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	~~{{Other uses}}~~		Hello, I'm Crystal, a 25 year old from Barendrecht, Netherlands.<br>My hobbies include (but are not limited to) Photography, College football and watching Sons of Anarchy.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my website :: [http://crazyuhak.com/xe/index.php?document_srl=180838&mid=info_ph Fifa 15 Coin Generator]
	~~{{Infobox Unit~~
	~~\| bgcolour =~~
	~~\| name = Coulomb~~
	~~\| image =~~
	~~\| caption =~~
	~~\| standard = [[SI derived unit]]~~
	~~\| quantity = [[Electric charge]]~~
	~~\| symbol = C~~
	~~\| dimension = T⋅~~I
	~~\| namedafter = [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]~~
	~~\| units1 = [[SI base unit]]s~~
	~~\| inunits1 = 1 [[Ampere\|A]] [[second\|s]]~~
	~~\| units2 = [[CGS unit]]s~~
	~~\| inunits2 = {{gaps\|2\|997\|924\|580}} [[statcoulomb\|statC]]~~
	~~\| units3 = [[Atomic units]]~~
	~~\| inunits3 = {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|65\|(16)\|e=18\|[[elementary charge\|e]]}}<ref name=CODATA />~~
	}}
	~~The~~ '~~''coulomb''' (named after [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]~~, ~~unit symbol: '''C''') is~~ a ~~fundamental unit of electrical charge, and is also the [[SI]] derived unit of [[electric charge]] (symbol: '''Q''' or '''q'''). It is equal to the charge of approximately 6.241{{e\|18}} [[electron]]s.~~

	~~Its SI definition is the charge transported by a constant current of one [[ampere]] in one [[second]]:~~
	~~:<math>1\ \mathrm{C} = 1\ \mathrm{A} \times 1\ \mathrm{s}</math>~~

	~~One coulomb is also the amount of excess charge on the positive side of a capacitor of one [[farad]] charged to a potential difference of one [[volt]]:~~
	~~:<math>1\ \mathrm{C} = 1\ \mathrm{F} \times 1\ \mathrm{V}</math>~~

	~~== Name and notation ==~~
	{{SI unit lowercase\|Charles-Augustin de Coulomb\|coulomb\|C}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI Brochure, Appendix 1, \|page=144 }}</ref>

	~~== Definition ==~~
	In the [[SI system]], the coulomb is defined in terms of the [[ampere]] and [[second]]: 1 C = 1 A × 1 s.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI brochure, section 2.2.2 }}</ref> The second is defined in terms of a frequency which is naturally emitted by [[caesium]] atoms.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/second.html \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI brochure, section 2.2.1.3 }}</ref> The ampere is defined using [[Ampère's force law]];<ref name=ampere>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/ampere.html \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI brochure, section 2.2.1.4 }}</ref> the definition relies in part on the mass of the [[Kilogram\|international prototype kilogram]], a metal cylinder housed in France.<ref name=wattbalance>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/elec/watt_balance/ \|publisher=BIPM \|title=Watt Balance}}</ref> In practice, ~~the [[watt balance]] is used to measure amperes with the highest possible accuracy~~.<~~ref name=wattbalance /~~>

	~~Since the charge of one electron is known to be about {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|57\|e=−19\|u=coulombs}}, a coulomb can also be considered to be the charge of roughly {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|324\|e=18\|u=electrons}}~~ (~~or protons), the reciprocal of {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|57\|e=−19}}.~~

	~~== SI prefixes ==~~
	~~{{SI multiples~~
	~~\| unit=coulomb~~
	~~\| symbol=C~~
	~~\| note=Common multiples~~ are ~~in bold face.~~
	~~\| mc=\|m=\|n=\|p=~~
	}}
	~~See also [[SI prefix#List of SI prefixes\|SI prefix]].~~

	~~== Conversions ==~~
	* The magnitude of the electrical charge of one [[mole (unit)\|mole]] of [[elementary charge]]s (approximately 6.022{{e\|23}}, or [[Avogadro's number]]) is known as a [[Faraday constant\|faraday unit of charge]] (closely related to the [[Faraday constant]]). One faraday equals {{gaps\|96\|485.3399\|u=coulombs}}. In terms of Avogadro's number (''N''<sub>A</sub>), one coulomb is equal to approximately 1.036 × ''N''<sub>A</sub>{{e\|−5}} elementary charges.
	* One [[ampere-hour]] = 3600 C, 1 mA⋅h = 3.6 C.
	* The [[elementary charge]] is {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|e=−19\|u=C}}.<ref name=CODATA />
	* One [[statcoulomb]] (statC), the obsolete [[CGS]] electrostatic unit of charge (esu), is approximately 3.3356{{e\|-10}} C or about one-third of a nanocoulomb.
	* One coulomb is the magnitude ([[absolute value]]) of electrical charge in {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|65\|(16)\|e=18}} [[proton]]s or [[electron]]s.<ref name=CODATA />

	~~== Relation~~ to ~~elementary charge ==~~
	The [[elementary charge]], the charge of a proton (equivalently, the negative of the charge of an electron), is approximately {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|(40)\|e=-19\|u=C}}.<ref name=CODATA>{{CODATA2006 \|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e}} The inverse value (the number of elementary charges in 1 C) is given by 1/[{{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|(40)\|e=-19}}] = {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|65\|(16)\|e=18}}.</ref> In SI, the elementary charge in coulombs is an approximate value: no experiment can be infinitely accurate. However, in other unit systems, the elementary charge has an ''exact'' value by definition, and ~~other charges are ultimately measured relative to the elementary charge.<ref name=mills>{{cite doi\|10.1088/0026-1394/42/2/001}}</ref> For example, in [[conventional electrical units]], the values~~ of the [[Josephson constant]] ''K<sub>J</sub>'' and [[von Klitzing constant]] ''R<sub>K</sub>'' are exact defined values (written ''K<sub>J-90</sub>'' and ''R<sub>K-90</sub>''), and it follows that the elementary charge ''e'' =2/(''K<sub>J</sub>R<sub>K</sub>'') is also an exact defined value in this unit system.<ref name=mills/> Specifically, ''e''<sub>90</sub> = (2{{e\|−9}})/({{gaps\|25\|812.807}} × {{gaps\|483\|597.9}}) C exactly.<ref name=mills/> SI itself may someday change its definitions in a similar way.<~~ref name=mills/~~> For example, one possible proposed redefinition is "the ampere...is [defined] such that the value of the elementary charge ''e'' (charge on a proton) is exactly {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|e=−19}} coulombs"<~~ref~~>~~[http://www.bipm.org/utils/en/ppt/23report_ccu.ppt Report of the CCU~~ to ~~the 23rd CGPM]</ref> This proposal is not yet accepted as part of the SI; the SI definitions are unlikely~~ to ~~change until at least 2015.<ref>{{cite web~~
	~~\|url = http~~:~~//www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/BIPM_Bulletin.pdf~~
	~~\|title = BIPM Bulletin~~
	~~\|author = Anon~~
	~~\|publisher = BIPM~~
	~~\|date = November 2010~~
	~~\|accessdate = 2011-01-28}}</ref>~~

	~~== In everyday terms ==~~
	*The charges in [~~[static electricity]] from rubbing materials together are typically a few microcoulombs.<ref>{{cite web \|url=~~http://~~www-zeuthen~~.~~desy.de~~/~~~pohlmadq~~/~~teach/112/ch16~~.~~pdf \|publisher~~=~~[[DESY]] \|title=Physics: Principles with Applications \|author~~=~~Martin Karl W. Pohl}}</ref>~~
	*The amount of charge that travels through a [[lightning\|lightning bolt]] is typically around 15 C, although large bolts can be up to 350 C.<ref>Hasbrouck, Richard. [https://www.llnl.gov/str/pdfs/05_96.1.pdf Mitigating Lightning Hazards], Science & Technology Review May 1996. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.</ref>
	*The amount of charge that travels through a typical [[Alkaline battery\|alkaline]] [[AA battery]] is about 5 kC = 5000 C ≈ 1.4 [[Ampere-hour\|A⋅h]]. After that charge has flowed, the battery must be discarded or recharged.<ref>{{Google books\|eftR-e1nVAgC\|How to do everything with digital photography – David Huss\|page=23}}, "The capacity range of an AA battery is typically from 1100–2200 mAh."</ref>
	*According to [[Coulomb's law]], two negative [[point charge]]s of {{val\|+1\|u=C}}, placed one meter apart, would experience a repulsive [[force]] of {{val\|9\|e=9\|u=N}}, a force roughly equal to the weight of {{gaps\|920\|000}} metric tons of [[mass]] on the surface of the Earth.
	*The [[hydraulic analogy]] uses everyday terms to illustrate movement of charge and the transfer of energy. The analogy equates charge to a volume of water, and voltage to pressure. One coulomb equals (the negative of) the charge of {{val\|6.24\|e=18\|u=electrons}}. The amount of energy transferred by the flow of 1 Coulomb can vary; for example, 300 times fewer electrons flow through a lightning bolt than through an AA battery, but the total energy transferred by the flow of the lightning's electrons is 300 million times greater.

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Abcoulomb]], a cgs unit of charge
	* [[Ampère's circuital law]]
	* [[Coulomb's law]]
	* [[Electrostatics]]
	* [[Elementary charge]]
	* [[Faraday (unit)]], an obsolete unit
	* [[Quantity of electricity]]

	~~== Notes and references ==~~
	~~{{Reflist\|2}}~~

	~~{{SI units}}~~

	~~[[Category:SI derived units]]~~
	~~[[Category:Units of electrical charge]~~]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:13, 13 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Other uses}}~~		Hello, I'm Crystal, a 25 year old from Barendrecht, Netherlands.<br>My hobbies include (but are not limited to) Photography, College football and watching Sons of Anarchy.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my website :: [http://crazyuhak.com/xe/index.php?document_srl=180838&mid=info_ph Fifa 15 Coin Generator]
	~~{{Infobox Unit~~
	~~\| bgcolour =~~
	~~\| name = Coulomb~~
	~~\| image =~~
	~~\| caption =~~
	~~\| standard = [[SI derived unit]]~~
	~~\| quantity = [[Electric charge]]~~
	~~\| symbol = C~~
	~~\| dimension = T⋅~~I
	~~\| namedafter = [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]~~
	~~\| units1 = [[SI base unit]]s~~
	~~\| inunits1 = 1 [[Ampere\|A]] [[second\|s]]~~
	~~\| units2 = [[CGS unit]]s~~
	~~\| inunits2 = {{gaps\|2\|997\|924\|580}} [[statcoulomb\|statC]]~~
	~~\| units3 = [[Atomic units]]~~
	~~\| inunits3 = {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|65\|(16)\|e=18\|[[elementary charge\|e]]}}<ref name=CODATA />~~
	}}
	~~The~~ '~~''coulomb''' (named after [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]~~, ~~unit symbol: '''C''') is~~ a ~~fundamental unit of electrical charge, and is also the [[SI]] derived unit of [[electric charge]] (symbol: '''Q''' or '''q'''). It is equal to the charge of approximately 6.241{{e\|18}} [[electron]]s.~~

	~~Its SI definition is the charge transported by a constant current of one [[ampere]] in one [[second]]:~~
	~~:<math>1\ \mathrm{C} = 1\ \mathrm{A} \times 1\ \mathrm{s}</math>~~

	~~One coulomb is also the amount of excess charge on the positive side of a capacitor of one [[farad]] charged to a potential difference of one [[volt]]:~~
	~~:<math>1\ \mathrm{C} = 1\ \mathrm{F} \times 1\ \mathrm{V}</math>~~

	~~== Name and notation ==~~
	{{SI unit lowercase\|Charles-Augustin de Coulomb\|coulomb\|C}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI Brochure, Appendix 1, \|page=144 }}</ref>

	~~== Definition ==~~
	In the [[SI system]], the coulomb is defined in terms of the [[ampere]] and [[second]]: 1 C = 1 A × 1 s.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI brochure, section 2.2.2 }}</ref> The second is defined in terms of a frequency which is naturally emitted by [[caesium]] atoms.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/second.html \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI brochure, section 2.2.1.3 }}</ref> The ampere is defined using [[Ampère's force law]];<ref name=ampere>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/ampere.html \|publisher=BIPM \|title=SI brochure, section 2.2.1.4 }}</ref> the definition relies in part on the mass of the [[Kilogram\|international prototype kilogram]], a metal cylinder housed in France.<ref name=wattbalance>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/elec/watt_balance/ \|publisher=BIPM \|title=Watt Balance}}</ref> In practice, ~~the [[watt balance]] is used to measure amperes with the highest possible accuracy~~.<~~ref name=wattbalance /~~>

	~~Since the charge of one electron is known to be about {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|57\|e=−19\|u=coulombs}}, a coulomb can also be considered to be the charge of roughly {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|324\|e=18\|u=electrons}}~~ (~~or protons), the reciprocal of {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|57\|e=−19}}.~~

	~~== SI prefixes ==~~
	~~{{SI multiples~~
	~~\| unit=coulomb~~
	~~\| symbol=C~~
	~~\| note=Common multiples~~ are ~~in bold face.~~
	~~\| mc=\|m=\|n=\|p=~~
	}}
	~~See also [[SI prefix#List of SI prefixes\|SI prefix]].~~

	~~== Conversions ==~~
	* The magnitude of the electrical charge of one [[mole (unit)\|mole]] of [[elementary charge]]s (approximately 6.022{{e\|23}}, or [[Avogadro's number]]) is known as a [[Faraday constant\|faraday unit of charge]] (closely related to the [[Faraday constant]]). One faraday equals {{gaps\|96\|485.3399\|u=coulombs}}. In terms of Avogadro's number (''N''<sub>A</sub>), one coulomb is equal to approximately 1.036 × ''N''<sub>A</sub>{{e\|−5}} elementary charges.
	* One [[ampere-hour]] = 3600 C, 1 mA⋅h = 3.6 C.
	* The [[elementary charge]] is {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|e=−19\|u=C}}.<ref name=CODATA />
	* One [[statcoulomb]] (statC), the obsolete [[CGS]] electrostatic unit of charge (esu), is approximately 3.3356{{e\|-10}} C or about one-third of a nanocoulomb.
	* One coulomb is the magnitude ([[absolute value]]) of electrical charge in {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|65\|(16)\|e=18}} [[proton]]s or [[electron]]s.<ref name=CODATA />

	~~== Relation~~ to ~~elementary charge ==~~
	The [[elementary charge]], the charge of a proton (equivalently, the negative of the charge of an electron), is approximately {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|(40)\|e=-19\|u=C}}.<ref name=CODATA>{{CODATA2006 \|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e}} The inverse value (the number of elementary charges in 1 C) is given by 1/[{{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|(40)\|e=-19}}] = {{gaps\|6.241\|509\|65\|(16)\|e=18}}.</ref> In SI, the elementary charge in coulombs is an approximate value: no experiment can be infinitely accurate. However, in other unit systems, the elementary charge has an ''exact'' value by definition, and ~~other charges are ultimately measured relative to the elementary charge.<ref name=mills>{{cite doi\|10.1088/0026-1394/42/2/001}}</ref> For example, in [[conventional electrical units]], the values~~ of the [[Josephson constant]] ''K<sub>J</sub>'' and [[von Klitzing constant]] ''R<sub>K</sub>'' are exact defined values (written ''K<sub>J-90</sub>'' and ''R<sub>K-90</sub>''), and it follows that the elementary charge ''e'' =2/(''K<sub>J</sub>R<sub>K</sub>'') is also an exact defined value in this unit system.<ref name=mills/> Specifically, ''e''<sub>90</sub> = (2{{e\|−9}})/({{gaps\|25\|812.807}} × {{gaps\|483\|597.9}}) C exactly.<ref name=mills/> SI itself may someday change its definitions in a similar way.<~~ref name=mills/~~> For example, one possible proposed redefinition is "the ampere...is [defined] such that the value of the elementary charge ''e'' (charge on a proton) is exactly {{gaps\|1.602\|176\|487\|e=−19}} coulombs"<~~ref~~>~~[http://www.bipm.org/utils/en/ppt/23report_ccu.ppt Report of the CCU~~ to ~~the 23rd CGPM]</ref> This proposal is not yet accepted as part of the SI; the SI definitions are unlikely~~ to ~~change until at least 2015.<ref>{{cite web~~
	~~\|url = http~~:~~//www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/BIPM_Bulletin.pdf~~
	~~\|title = BIPM Bulletin~~
	~~\|author = Anon~~
	~~\|publisher = BIPM~~
	~~\|date = November 2010~~
	~~\|accessdate = 2011-01-28}}</ref>~~

	~~== In everyday terms ==~~
	*The charges in [~~[static electricity]] from rubbing materials together are typically a few microcoulombs.<ref>{{cite web \|url=~~http://~~www-zeuthen~~.~~desy.de~~/~~~pohlmadq~~/~~teach/112/ch16~~.~~pdf \|publisher~~=~~[[DESY]] \|title=Physics: Principles with Applications \|author~~=~~Martin Karl W. Pohl}}</ref>~~
	*The amount of charge that travels through a [[lightning\|lightning bolt]] is typically around 15 C, although large bolts can be up to 350 C.<ref>Hasbrouck, Richard. [https://www.llnl.gov/str/pdfs/05_96.1.pdf Mitigating Lightning Hazards], Science & Technology Review May 1996. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.</ref>
	*The amount of charge that travels through a typical [[Alkaline battery\|alkaline]] [[AA battery]] is about 5 kC = 5000 C ≈ 1.4 [[Ampere-hour\|A⋅h]]. After that charge has flowed, the battery must be discarded or recharged.<ref>{{Google books\|eftR-e1nVAgC\|How to do everything with digital photography – David Huss\|page=23}}, "The capacity range of an AA battery is typically from 1100–2200 mAh."</ref>
	*According to [[Coulomb's law]], two negative [[point charge]]s of {{val\|+1\|u=C}}, placed one meter apart, would experience a repulsive [[force]] of {{val\|9\|e=9\|u=N}}, a force roughly equal to the weight of {{gaps\|920\|000}} metric tons of [[mass]] on the surface of the Earth.
	*The [[hydraulic analogy]] uses everyday terms to illustrate movement of charge and the transfer of energy. The analogy equates charge to a volume of water, and voltage to pressure. One coulomb equals (the negative of) the charge of {{val\|6.24\|e=18\|u=electrons}}. The amount of energy transferred by the flow of 1 Coulomb can vary; for example, 300 times fewer electrons flow through a lightning bolt than through an AA battery, but the total energy transferred by the flow of the lightning's electrons is 300 million times greater.

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Abcoulomb]], a cgs unit of charge
	* [[Ampère's circuital law]]
	* [[Coulomb's law]]
	* [[Electrostatics]]
	* [[Elementary charge]]
	* [[Faraday (unit)]], an obsolete unit
	* [[Quantity of electricity]]

	~~== Notes and references ==~~
	~~{{Reflist\|2}}~~

	~~{{SI units}}~~

	~~[[Category:SI derived units]]~~
	~~[[Category:Units of electrical charge]~~]