en>Tom.Reding: Replaced deprecated cite template parameters (year & month -> date) and cleanup using AWB

2014-12-02T17:38:50Z

Replaced deprecated cite template parameters (year & month -> date) and cleanup using AWB

Show changes

en>Guy vandegrift: /* See also */ fixing format to wikiversity link

2014-02-23T01:57:16Z

See also: fixing format to wikiversity link

Show changes

en>Quebec99: fixed reference

2013-12-15T14:34:48Z

fixed reference

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 15 December 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The ~~writer~~ is ~~recognized~~ by the ~~title~~ of ~~Numbers Lint~~. ~~Bookkeeping~~ is ~~my occupation~~. ~~For~~ a ~~whilst she's been in South Dakota~~. ~~One~~ of the ~~very very best things in~~ the ~~world~~ for ~~him~~ is to ~~collect badges~~ but he is ~~having difficulties~~ to ~~discover time for~~ it.<br><br>~~Feel free~~ to ~~surf to my site~~ [http://~~gshappy~~.~~marubaram~~.wo.tc/xe/~~?document_srl=141908 at home std testing~~]		'''Argon–argon''' (or '''<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar''') '''dating''' is a [[radiometric dating]] method invented to supersede [[Potassium-argon dating\|potassium-argon (K/Ar) dating]] in accuracy. The older method required splitting samples into two for separate potassium and argon measurements, while the newer method requires only one rock fragment or mineral grain and uses a single measurement of argon isotopes. <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating relies on neutron irradiation from a nuclear reactor to convert a stable form of potassium (<sup>39</sup>[[Potassium\|K]]) into the radioactive <sup>39</sup>[[Argon\|Ar]]. As long as a standard of known age is co-irradiated with unknown samples, it is possible to use a single measurement of argon isotopes to calculate the <sup>40</sup>K/<sup>40</sup>Ar* ratio, and thus to calculate the age of the unknown sample. <sup>40</sup>Ar* refers to the radiogenic <sup>40</sup>Ar, i.e. the <sup>40</sup>40Ar produced from radioactive decay of <sup>40</sup>K. <sup>40</sup>Ar* does not include atmospheric argon adsorbed to the surface or inherited through diffusion and its calculated value is derived from measuring the <sup>36</sup>Ar (which is assumed to be of atmospheric origin) and assuming that <sup>40</sup>Ar is found in a constant ratio to <sup>36</sup>Ar in atmospheric gases.

			==Method==
			The sample is generally crushed and single crystals of a mineral or fragments of rock hand-selected for analysis. These are then irradiated to produce <sup>39</sup>Ar from <sup>39</sup>K. The sample is then degassed in a high-vacuum [[mass spectrometer]] via a laser or resistance furnace. Heating causes the crystal structure of the mineral (or minerals) to degrade, and, as the sample melts, trapped gases are released. The gas may include atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, and argon, and radiogenic gases, like argon and helium, generated from regular radioactive decay over geologic time. The abundance of <sup>40</sup>Ar* increases with the age of the sample, though it does so logarithmically; the half-life of <sup>40</sup>K is 1.248 billion years.

			==Age equation==
			The age of a sample is given by the age equation:
			:<math>t=\frac{1}{\lambda} \ln (J \times R+1)</math>
			where λ is the radioactive [[decay constant]] of <sup>40</sup>K (approximately 5.5 x 10<sup>−10</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to a half-life of approximately 1.25 billion years), J is the J-factor (parameter associated with the irradiation process), and R is the <sup>40</sup>Ar*/<sup>39</sup>Ar ratio. The J factor relates to the [[fluence]] of the neutron bombardment during the irradiation process; a denser flow of neutron particles will convert more atoms of <sup>40</sup>K to <sup>40</sup>Ar than a less dense one.

			==Relative dating only==

			The <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar method only measures relative dates. In order for an age to be calculated by the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar technique, the J parameter must be determined by irradiating the unknown sample along with a sample of known age for a standard. Because this (primary) standard ultimately cannot be determined by <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar, it must be first determined by another dating method. The method most commonly used to date the primary standard is the [[Potassium-argon dating\|conventional K/Ar technique]].<ref>[http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/labs/argon/methods/home.html New Mexico Bureau of Geology]</ref> An alternative method of calibrating the used standard is astronomical dating, which arrives at a slightly different age.<ref>[http://www.geo.uu.nl/~forth/publications/Kuiper04a.pdf Utrecht faculty of Geosciences]</ref>
			<!--
			==Interfering Reactions==
			tba
			==Recoil==
			tba
			==Displaying Data==
			tba
			-->

			==Applications==
			The primary use for <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronology is dating metamorphic and igneous minerals. <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar is unlikely to provide the age of intrusions of [[granite]] as the age typically reflects the time when a mineral cooled through its closure temperature. However, in a metamorphic rock that has not exceeded its closure temperature the age likely dates the crystallization of the mineral. Dating of movement on [[Geologic fault\|fault]] systems is also possible with the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar method. Different minerals have different closure temperatures; [[biotite]] is ~300°C, [[muscovite]] is about 400°C and [[hornblende]] has a closure temperature of ~550°C. Thus, a granite containing all three minerals will record three different "ages" of emplacement as it cools down through these closure temperatures. Thus, although a crystallization age is not recorded, the information is still useful in constructing the thermal history of the rock.

			Dating minerals ''may'' provide age information on a rock, but assumptions must be made. Minerals usually only record the ''last time'' they cooled down below the closure temperature, and this may not represent all of the events which the rock has undergone, and may not match the age of intrusion. Thus, discretion and interpretation of age dating is essential. <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronology assumes that a rock retains all of its <sup>40</sup>Ar after cooling past the ''closing temperature'' and that this was properly sampled during analysis.

			This technique allows the errors involved in K-Ar dating to be checked. Argon–argon dating has the advantage of not requiring determinations of potassium. Modern methods of analysis allow individual regions of crystals to be investigated. This method is important as it allows crystals forming and cooling during different events to be identified.

			==Recalibration==
			One problem with argon-argon dating has been a slight discrepancy with other methods of dating.<ref>P. R. Renne, D. B. Karner, K. R. Ludwig, ''Absolute Ages Aren't Exactly'', Science 282:1840 (4 Dec. 1998)</ref> Recent work by Kuiper
			<ref>K. F. Kuiper, ''et al.'', ''Synchronizing Rock Clocks of Earth History'', Science 320:500 (25 Apr. 2008) [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;320/5875/500]</ref> (see also Kerr<ref>R. A. Kerr, ''Two Geological Clocks Finally Keeping the Same Time'', Science 320:434 (25 Apr. 2008)</ref>) reports that a correction of 0.65% is needed. Thus the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event\|Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction]] (when the dinosaurs died out) - previously dated at 65.0 or 65.5 million years ago - is more accurately dated to 66.0 Ma. Similarly, the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event\|Permian-Triassic extinction]] is now dated at 252.5 Ma, which is effectively coincident with the age determined by other means for [[Siberian Traps]] basalt flows.

			==See also==
			*[[Grenville Turner]], inventor of the technique

			==References==

			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			* [[UC Berkeley]] press release: "[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/97legacy/pompeii.html Precise dating of the destruction of Pompeii proves argon-argon method can reliably date rocks as young as 2,000 years]"
			* The New Mexico Geochronology Research Laboratory [http://www.ees.nmt.edu/Geol/labs/Argon_Lab/NMGRL_homepage.html]
			* [[Berkeley Geochronology Center]] [http://bgc.org/facilities/argon_lab.html]
			* Argon Isotope Facility http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/suerc/nercfacilities/argonisotopefacility/ of the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Council
			* Open University Ar/Ar and Noble Gas Laboratory http://www8.open.ac.uk/science/argon-noble-gas-research
			* Argon Laboratory / Australian National University http://argon.anu.edu.au

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Argon-Argon Dating}}
			[[Category:Radiometric dating]]

en>PHansen: +da:Effektiv temperatur (stjerne)

2012-07-01T05:50:31Z

+da:Effektiv temperatur (stjerne)

New page

The writer is recognized by the title of Numbers Lint. Bookkeeping is my occupation. For a whilst she's been in South Dakota. One of the very very best things in the world for him is to collect badges but he is having difficulties to discover time for it.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my site [http://gshappy.marubaram.wo.tc/xe/?document_srl=141908 at home std testing]

Effective temperature - Revision history

en>Tom.Reding: Replaced deprecated cite template parameters (year & month -> date) and cleanup using AWB

en>Guy vandegrift: /* See also */ fixing format to wikiversity link

en>Quebec99: fixed reference

en>PHansen: +da:Effektiv temperatur (stjerne)