en>Rpyle731: stub sort

2014-02-06T10:14:52Z

stub sort

en>RolfSander: Undid revision 576848604 by 77.12.91.174 (talk)

2013-10-12T14:13:41Z

Undid revision 576848604 by 77.12.91.174 (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:13, 12 October 2013
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	~~Friends contact~~ her ~~Claude Gulledge~~. ~~To perform handball~~ is the ~~factor she loves most~~ of ~~all~~. ~~Kansas~~ is ~~exactly where her home~~ is but ~~she needs~~ to ~~transfer simply because~~ of ~~her family~~. ~~Bookkeeping~~ is ~~what I do for~~ a ~~residing~~.<br><br>~~my webpage~~ ... [http://~~www~~.~~sananokarate~~.~~com~~/~~UserProfile~~/~~tabid~~/~~113~~/~~userId~~/~~301747~~/~~language~~/en-US/~~Default~~.~~aspx www~~.~~sananokarate.com~~]		{{other people\|Kenneth Cole}}
			{{Infobox person
			\| name = Kenneth Stewart Cole
			\| image = Kcole 001a.gif
			\| image_size = 250px
			\| caption =
			\| birth_date = July 10, 1900
			\| birth_place = [[Ithaca, New York]]
			\| death_date = April 18, 1984 (aged 83)
			\| death_place = [[La Jolla]]
			\| occupation = [[Scientist]]
			\| spouse = Elizabeth Evans Roberts
			\| parents = Charles Nelson Cole <br> Mabel Stewart (c1900-1966)
			\| children = Roger Braley Cole, Sarah Roberts Cole
			}}
			'''Kenneth Stewart Cole''' (July 10, 1900 – April 18, 1984) was an American [[biophysicist]] described by his peers as "a pioneer in the application of physical science to biology".<ref>Goldman, D.E. 1985. Kenneth S. Cole 1900-1984. ''Biophysical Journal'' 47:859-860</ref> Cole was awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] in 1967.<ref name=NYT1>{{cite news \|first= \|last= \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|title=Kenneth Cole, 83, Scientist, is Dead \|url= \|quote= Kenneth S. Cole, winner of the National Medal of Science and a pioneer in the study of the electrical properties of nerves and other living cells, died Wednesday at the Wesley Palms Retirement Home in [[La Jolla, California]] He was 83 years old. Dr. Cole, known as the ''father of biophysics,'' was one of the first scientists to apply the concepts and techniques of physics to the study of the excitation and response of living cells. His studies of electrical resistance in nerve cells, especially those of squid, laid the foundation for the rapid advance of neurophysiology in the 1930s and 1940s. \|publisher=[[New York Times]] \|date=April 20, 1984 \|accessdate=2007-06-14 }}</ref><ref>Schwan HP. 2001. The concept of bioimpedance from the start: evolution and personal historical reminiscences. Proc. IX Bioimpedance Conf., Oslo, Norway
			</ref>

			==Biography==
			Kenneth Cole was known to his wife as Ken but to all his friends as Kacy. His father, Charles Nelson Cole, was an instructor in Latin at [[Cornell University]], and two years later the family moved to [[Oberlin, Ohio]], when his father took a post at [[Oberlin College]]. His father would later become the Dean. Kenneth's mother was Mabel Stewart, and he had a younger brother, Robert, with whom he remained very close throughout his life despite a large difference in age; they were joint authors of four papers published between 1936 and 1942.<ref name=bio/>

			Cole graduated from [[Oberlin College]] in 1922 and received a [[Ph.D.]] in physics with [[Floyd K. Richtmyer]] from [[Cornell University]] in 1926. He spent summers working at the [[General Electric]] Laboratory in [[Schenectady, New York]].

			In 1932, Cole married Elizabeth Evans Roberts, an attorney. Later, her work was mostly concerned with civil rights and in 1956 she joined the staff of the new Civil Rights Commission <ref name=bio>{{cite web \|first=Andrew \|last=Huxley \|url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/kcole.html \|title=Kenneth Stewart Cole \|accessdate=2007-06-14 \|authorlink=Andrew Huxley \|work= }}</ref>

			Kenneth joined the staff of [[Columbia University]] in 1937 and remained there until 1946. He had also been associated with the Presbyterian Hospital, and the [[Guggenheim Foundation for Advanced Study]] at [[Princeton University]] and the [[University of Chicago]]. From 1949 to 1954 he was the technical director of the [[Naval Medicine Research Institute]] in [[Bethesda, Maryland]]. In 1954 he became chief of the laboratory of biophysics of the [[National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness]]. He achieved advances that led to the "sodium theory" of nerve transmission that later won [[Nobel Prizes]] for [[Alan L. Hodgkin]] and [[Andrew F. Huxley]] in 1947. He was awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] in 1967, the award citation, read: "As a result, we know far more about how the nervous system functions." In 1972 he was made a member of the [[Royal Society of London]]. The [[Biophysical Society]] awards the Kenneth S. Cole medal to a scientist studying cell membranes. In 1980 he became an adjunct professor of the Department of Neurosciences at the [[Scripps Institute of Oceanography]] in [[San Diego]]. He had a son, Roger Braley Cole, and a daughter, Sarah Roberts Cole. He died on April 18, 1984.<ref name=NYT1/>

			==Electrical Model of Tissue==

			Tissue can be modeled as an electrical circuit with resistive and capacitive properties:

			[[Image:Cole cole circuit.jpg\|thumb\|Equivalent Electrical Circuit]]

			Its dispersion and absorption are represented by the empirical formula:

			<math>\epsilon^* - \epsilon_\infty = \dfrac{\epsilon_0 - \epsilon_\infty}{1 + (i\omega\tau_0)^{1-\alpha}}</math>

			In this equation <math>\epsilon^*</math> is the complex dielectric constant, <math> {\epsilon_0 }</math> and <math>\epsilon_\infty</math> are the "static" and "infinite frequency" dielectric constants, <math>\omega = 2\pi</math> times the frequency, and <math>\tau_0</math> is a generalized relaxation time. The parameter <math>\alpha</math> can assume values between 0 and 1, the former value giving the result of Debye for polar dielectrics. This expression requires that the locus of the dielectric constant in the complex plane be a circular arc with end points on the axis of reals and center below the axis.

			It is worth emphasizing that the Cole–Cole model is an empirical model of the measured data. It has been successfully applied to a wide variety of tissues over the past 60 years, but it does not give any information about the underlying causes of the phenomena being measured.

			Several references in the literature use a form of the Cole equation written in terms of impedance instead of a complex permittivity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Brown\|first1=B H\|last2=Smallwood\|first2=R H\|last3=Barber\|first3=D C\|last4=Lawford\|first4=P V\|last5=Hose\|first4=D R\|title=Medical Physics And Biomedical Engineering\|year=1999\|publisher=Turtleback Books\|isbn=9780613919692\|pages=736\|url=http://books.google.ca/books/about/Medical_Physics_And_Biomedical_Engineeri.html?id=7mVLPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref> The impedance <math>Z</math> is given by:

			<math>
			Z = R_\infty\frac{R_0-R_\infty}{1+(\tfrac{jf}{f_c})^{1-\alpha}}
			</math>

			Where <math>R_0</math> and <math>R_\infty</math> are the resistances at zero frequency (i.e. DC) and infinity, respectively. <math>f_c</math> is often referred to as the characteristic frequency. It should be emphasized that the characteristic frequency is not the same when the analysis is carried out in terms of the complex permittivity.
			A simple interpretation of the above equation is in terms of a circuit where a resistance <math>S</math> is in series with a capacitor <math>C</math> and this combination is placed in parallel with a resistance <math>R</math>. In this case <math>R_0 = R</math> and <math>R_\infty\ = \tfrac{RS}{R+S}</math>. It can be shown that <math>f_c</math> is given by <math>f_c=\tfrac{1}{2\pi C(R+S)}</math>

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			==Publications==
			*Cole, K.S. 1979. Mostly membranes. ''Annual Review of Physiology'' 41:1-23 PMID 373584
			*Cole, K. S., and R. H. Cole. 1941. Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics. J. Chem. Phys. 9:341-351 [http://link.aip.org/link/?JCPSA6/9/341/1]
			*Cole, K.S., and Baker, R.F. 1941. Longitudial Impedance of the Squid Giant Axon. J. Gen. Physiol. 24:771-788 (Inductance of membrane)

			==External links==
			*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/cole-kenneth-s.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]

			{{Winners of the National Medal of Science\|biological}}

			{{Authority control\|VIAF=108513692}}

			{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
			\| NAME =Cole, Kenneth Stewart
			\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
			\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American biophysicist
			\| DATE OF BIRTH =July 10, 1900
			\| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Ithaca, New York]]
			\| DATE OF DEATH =April 18, 1984
			\| PLACE OF DEATH =[[La Jolla]]
			}}
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Cole, Kenneth Stewart}}
			[[Category:1900 births]]
			[[Category:1984 deaths]]
			[[Category:American biophysicists]]
			[[Category:American physicists]]
			[[Category:Columbia University staff]]
			[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
			[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
			[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
			[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
			[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]

en>Seattle Jörg: changed erroneous reference to Compton edge to absorption edge

2012-05-25T07:08:58Z

changed erroneous reference to Compton edge to absorption edge

New page

Friends contact her Claude Gulledge. To perform handball is the factor she loves most of all. Kansas is exactly where her home is but she needs to transfer simply because of her family. Bookkeeping is what I do for a residing.<br><br>my webpage ... [http://www.sananokarate.com/UserProfile/tabid/113/userId/301747/language/en-US/Default.aspx www.sananokarate.com]

Absorption cross section - Revision history

en>Rpyle731: stub sort

en>RolfSander: Undid revision 576848604 by 77.12.91.174 (talk)

en>Seattle Jörg: changed erroneous reference to Compton edge to absorption edge