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en>Sobreira: /* See also */

2014-10-21T10:38:20Z

See also

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	~~In [[hyperbolic geometry]], a '''hypercycle''', '''hypercircle''' or '''equidistant curve'''~~ is ~~a curve whose points have the same orthogonal distance from a given straight line~~. ~~For example, rays through the origin in the upperhalfplane model are hypercycles.~~		Wilber Berryhill is what his wife enjoys to call him and he completely loves this name. Distributing production has been his profession for some time. My husband doesn't like it the way I do but what I truly like performing is caving but I don't have the are psychics real ([http://www.edmposts.com/build-a-beautiful-organic-garden-using-these-ideas/ http://www.edmposts.com]) time lately. For a while I've been in Alaska but I will have to move in a yr or two.<br><br>Here is my web blog; love [http://www.skullrocker.com/blogs/post/10991 best psychics]; [http://m-card.co.kr/xe/mcard_2013_promote01/29877 m-card.co.kr],

	~~== Construction ==~~
	~~[[File:Hypercycle (vector format).svg\|thumb\|right\|350px]]~~

	~~Given a straight line L and a point P not on L,~~
	~~we can construct a hypercycle by taking all points Q on the same side of L as P, with perpendicular distance to L equal to that of P~~.

	~~The line L is called the~~ '~~'axis'', ''center'', or ''base line'' of~~ the ~~hypercycle.~~
	~~The orthogonal segments from each point to L are called ''radii''.~~
	~~Their common length~~ is ~~called~~ '~~'distance''.~~

	In the ~~Poincaré [[Poincaré disk model\|disk]] and [[Poincaré half-plane model\|half-plane]] models of the hyperbolic plane, hypercycles~~ are represented by lines and circle arcs that intersect the boundary circle/line at non-right angles. The representation of the axis intersects the boundary circle/line in the same points, but at right angles.

	~~The hypercycles through a given point that share a tangent through that point converge towards a~~ [~~[horocycle]] as their distances go towards infinity.~~

	~~== Properties ==~~
	~~Hypercycles in hyperbolic geometry have some properties similar to those of circles in [[Euclidean geometry]]~~:
	* ''A line perpendicular to a chord of a hypercycle at its midpoint is a radius and it bisects the arc subtended by the chord.''
	~~Let AB be the chord and M its middle point.~~
	~~By symmetry the line R through M perpendicular to AB must be orthogonal to the axis L.~~
	~~Therefore R is a radius.~~
	~~Also by symmetry, R will bisect the arc AB.~~

	* ''The axis and distance of an hypercycle is uniquely determined''.
	~~Let us assume that a hypercycle C has two different axes <math>L_1<~~/~~math> and <math>L_2<~~/~~math>~~.
	~~Using the previous property twice with different chords we can determine two distinct radii <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math>~~. ~~<math>R_1<~~/~~math> and <math>R_2<~~/~~math> will then have to be perpendicular to both <math>L_1<~~/~~math> and <math>L_2<~~/~~math>, giving us a rectangle~~. ~~This is a contradiction because the rectangle is an impossible figure in [[hyperbolic geometry]]~~.

	* ''Two hypercycles have equal distances [[iff]~~] they are congruent~~.''
	~~If they have equal distance, we just need to bring the axes to coincide by~~ a ~~rigid motion and also all the radii will coincide; since the distance is the same, also the points of the two hypercycles will coincide.~~
	~~Vice versa, if they are congruent the distance must be the same by the previous property.~~

	* '~~'A straight line cuts a hypercycle~~ in ~~at most two points.''~~
	Let the line K cut the hypercycle C in two points A and B. As before, we can construct the radius R of C through the middle point M of AB. Note that K is [[ultraparallel]] to the axis L because they have the common perpendicular R. Also, two ultraparallel lines have minimum distance at the common perpendicular and [[monotonic]]ally increasing distances as we go away from the perpendicular.
	~~This means that the points of K inside AB~~ will have ~~distance from L smaller than the common distance of A and B from L, while the points of K outside AB will have greater distance. In conclusion, no other point of K can be on C.~~

	* ''Two hypercycles intersect in ~~at most~~ two ~~points~~.''
	~~Let <math>C_1</math> and~~ <~~math~~>~~C_2~~<~~/math> be hypercycles intersecting in three points ''A'', ''B'', and ''C''.~~
	~~If <math>R_1</math~~> is ~~the line orthogonal to AB through its middle point, we know that it is a radius of both <math>C_1<~~/~~math> and <math>C_2<~~/~~math>~~.
	~~Similarly we construct <math>R_2</math>, the radius through the middle point of BC.~~
	~~<math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math> are simultaneously orthogonal to the axes <math>L_1</math> and <math>L_2</math> of <math>C_1</math> and <math>C_2</math>, respectively~~.
	~~We already proved that then <math>L_1<~~/~~math> and <math>L_2</math> must coincide (otherwise we have a rectangle).~~
	~~Then <math>C_1<~~/~~math> and <math>C_2<~~/~~math> have the same axis and at least one common point, therefore they have the same distance and they coincide.~~

	* ''No three points of a hypercycle are collinear.''
	If the points ''A'', ''B'', and ''C'' of an hypercycle are collinear then the chords AB and BC are on the same line ''K''. Let <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math> be the radii through the middle points of ''AB'' and ''BC''. We know that the axis ''L'' of the hypercycle is the common perpendicular of <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math>.
	~~But ''K'' is that common [[perpendicular~~]~~]. Then the distance must be 0 and the hypercycle degenerates into a line.~~

	~~==References==~~
	* [[Martin Gardner]], ''Non-Euclidean Geometry'', Chapter 4 of ''The Colossal Book of Mathematics'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 978-0-393-02023-6
	* M. J. Greenberg, ''Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries: Development and History'', 3rd edition, W. H. Freeman, 1994.
	* George E. Martin, ''The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane'', Springer-Verlag, 1975.
	* David C. Royster, [http://~~www~~.~~math~~.~~uncc.edu~~/~~~droyster~~/~~math3181~~/~~notes/hyprgeom/node68~~.~~html Neutral and Non-Euclidean Geometries]~~.

	~~[[Category:Hyperbolic geometry]]~~
	~~[[Category:Curves]~~]

en>Josve05a: /* References */clean up using AWB (8964)

2013-03-20T10:24:08Z

References: clean up using AWB (8964)

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 20 March 2013
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	~~Friends call him Royal Seyler~~. ~~My home~~ is ~~now~~ in ~~Kansas~~. ~~After being out~~ of ~~my job for many years I grew~~ to ~~become~~ a ~~manufacturing~~ and ~~distribution officer but I plan on altering~~ it. The ~~preferred hobby for him~~ and ~~his kids~~ is to ~~drive~~ and ~~now he~~ is ~~trying~~ to ~~earn cash with~~ it.<br><br>~~Feel free~~ to ~~visit my web~~-~~site~~: ~~extended car warranty (~~[http://~~Www~~.~~classicguides~~.~~com~~/~~automotive~~/~~extended~~-~~vehicle-warranty-plans/ Click On this site~~])		In [[hyperbolic geometry]], a '''hypercycle''', '''hypercircle''' or '''equidistant curve''' is a curve whose points have the same orthogonal distance from a given straight line. For example, rays through the origin in the upperhalfplane model are hypercycles.

			== Construction ==
			[[File:Hypercycle (vector format).svg\|thumb\|right\|350px]]

			Given a straight line L and a point P not on L,
			we can construct a hypercycle by taking all points Q on the same side of L as P, with perpendicular distance to L equal to that of P.

			The line L is called the ''axis'', ''center'', or ''base line'' of the hypercycle.
			The orthogonal segments from each point to L are called ''radii''.
			Their common length is called ''distance''.

			In the Poincaré [[Poincaré disk model\|disk]] and [[Poincaré half-plane model\|half-plane]] models of the hyperbolic plane, hypercycles are represented by lines and circle arcs that intersect the boundary circle/line at non-right angles. The representation of the axis intersects the boundary circle/line in the same points, but at right angles.

			The hypercycles through a given point that share a tangent through that point converge towards a [[horocycle]] as their distances go towards infinity.

			== Properties ==
			Hypercycles in hyperbolic geometry have some properties similar to those of circles in [[Euclidean geometry]]:
			* ''A line perpendicular to a chord of a hypercycle at its midpoint is a radius and it bisects the arc subtended by the chord.''
			Let AB be the chord and M its middle point.
			By symmetry the line R through M perpendicular to AB must be orthogonal to the axis L.
			Therefore R is a radius.
			Also by symmetry, R will bisect the arc AB.

			* ''The axis and distance of an hypercycle is uniquely determined''.
			Let us assume that a hypercycle C has two different axes <math>L_1</math> and <math>L_2</math>.
			Using the previous property twice with different chords we can determine two distinct radii <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math>. <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math> will then have to be perpendicular to both <math>L_1</math> and <math>L_2</math>, giving us a rectangle. This is a contradiction because the rectangle is an impossible figure in [[hyperbolic geometry]].

			* ''Two hypercycles have equal distances [[iff]] they are congruent.''
			If they have equal distance, we just need to bring the axes to coincide by a rigid motion and also all the radii will coincide; since the distance is the same, also the points of the two hypercycles will coincide.
			Vice versa, if they are congruent the distance must be the same by the previous property.

			* ''A straight line cuts a hypercycle in at most two points.''
			Let the line K cut the hypercycle C in two points A and B. As before, we can construct the radius R of C through the middle point M of AB. Note that K is [[ultraparallel]] to the axis L because they have the common perpendicular R. Also, two ultraparallel lines have minimum distance at the common perpendicular and [[monotonic]]ally increasing distances as we go away from the perpendicular.
			This means that the points of K inside AB will have distance from L smaller than the common distance of A and B from L, while the points of K outside AB will have greater distance. In conclusion, no other point of K can be on C.

			* ''Two hypercycles intersect in at most two points.''
			Let <math>C_1</math> and <math>C_2</math> be hypercycles intersecting in three points ''A'', ''B'', and ''C''.
			If <math>R_1</math> is the line orthogonal to AB through its middle point, we know that it is a radius of both <math>C_1</math> and <math>C_2</math>.
			Similarly we construct <math>R_2</math>, the radius through the middle point of BC.
			<math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math> are simultaneously orthogonal to the axes <math>L_1</math> and <math>L_2</math> of <math>C_1</math> and <math>C_2</math>, respectively.
			We already proved that then <math>L_1</math> and <math>L_2</math> must coincide (otherwise we have a rectangle).
			Then <math>C_1</math> and <math>C_2</math> have the same axis and at least one common point, therefore they have the same distance and they coincide.

			* ''No three points of a hypercycle are collinear.''
			If the points ''A'', ''B'', and ''C'' of an hypercycle are collinear then the chords AB and BC are on the same line ''K''. Let <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math> be the radii through the middle points of ''AB'' and ''BC''. We know that the axis ''L'' of the hypercycle is the common perpendicular of <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math>.
			But ''K'' is that common [[perpendicular]]. Then the distance must be 0 and the hypercycle degenerates into a line.

			==References==
			* [[Martin Gardner]], ''Non-Euclidean Geometry'', Chapter 4 of ''The Colossal Book of Mathematics'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 978-0-393-02023-6
			* M. J. Greenberg, ''Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries: Development and History'', 3rd edition, W. H. Freeman, 1994.
			* George E. Martin, ''The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane'', Springer-Verlag, 1975.
			* David C. Royster, [http://www.math.uncc.edu/~droyster/math3181/notes/hyprgeom/node68.html Neutral and Non-Euclidean Geometries].

			[[Category:Hyperbolic geometry]]
			[[Category:Curves]]

en>Omnipaedista: per MOS:DASH

2012-08-08T04:37:46Z

per MOS:DASH

New page

Friends call him Royal Seyler. My home is now in Kansas. After being out of my job for many years I grew to become a manufacturing and distribution officer but I plan on altering it. The preferred hobby for him and his kids is to drive and now he is trying to earn cash with it.<br><br>Feel free to visit my web-site: extended car warranty ([http://Www.classicguides.com/automotive/extended-vehicle-warranty-plans/ Click On this site])