'''{{tlf|NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' is the number of pages in the main namespace which contain a link and are not a redirect. This includes full articles, stubs containing a link, and disambiguation pages.

'''{{tlf|CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}''' is the genitive (possessive) grammatical form of the month name, as used in some languages but not in English; '''{{tlf|CURRENTMONTHNAME}}''' is the nominative (subject) form, as usually seen in English.

In languages where it makes a difference, you can use constructs like <code><nowiki>{{grammar:case|word}}</nowiki></code> to convert a word from the nominative case to some other case. For example, <code><nowiki>{{grammar:genitive|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}</nowiki></code> means the same as <code><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</nowiki></code>. <!-- Is there a reference for this, other than the source code (for example, phase3/languages/Lnaguage*.php) ? -->

== HTML ==
{{main|Help:HTML in wikitext}}

Many [[HTML]] tags can be used in wiki markup. You can check your HTML by using [[Help:Markup validation|markup validation]].

{{Help navigation}}

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