Size pair - Revision history

en>Rgdboer: lk journal

2014-02-27T22:39:26Z

lk journal

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:39, 28 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
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	~~[[image:Bridged-T delay equaliser.svg\|thumb]]~~
	~~The '~~''bridged-T delay equaliser''' is an electrical [[all-pass filter]] circuit utilising [[Electronic filter topology#Bridged-T topologies\|bridged-T topology]] whose purpose is to insert an (ideally) constant delay at all frequencies in the signal path. It is a class of [[image filter]].

	~~==Applications==~~

	The network is used when it is required that two or more signals are matched to each other on some form of timing criterion. Delay is added to all other signals so that the total delay is matched to the signal which already has the longest delay. In television broadcasting, for instance, it is desirable that the timing of the television waveform synchronisation pulses from different sources are aligned as they reach studio control rooms or network switching centres. This ensures that cuts between sources do not result in disruption at the receivers. Another application occurs when [~~[stereophonic sound]] is connected by landline, for instance from an [[outside broadcast]] to the studio centre~~. ~~It is important that delay is equalised between the two stereo channels as a difference will destroy the [[stereo imaging\|stereo image]]~~. ~~When the landlines are long and the two channels arrive by substantially different routes it can require many filter sections to fully equalise the delay~~.

	==~~Operation~~==

	~~The operation is best explained in terms of the [[phase shift~~]~~] the network introduces~~. At low frequencies L is low impedance and C' is high impedance and consequently the signal passes through the network with no shift in phase. As the frequency increases, the phase shift gradually increases, until at some frequency, ω<sub>0</sub>, the shunt branch of the circuit, L'C', goes in to resonance and causes the centre-tap of L to be short-circuited to ground. [[Transformer]] action between the two halves of L, which had been steadily becoming more significant as the frequency increased, now becomes dominant. The winding of the coil is such that the secondary winding produces an inverted voltage to the primary. That is, at resonance the phase shift is ~~now 180°. As the frequency continues to increase, the phase delay also continues to increase and the input and output start to come back into phase as~~ a ~~whole cycle delay is approached. At high frequencies L and L' approach open-circuit and C approaches short-circuit and the phase delay tends to level out at 360°.~~

	~~The relationship between phase shift (φ) and time delay (T<sub>D</sub>) with angular frequency (ω) is given by the simple relation,~~

	:~~<math> \phi = \omega T_D \, <~~/~~math>~~

	~~It is required that T<sub>D<~~/~~sub> is constant at all frequencies over the band of operation. φ must therefore be kept linearly proportional to ω~~. ~~With suitable choice of parameters, the network phase shift can be made linear up to about 180° phase shift.~~

	~~==Design==~~

	The four component values of the network provide four [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)\|degrees of freedom]] in the design. It is required from [[image impedance\|image theory]] (see [[Zobel network]]) that the L/~~C branch and the L'~~/~~C' branch are the [[dual impedance\|dual]~~] of ~~each other (ignoring the transformer action)~~ which ~~provides two parameters for calculating component values~~. ~~A third parameter~~ is ~~set by choosing~~ a ~~resonant frequency, this~~ is ~~set to (at least)~~ the ~~maximum frequency the network is required to operate at~~.

	:~~<math>\omega_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{L'C'}} </math>~~

	~~There is one remaining degree of freedom that the designer can use to maximimally linearise the phase~~/~~frequency response. This parameter is usually stated as the L~~/~~C ratio~~. ~~As stated above, it is not practical to linearise the phase response above 180°, i~~.~~e. half a cycle, so once a maximum frequency of operation, ''f''~~<~~sub~~>m<~~/sub~~> ~~is chosen, this sets the maximum delay that can be designed in~~ to ~~the circuit and is given by,~~

	:~~<math>T_{D(max)} = \frac{1}{2f_m} <~~/~~math>~~

	~~For broadcast sound purposes, 15 kHz is often chosen as the maximum usable frequency on landlines~~. ~~A delay equaliser designed to this specification can therefore insert a delay of 33μs~~. In reality, the differential delay that might be required to equalise may be many hundreds of microseconds. A chain of many sections in tandem will be required. For television purposes, a maximum frequency of 6 MHz might be chosen, which corresponds to a delay of 83ns. Again, many sections may be required to fully equalise. In general, much greater attention is paid to the routing and exact length of television cables because many more equaliser sections are required to remove the same delay difference as compared to audio.

	~~==See also==~~

	*[[All-~~pass filter]]~~
	*[[Lattice phase equaliser]]
	*[[Bartlett's bisection theorem]]
	*[[Zobel network]]

	~~[[Category:Linear filters]]~~
	~~[[Category:Image impedance filters]]~~

	~~[[Category:Analog circuits]]~~
	~~[[Category:Electronic design]]~~
	~~[[Category:Electronic filter topology]~~]

en>Yobot: clean up, References after punctuation per WP:REFPUNC and WP:PAIC using AWB (8748)

2012-12-05T18:38:40Z

clean up, References after punctuation per WP:REFPUNC and WP:PAIC using AWB (8748)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:38, 5 December 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~This entry was posted on~~ 2013-05-11-~~21:13:50 by 2013~~-05-~~11-21:13:50~~. ~~<br /><br><br><br><br>Many financial loans~~ are ~~very easy~~ to ~~get but there are~~ some ~~financial loans~~ that ~~are also extremely easy~~ to ~~repay~~. ~~These financial loans~~ are ~~recognized~~ as ~~month-to-month installment payday loans~~. ~~These~~ ~~If you treasured this article so you would like to get more info pertaining to~~ [~~https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.paycheck.advance5689 Online Pay Day Loans No Credit Check~~] ~~generously visit our web-page~~. ~~financial loans can assist you resolve all your concerns very quickly. With~~ the ~~assist of all these financial loans, any individual can increase~~ the ~~loan money as for each his needs~~. ~~As soon as~~ the ~~requirements~~ are ~~more than, you can repay~~ the ~~debt immediately and~~ can ~~get relieve from~~ the ~~burden of debt~~.~~<br><br>~~The ~~amount~~ in ~~this finance can be utilized for any~~ of ~~your domestic needs~~. ~~These requirements can be for renovation of your house, for consolidation of money owed, for obtaining your car repaired, for payment of numerous pending bills~~ and ~~so on. You do not have to provide any paperwork for availing this finance.<br><br>Mental~~ and ~~psychological well-becoming is as important as bodily well being. How you feel exhibits~~ in ~~your face~~. ~~Individuals feel your temper simply because they see it. Keep in mind Westlife's 'Fool Again' with~~ the ~~lyrics~~, ~~"It's written all more than your face" or Allison Krauss' 'When You Say Nothing at All' and~~ the ~~line "You say it very best when you say nothing~~ at all"? Song lyrics capture feelings and temperaments fairly nicely. They're excellent and melodic resources for lifestyle's practical truths. If you require to see a shrink to assist you process negative emotions, ~~please do so. If your insurance coverage or your budget does not include treatment sessions, a payday mortgage can be a great answer.~~<br><br>~~The quantity of mortgage will be deposited swiftly to the account of~~ the ~~borrower. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.paycheck.advance5689 google.com] Poor credit score scores~~ of the ~~past will not be a problem in here. You will only require reputable bank account~~, ~~a stable job~~, and ~~a operating email deal with for~~ the ~~mortgage~~ to be ~~availed~~. ~~If there arrives a need for extra money~~, ~~another mortgage can be produced as long~~ as the ~~previous loan has been paid~~. The ~~entire procedure in fairly easy, secure and significantly fast. Very various form~~ the ~~traditional financial loans~~ that ~~consider permanently~~ the ~~money until payday mortgage~~. ~~takes no time~~ at ~~all~~. ~~The loan becoming on~~-~~line has been a great advantage in making it simpler~~ to ~~avail it all up~~.<br><br>~~payday loans are designed to be brief-phrase financial loans. The curiosity rate~~ is ~~stored high to protect~~ the ~~risk involved with a no credit score verify mortgage~~. ~~Individuals with bad credit score will nonetheless~~ be ~~authorized, but as with any dangerous journey~~, the ~~price is greater. Some people want~~ to ~~say that it is unfair~~. The ~~fact~~ of the ~~make a difference~~ is that ~~individuals have choices,~~ and ~~if you choose to apply for~~ the ~~loan, you will have to pay a higher price if you~~ are ~~not accountable~~ for ~~returning the cash on time~~.~~<br><br>The software proceedings are extremely easy and. You require~~ to ~~fill in all~~ the ~~suitable information. The lender verifies your info~~ to ~~ensure whether you have submitted right information~~.<br><br>~~Wait~~..~~. Isn't~~ it ~~that payday loan companies do~~ not ~~treatment if you have~~ a ~~good credit record or not? Yes they don~~'~~t but, it~~'~~s different when you~~'~~re unemployed. Lenders should prove that you can really spend. Sometimes loan companies even inquire for collateral as an assurance.~~<br><br>~~Using loans like these~~ the ~~borrower will~~ be in ~~a position~~ to ~~put~~ the ~~cash to use on the important matter. No paper function~~ is ~~needed and these financial loans are accessible via~~ the ~~internet~~. ~~No need~~ to ~~go away from the comfy couch of your comfy home to avail these loans. It saves up~~ a ~~big chunk~~ of ~~time and money and is extremely safe and safe~~. ~~Anyone can use it anytime.<br><br>You can have payday loans no faxing by~~ the ~~most handy method~~ that ~~is by heading online. You just have~~ to ~~post an online software type which is available free~~ of ~~price~~. ~~Form~~ will ~~consist~~ of ~~your few personal details along with the amount you want~~ to ~~avail and the repayment term~~. ~~You just have~~ to ~~surf correctly~~ to ~~select a very best deal with affordable price~~ of ~~interest~~.~~<br><br>This entry was posted on 2013~~-~~05-11-21~~:13:~~50 by 2013-05-11-21~~:13:~~50. <br />~~		{{noref\|date=October 2013}}
			[[image:Bridged-T delay equaliser.svg\|thumb]]
			The '''bridged-T delay equaliser''' is an electrical [[all-pass filter]] circuit utilising [[Electronic filter topology#Bridged-T topologies\|bridged-T topology]] whose purpose is to insert an (ideally) constant delay at all frequencies in the signal path. It is a class of [[image filter]].

			==Applications==

			The network is used when it is required that two or more signals are matched to each other on some form of timing criterion. Delay is added to all other signals so that the total delay is matched to the signal which already has the longest delay. In television broadcasting, for instance, it is desirable that the timing of the television waveform synchronisation pulses from different sources are aligned as they reach studio control rooms or network switching centres. This ensures that cuts between sources do not result in disruption at the receivers. Another application occurs when [[stereophonic sound]] is connected by landline, for instance from an [[outside broadcast]] to the studio centre. It is important that delay is equalised between the two stereo channels as a difference will destroy the [[stereo imaging\|stereo image]]. When the landlines are long and the two channels arrive by substantially different routes it can require many filter sections to fully equalise the delay.

			==Operation==

			The operation is best explained in terms of the [[phase shift]] the network introduces. At low frequencies L is low impedance and C' is high impedance and consequently the signal passes through the network with no shift in phase. As the frequency increases, the phase shift gradually increases, until at some frequency, ω<sub>0</sub>, the shunt branch of the circuit, L'C', goes in to resonance and causes the centre-tap of L to be short-circuited to ground. [[Transformer]] action between the two halves of L, which had been steadily becoming more significant as the frequency increased, now becomes dominant. The winding of the coil is such that the secondary winding produces an inverted voltage to the primary. That is, at resonance the phase shift is now 180°. As the frequency continues to increase, the phase delay also continues to increase and the input and output start to come back into phase as a whole cycle delay is approached. At high frequencies L and L' approach open-circuit and C approaches short-circuit and the phase delay tends to level out at 360°.

			The relationship between phase shift (φ) and time delay (T<sub>D</sub>) with angular frequency (ω) is given by the simple relation,

			:<math> \phi = \omega T_D \, </math>

			It is required that T<sub>D</sub> is constant at all frequencies over the band of operation. φ must therefore be kept linearly proportional to ω. With suitable choice of parameters, the network phase shift can be made linear up to about 180° phase shift.

			==Design==

			The four component values of the network provide four [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)\|degrees of freedom]] in the design. It is required from [[image impedance\|image theory]] (see [[Zobel network]]) that the L/C branch and the L'/C' branch are the [[dual impedance\|dual]] of each other (ignoring the transformer action) which provides two parameters for calculating component values. A third parameter is set by choosing a resonant frequency, this is set to (at least) the maximum frequency the network is required to operate at.

			:<math>\omega_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{L'C'}} </math>

			There is one remaining degree of freedom that the designer can use to maximimally linearise the phase/frequency response. This parameter is usually stated as the L/C ratio. As stated above, it is not practical to linearise the phase response above 180°, i.e. half a cycle, so once a maximum frequency of operation, ''f''<sub>m</sub> is chosen, this sets the maximum delay that can be designed in to the circuit and is given by,

			:<math>T_{D(max)} = \frac{1}{2f_m} </math>

			For broadcast sound purposes, 15 kHz is often chosen as the maximum usable frequency on landlines. A delay equaliser designed to this specification can therefore insert a delay of 33μs. In reality, the differential delay that might be required to equalise may be many hundreds of microseconds. A chain of many sections in tandem will be required. For television purposes, a maximum frequency of 6 MHz might be chosen, which corresponds to a delay of 83ns. Again, many sections may be required to fully equalise. In general, much greater attention is paid to the routing and exact length of television cables because many more equaliser sections are required to remove the same delay difference as compared to audio.

			==See also==

			*[[All-pass filter]]
			*[[Lattice phase equaliser]]
			*[[Bartlett's bisection theorem]]
			*[[Zobel network]]

			[[Category:Linear filters]]
			[[Category:Image impedance filters]]

			[[Category:Analog circuits]]
			[[Category:Electronic design]]
			[[Category:Electronic filter topology]]

en>Hmainsbot1: AWB general fixes and delink dates per :WP:DATELINK, :WP:YEARLINK and :MOS:UNLINKYEARS using AWB (8097)

2012-08-07T04:30:11Z

AWB general fixes and delink dates per WP:DATELINK, WP:YEARLINK and MOS:UNLINKYEARS using AWB (8097)

New page

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