Neutron spin echo - Revision history

2401:DE00:1:6:C135:A1C:EAEB:A55F: /* What it can measure */

2014-12-01T07:45:02Z

What it can measure

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:45, 1 December 2014
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	~~{{Refimprove\|date=September 2011}}~~		Alyson Meagher is the name her mothers and fathers gave her but she doesn't like when people use her full title. Office supervising is my profession. Her family life in Ohio. What me and my family members love is to climb but I'm considering on starting something new.<br><br>My homepage - psychic readings online ([http://jplusfn.gaplus.kr/xe/qna/78647 jplusfn.gaplus.kr])
	~~'''Catalyst poisoning''' refers to~~ the effect that a [[catalyst]] can be 'poisoned' if it reacts with another [[chemical compound\|compound]] that [[bond (chemical)\|bonds chemically]] to its active surface sites. This may have two effects: the total number of catalytic sites or the fraction of the total surface area that has the capability of promoting reaction always decreases, and the average distance that a reactant molecule must diffuse through the pore structure before undergoing reaction may increase.<ref name~~=Hill1977>Charles G. Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics~~ and ~~Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 464</ref> Poisoned sites can no longer accelerate the reaction with which the catalyst was supposed to catalyze.~~
	~~<ref name=hagen06>Jens Hagen,~~ ''Industrial catalysis: a practical approach '',Wiley-VCH, 2006 ISBN 3-527-31144-0, page 197</ref> Large scale production of substances such as [[ammonia]] in the [[Haber-Bosch process]] include steps to remove potential poisons from the product stream.

	~~==Poisoning process==~~
	~~The poisoning reaction should be viewed~~ like any other chemical reaction between a gas phase reactant and the solid surface, where the poisoned sites are distributed throughout the catalyst pore structure as a function of poison diffusion into the catalyst and the rate of the poisoning reaction. At the two extremes, this gives rise to two scenarios. First, when ~~the poisoning reaction rate is slow relative to the rate of diffusion, the poison will be evenly distributed throughout the catalyst and will result in [[homogeneous]] poisoning of the catalyst~~. ~~Conversely, if the reaction rate~~ is fast compared to the rate of diffusion, a poisoned shell will form on the exterior layers of the catalyst, a situation known as "pore-mouth" poisoning, and the rate of catalytic reaction may become limited by the rate of diffusion through the inactive shell.~~<ref name=Hill1977>Charles G~~. ~~Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics~~ and ~~Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 464</ref>~~

	~~==Selective poisoning==~~
	~~If the catalyst and reaction conditions are indicative of a low effectiveness factor, selective poisoning may be observed, which~~ is ~~a phenomenon where poisoning of only a small fraction of the catalyst surface gives a disproportionately large drop in activity. [[Wheeler]]{{dn\|date=December 2013}} created mathematical models~~ to ~~describe the cases where the interaction of the poisoning process with the influence of the intraparticle diffusion~~ on ~~the rates of the primary and poisoning reactions leads to an interesting relations between observed catalytic activity and the fraction of surface poisoned~~.<~~ref name=Hill1977~~>~~Charles G. Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 464</ref>~~

	~~By combining a material balance over a differential element of pore length and the Thiele modulus, the equation is found:~~

	~~:<math> \eta =\frac{\tanh(hp)}{hp} </math>~~

	~~where '''η''' is the effectiveness factor of the poisoned surface and '''hp''' is the Thiele modulus for the poisoned case.~~

	~~When the ratio of the reaction rate for the poisoned pore to the unpoisoned pore is considered, the following equation can be found:~~

	:<~~math~~> ~~F =\frac{\tanh(ht \cdot \sqrt(1~~-~~\alpha)) \cdot \sqrt~~(~~1-\alpha)}{\tanh(ht)} </math>~~

	~~where '''F''' is the ratio of rates of poisoned and unpoisoned pores, '''ht''' is the Theile modulus for the unpoisoned case, and '''α''' is the fraction of the surface that is poisoned.~~

	~~The above equation simplifies depending on the value of '''ht'''. When '''ht''' is small, meaning that the surface is available, the equation becomes:~~

	:~~<math> F = 1 - \alpha <~~/~~math>~~

	~~This represents the "classical case" of nonselective poisoning where the fraction of the activity remaining is equal to the fraction of the unpoisoned surface remaining.~~

	~~When '''ht''' is very large, it becomes:~~

	~~:<math> F = \sqrt{1- \alpha} <~~/~~math>~~

	In this case, the catalyst effectiveness factors are considerably less than unity, and the effects of the portion of the poison adsorbed near the closed end of the pore are not as apparent as when '''ht''' is small.

	Delving further into the mathematical relationships of selective poisoning, or "Pore-Mouth" poisoning, looking at the steady-state conditions, the rate of diffusion of the reactant through the poisoned region is equal to the rate of reaction. ~~The rate of diffusion is given by:~~

	~~:<math> Diffusion Rate = -\pi \cdot (ravg)^2 \cdot Dc \cdot \frac{dC}{dx}</math>~~

	~~And the rate of reaction within a pore is given by:~~

	~~:<math> Reaction Rate = \eta \cdot \pi \cdot ravg \cdot (1-\alpha) \cdot Lavg \cdot k1'' \cdot Cc <~~/~~math>~~

	~~Through further manipulation and substitution, the fraction of the catalyst surface available for reaction can be obtained from the ratio of the poisoned reaction rate to the unpoisoned reaction rate:~~

	~~:<math> F =\frac{r poisoned}{r unpoisoned} <~~/~~math>~~

	or

	~~:<math> F = \frac{\tanh[(1-\alpha) \cdot ht]}{\tanh(ht)} \cdot \frac{1}{1 + \alpha \cdot ht \cdot \tanh[(1-\alpha) \cdot ht]} <~~/~~math>~~

	~~where, as before, '''ht''' is the Theile modulus for the unpoisoned case, and '''α''' is the fraction of the surface that is poisoned~~.~~<ref name=Hill1977>Charles G~~. ~~Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 465-6</ref>~~

	~~==Benefits of selective poisoning==~~
	Usually, catalyst poisoning is undesirable as it leads to a loss of usefulness of expensive noble metals or their complexes. However, poisoning of catalysts can be used to improve selectivity of reactions.

	~~In the classical "[[Rosenmund reduction]]" of [[acyl chloride]]s to [[aldehyde]]s, the [[palladium]] catalyst (over [[barium sulfate]] or [[calcium carbonate]~~]) is poisoned by the addition of [[sulfur]] or [[quinoline]]. This system reduces triple bonds faster than double bonds allowing for an especially selective reduction. [[Lindlar's catalyst]] is another example — [[palladium]] poisoned with [[lead]] salts.

	~~==Examples==~~
	An example can be seen with [[Raney nickel]] catalyst, which have reduced activity when it is in combination with mild steel. The loss in activity of catalyst can be overcome by having a lining of epoxy or other substances.

	Poisoning of palladium and platinum catalysts has been extensively researched. As a rule of thumb, [[platinum]] (as [[Adam's catalyst]], finely divided on carbon) is less susceptible. Common poisons for these two metals are sulfur and nitrogen-heterocycles like pyridine and quinoline.

	A [[catalytic converter]] for an automobile can be poisoned if the vehicle is operated on [[gasoline]] containing lead additives. [[Fuel cell]]s running on hydrogen must use very pure reactants, free of sulfur and carbon compounds.

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Hydrogen purity]]
	*[[Reaction inhibitor]]

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Catalyst Poisoning}}~~
	~~[[Category:Catalysis]]~~
	~~[[Category:Fuel cells]]~~

	~~[[fr:Poison de catalyseur]]~~

en>Monkbot: Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

2014-01-27T13:14:53Z

Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:14, 27 January 2014
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	~~I would~~ like to ~~introduce myself~~ to ~~you~~, ~~I am Andrew~~ and ~~my wife doesn~~'~~t like it at all~~. ~~Distributing production~~ is ~~exactly~~ where my primary ~~income arrives from~~ and it'~~s some thing I truly enjoy~~. ~~Her family lives in Ohio~~. ~~She~~ is ~~really fond~~ of ~~caving but she doesn~~'~~t have~~ the ~~time lately~~.<br><br>~~Also visit my web blog~~ - ~~[http~~://~~Alles~~-~~herunterladen~~.~~de/excellent~~-~~advice~~-~~for~~-~~picking~~-the-~~ideal-hobby~~/ ~~online reader~~]		{{Refimprove\|date=September 2011}}
			'''Catalyst poisoning''' refers to the effect that a [[catalyst]] can be 'poisoned' if it reacts with another [[chemical compound\|compound]] that [[bond (chemical)\|bonds chemically]] to its active surface sites. This may have two effects: the total number of catalytic sites or the fraction of the total surface area that has the capability of promoting reaction always decreases, and the average distance that a reactant molecule must diffuse through the pore structure before undergoing reaction may increase.<ref name=Hill1977>Charles G. Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 464</ref> Poisoned sites can no longer accelerate the reaction with which the catalyst was supposed to catalyze.
			<ref name=hagen06>Jens Hagen, ''Industrial catalysis: a practical approach '',Wiley-VCH, 2006 ISBN 3-527-31144-0, page 197</ref> Large scale production of substances such as [[ammonia]] in the [[Haber-Bosch process]] include steps to remove potential poisons from the product stream.

			==Poisoning process==
			The poisoning reaction should be viewed like any other chemical reaction between a gas phase reactant and the solid surface, where the poisoned sites are distributed throughout the catalyst pore structure as a function of poison diffusion into the catalyst and the rate of the poisoning reaction. At the two extremes, this gives rise to two scenarios. First, when the poisoning reaction rate is slow relative to the rate of diffusion, the poison will be evenly distributed throughout the catalyst and will result in [[homogeneous]] poisoning of the catalyst. Conversely, if the reaction rate is fast compared to the rate of diffusion, a poisoned shell will form on the exterior layers of the catalyst, a situation known as "pore-mouth" poisoning, and the rate of catalytic reaction may become limited by the rate of diffusion through the inactive shell.<ref name=Hill1977>Charles G. Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 464</ref>

			==Selective poisoning==
			If the catalyst and reaction conditions are indicative of a low effectiveness factor, selective poisoning may be observed, which is a phenomenon where poisoning of only a small fraction of the catalyst surface gives a disproportionately large drop in activity. [[Wheeler]]{{dn\|date=December 2013}} created mathematical models to describe the cases where the interaction of the poisoning process with the influence of the intraparticle diffusion on the rates of the primary and poisoning reactions leads to an interesting relations between observed catalytic activity and the fraction of surface poisoned.<ref name=Hill1977>Charles G. Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 464</ref>

			By combining a material balance over a differential element of pore length and the Thiele modulus, the equation is found:

			:<math> \eta =\frac{\tanh(hp)}{hp} </math>

			where '''η''' is the effectiveness factor of the poisoned surface and '''hp''' is the Thiele modulus for the poisoned case.

			When the ratio of the reaction rate for the poisoned pore to the unpoisoned pore is considered, the following equation can be found:

			:<math> F =\frac{\tanh(ht \cdot \sqrt(1-\alpha)) \cdot \sqrt(1-\alpha)}{\tanh(ht)} </math>

			where '''F''' is the ratio of rates of poisoned and unpoisoned pores, '''ht''' is the Theile modulus for the unpoisoned case, and '''α''' is the fraction of the surface that is poisoned.

			The above equation simplifies depending on the value of '''ht'''. When '''ht''' is small, meaning that the surface is available, the equation becomes:

			:<math> F = 1 - \alpha </math>

			This represents the "classical case" of nonselective poisoning where the fraction of the activity remaining is equal to the fraction of the unpoisoned surface remaining.

			When '''ht''' is very large, it becomes:

			:<math> F = \sqrt{1- \alpha} </math>

			In this case, the catalyst effectiveness factors are considerably less than unity, and the effects of the portion of the poison adsorbed near the closed end of the pore are not as apparent as when '''ht''' is small.

			Delving further into the mathematical relationships of selective poisoning, or "Pore-Mouth" poisoning, looking at the steady-state conditions, the rate of diffusion of the reactant through the poisoned region is equal to the rate of reaction. The rate of diffusion is given by:

			:<math> Diffusion Rate = -\pi \cdot (ravg)^2 \cdot Dc \cdot \frac{dC}{dx}</math>

			And the rate of reaction within a pore is given by:

			:<math> Reaction Rate = \eta \cdot \pi \cdot ravg \cdot (1-\alpha) \cdot Lavg \cdot k1'' \cdot Cc </math>

			Through further manipulation and substitution, the fraction of the catalyst surface available for reaction can be obtained from the ratio of the poisoned reaction rate to the unpoisoned reaction rate:

			:<math> F =\frac{r poisoned}{r unpoisoned} </math>

			or

			:<math> F = \frac{\tanh[(1-\alpha) \cdot ht]}{\tanh(ht)} \cdot \frac{1}{1 + \alpha \cdot ht \cdot \tanh[(1-\alpha) \cdot ht]} </math>

			where, as before, '''ht''' is the Theile modulus for the unpoisoned case, and '''α''' is the fraction of the surface that is poisoned.<ref name=Hill1977>Charles G. Hill, ''An Introduction To Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977 ISBN 0-471-39609-5, page 465-6</ref>

			==Benefits of selective poisoning==
			Usually, catalyst poisoning is undesirable as it leads to a loss of usefulness of expensive noble metals or their complexes. However, poisoning of catalysts can be used to improve selectivity of reactions.

			In the classical "[[Rosenmund reduction]]" of [[acyl chloride]]s to [[aldehyde]]s, the [[palladium]] catalyst (over [[barium sulfate]] or [[calcium carbonate]]) is poisoned by the addition of [[sulfur]] or [[quinoline]]. This system reduces triple bonds faster than double bonds allowing for an especially selective reduction. [[Lindlar's catalyst]] is another example — [[palladium]] poisoned with [[lead]] salts.

			==Examples==
			An example can be seen with [[Raney nickel]] catalyst, which have reduced activity when it is in combination with mild steel. The loss in activity of catalyst can be overcome by having a lining of epoxy or other substances.

			Poisoning of palladium and platinum catalysts has been extensively researched. As a rule of thumb, [[platinum]] (as [[Adam's catalyst]], finely divided on carbon) is less susceptible. Common poisons for these two metals are sulfur and nitrogen-heterocycles like pyridine and quinoline.

			A [[catalytic converter]] for an automobile can be poisoned if the vehicle is operated on [[gasoline]] containing lead additives. [[Fuel cell]]s running on hydrogen must use very pure reactants, free of sulfur and carbon compounds.

			==References==
			<references/>

			==See also==
			*[[Hydrogen purity]]
			*[[Reaction inhibitor]]

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Catalyst Poisoning}}
			[[Category:Catalysis]]
			[[Category:Fuel cells]]

			[[fr:Poison de catalyseur]]

en>Tomas e: iw fr

2011-10-21T10:32:34Z

iw fr

New page

I would like to introduce myself to you, I am Andrew and my wife doesn't like it at all. Distributing production is exactly where my primary income arrives from and it's some thing I truly enjoy. Her family lives in Ohio. She is really fond of caving but she doesn't have the time lately.<br><br>Also visit my web blog - [http://Alles-herunterladen.de/excellent-advice-for-picking-the-ideal-hobby/ online reader]