Compound matrix - Revision history

en>Yobot: Tagging using AWB (10458)

2014-09-11T01:05:07Z

Tagging using AWB (10458)

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:05, 11 September 2014
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	~~'''Jacques Laskar''' (born 28 April 1955 in~~ [~~[Paris~~]~~]) is~~ a ~~French [[astronomy\|astronomer]]~~. ~~He is~~ a ~~research director at the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS)~~, ~~and~~ a ~~member of ''Astronomy~~ and ~~dynamical systems''~~ of ~~the [[Institute~~ of ~~Celestial Mechanics and Computing Ephemerides]] (IMCCE) of the [[Paris Observatory]]~~. ~~He received~~ the ~~[[CNRS Silver medal]]~~ in ~~1994~~. ~~Since 2003~~, he is a ~~member~~ of ~~the [[French Academy of Sciences]]~~.<~~ref~~>~~[http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/Laskar_Jacques.htm Member bio] at French Academy of Sciences~~<~~/ref~~>		What [http://Answers.yahoo.com/search/search_result?p=improved+tool&submit-go=Search+Y!+Answers improved tool] to help you you stay on track this year than a sharp looking organizer. Hermes purses and scarves are famous, but simple examples of a Brand which has been built from scratch, painstakingly after a while and by being extremely protective of distribution channels for his or her limited production, hand crafted products. Sweet arm candy is dangling from every corner of summer 2011 fashion. Tory Burch is one in the most fashionable ladies fashion brand in America. because we've got the right to do lots of issues,along with all the most thrilling is we are in a position to obtain lots of our favorite items. <br><br><br><br>

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	~~After graduation, Laskar taught high school and colleges from 1977~~ to ~~1980 at~~ the ~~[[École Normale Supérieure de Cachan]]~~. ~~Then~~, ~~he taught aggregation mathematics in 1981 and~~ a ~~year later, he taught astronomy and celestial mechanics. He then joined [[Bureau des Longitudes]] as~~ a ~~research officer second class~~ of ~~CNRS in 1985~~.

	~~==Research work ==~~

	~~===Stability of the Solar System ===~~
	~~In 1989~~, ~~Laskar provided evidence that the Solar System~~ is ~~[[Chaos Theory\|chaotic]] instead of [[Quasiperiodicity\|quasi-periodic]] as originally determined by [[Laplace]] and [[Lagrange]]~~.<~~ref~~>~~{{cite journal \|last=Laskar \|first=Jacques \|year=1989 \|title=A numerical experiment on the chaotic behaviour of the Solar System \|journal=Nature \|volume=338 \|pages=237-238 \|doi=10.1038/338237a0}}~~<~~/ref~~> ~~More specifically, his estimate of~~ the ~~maximum [[Lyapunov exponent]] measuring~~ the ~~exponential divergence of two nearby orbits is <math>1/5 \; \text{Myr}^{-1}</math>, meaning that it is possible to predict~~ the ~~trajectories of~~ the ~~Solar System over 10 Myr but fundamentally impossible over more than 100 Myr~~. ~~This chaoticity comes mainly from~~ the ~~inner planets [[Mercury (planet)\|Mercury]]~~, ~~[[Venus]] the [[Earth]]~~ and ~~[[Mars]].~~

	~~In 2009~~, he and ~~his colleague Mickeal Gastineau generated numeric simulations of orbital instability over the next five billion years~~. ~~Unlike previous models,~~ they ~~took into account Albert Einstein~~'~~s theory of general relativity~~. ~~Over~~ a ~~short time span, this made little difference, but over~~ the ~~long haul it resulted~~ in ~~dramatically different orbital paths~~. ~~The researchers looked at 2501 possible scenarios~~, ~~25 of which ended with~~ a ~~severely disrupted solar system~~.<~~ref~~>~~http://www.news.com.au/earth-venus-smash-up-possible/story-0-1225732704812~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~=== Chaotic obliquity of the planets ===~~

	~~Laskar also contributed to the study of the evolution of the skew planets of the solar system. One can for example include his work on [[retrograde motion\|retrograde rotation]] of Venus.~~<~~ref~~>~~http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn879-back-flip.html~~<~~/ref~~> ~~With his colleague Alexandre Correla, at Astronomie et Systemes Dynamiques of Paris, he found out~~ that the ~~atmosphere may simply have slowed the planet down~~ and ~~then started it spinning~~ the ~~other way~~. ~~This insidious process would have been~~ the ~~unique result~~ of the ~~thick atmosphere always lagging behind as the planet rotates~~.

	~~===Paleoclimates ===~~

	He has ~~contributed~~ to ~~the [[astronomical theory~~ of ~~paleoclimates]]~~, ~~studying the orbits of the planets and the obliquity of the solar system allowing~~ it to ~~link~~ with the ~~study~~ of ~~climate on geological time scales <ref>~~[http://www.~~imcce~~.fr/~~Equipes~~/~~ASD/person/Laskar/jxl_insola~~.~~html Astronomical study of paleoclimate Earth and Mars~~]~~</ref>~~

	~~==See also==~~

	* [[Celestial mechanics]]
	* [[Chaos Theory]]
	* [[Milankovitch cycles]]
	* [[Stability of the ~~Solar System]]~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://~~www~~.~~imcce~~.fr/~~Equipes/ASD/person/Laskar/Laskar~~.~~html Jacques Laskar~~'~~s home page]~~ on the ~~site of~~ the ~~IMCCE~~

	~~{{Persondata~~
	~~\| NAME = Laskar~~, ~~Jacques~~
	~~\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =~~
	~~\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Astronomer~~
	~~\| DATE OF BIRTH = 28 April 1955~~
	~~\| PLACE OF BIRTH = Paris~~, ~~France~~
	~~\| DATE OF DEATH =~~
	~~\| PLACE OF DEATH =~~
	}}
	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Laskar~~, ~~Jacques}}~~
	~~[[Category:French astronomers]]~~
	~~[[Category:Members~~ of the ~~French Academy of Sciences]]~~
	~~[[Category:1955 births]]~~
	~~[[Category:Living people]]~~
	~~[[Category:Scientists from Paris]]~~

en>Mild Bill Hiccup: layout

2013-06-09T19:42:30Z

layout

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:42, 9 June 2013
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	~~Hi! <br>My name~~ is ~~Dakota~~ and I'm a ~~17 years old girl~~ from ~~Reedy Marsh~~.<br><br>~~Here~~ is ~~my homepage~~; [http://www.~~pointofgrace~~.~~net~~/~~forum/summer~~-~~shoes~~-~~and~~-~~sandals~~-~~2014~~-~~cover~~-~~125911 nike shoes men running~~]		'''Jacques Laskar''' (born 28 April 1955 in [[Paris]]) is a French [[astronomy\|astronomer]]. He is a research director at the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS), and a member of ''Astronomy and dynamical systems'' of the [[Institute of Celestial Mechanics and Computing Ephemerides]] (IMCCE) of the [[Paris Observatory]]. He received the [[CNRS Silver medal]] in 1994. Since 2003, he is a member of the [[French Academy of Sciences]].<ref>[http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/Laskar_Jacques.htm Member bio] at French Academy of Sciences</ref>

			== Teaching career ==
			After graduation, Laskar taught high school and colleges from 1977 to 1980 at the [[École Normale Supérieure de Cachan]]. Then, he taught aggregation mathematics in 1981 and a year later, he taught astronomy and celestial mechanics. He then joined [[Bureau des Longitudes]] as a research officer second class of CNRS in 1985.

			==Research work ==

			===Stability of the Solar System ===
			In 1989, Laskar provided evidence that the Solar System is [[Chaos Theory\|chaotic]] instead of [[Quasiperiodicity\|quasi-periodic]] as originally determined by [[Laplace]] and [[Lagrange]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Laskar \|first=Jacques \|year=1989 \|title=A numerical experiment on the chaotic behaviour of the Solar System \|journal=Nature \|volume=338 \|pages=237-238 \|doi=10.1038/338237a0}}</ref> More specifically, his estimate of the maximum [[Lyapunov exponent]] measuring the exponential divergence of two nearby orbits is <math>1/5 \; \text{Myr}^{-1}</math>, meaning that it is possible to predict the trajectories of the Solar System over 10 Myr but fundamentally impossible over more than 100 Myr. This chaoticity comes mainly from the inner planets [[Mercury (planet)\|Mercury]], [[Venus]] the [[Earth]] and [[Mars]].

			In 2009, he and his colleague Mickeal Gastineau generated numeric simulations of orbital instability over the next five billion years. Unlike previous models, they took into account Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Over a short time span, this made little difference, but over the long haul it resulted in dramatically different orbital paths. The researchers looked at 2501 possible scenarios, 25 of which ended with a severely disrupted solar system.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/earth-venus-smash-up-possible/story-0-1225732704812</ref>

			=== Chaotic obliquity of the planets ===

			Laskar also contributed to the study of the evolution of the skew planets of the solar system. One can for example include his work on [[retrograde motion\|retrograde rotation]] of Venus.<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn879-back-flip.html</ref> With his colleague Alexandre Correla, at Astronomie et Systemes Dynamiques of Paris, he found out that the atmosphere may simply have slowed the planet down and then started it spinning the other way. This insidious process would have been the unique result of the thick atmosphere always lagging behind as the planet rotates.

			===Paleoclimates ===

			He has contributed to the [[astronomical theory of paleoclimates]], studying the orbits of the planets and the obliquity of the solar system allowing it to link with the study of climate on geological time scales <ref>[http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/person/Laskar/jxl_insola.html Astronomical study of paleoclimate Earth and Mars]</ref>

			==See also==

			* [[Celestial mechanics]]
			* [[Chaos Theory]]
			* [[Milankovitch cycles]]
			* [[Stability of the Solar System]]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			==External links==
			* [http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/person/Laskar/Laskar.html Jacques Laskar's home page] on the site of the IMCCE

			{{Persondata
			\| NAME = Laskar, Jacques
			\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
			\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Astronomer
			\| DATE OF BIRTH = 28 April 1955
			\| PLACE OF BIRTH = Paris, France
			\| DATE OF DEATH =
			\| PLACE OF DEATH =
			}}
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Laskar, Jacques}}
			[[Category:French astronomers]]
			[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
			[[Category:1955 births]]
			[[Category:Living people]]
			[[Category:Scientists from Paris]]

en>Michael Hardy: /* See also */

2012-08-31T04:04:54Z