Stark effect - Revision history

en>Xihr: /* History */ c/e; how is that ironic?

2015-01-09T08:00:01Z

History: c/e; how is that ironic?

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	~~I am Jayne from Seiring~~. ~~I love to play Post horn~~. ~~Other hobbies are Petal collecting~~ and ~~pressing~~.<br><br>My web~~-site~~: [http://~~childsearchandrescue~~.~~org/node/34551 Reviews On Bookbyte Buyback~~]		Greetings. The [http://Www.thefreedictionary.com/author%27s author's] name is Eusebio although he never really beloved that name. In his professional life he is [http://search.Un.org/search?ie=utf8&site=un_org&output=xml_no_dtd&client=UN_Website_en&num=10&lr=lang_en&proxystylesheet=UN_Website_en&oe=utf8&q=literally&Submit=Go literally] a people manager. He's always loved living located in Guam and he has everything that he conditions there. To drive is one of some of the things he loves the vast majority. He's been working around his website for several time now. Check this kind of out here: http://prometeu.net<br><br>Review my web blog: [http://prometeu.net Clash Of Clans Hacker.Exe]

en>Rjwilmsi: Journal cites, added 1 PMID using AWB (9944)

2014-02-15T20:49:55Z

Journal cites, added 1 PMID using AWB (9944)

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:49, 15 February 2014
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	~~{{Infobox scientist~~		I am Jayne from Seiring. I love to play Post horn. Other hobbies are Petal collecting and pressing.<br><br>My web-site: [http://childsearchandrescue.org/node/34551 Reviews On Bookbyte Buyback]
	~~\|name = Alfréd Rényi~~
	~~\|image =~~
	~~\|birth_date = {{birth date\|1921\|03\|20\|df=y}}~~
	~~\|birth_place = [[Budapest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary\|Hungary]]~~
	~~\|death_date = {{death date and age\|1970\|02\|01\|1921\|03\|20\|df=y}}~~
	~~\|death_place = Budapest, [[People's Republic of Hungary\|Hungary]]~~
	~~\|residence =~~
	~~\|nationality = [[Hungary\|Hungarian]]~~
	~~\|fields = [[Mathematics]]~~
	~~\|workplaces = [[Eötvös Loránd University]]~~
	~~\|alma_mater = [[University of Szeged]]~~
	~~\|doctoral_advisor = [[Frigyes Riesz]]<ref>{{MathGenealogy \|id=51155}}</ref>~~
	~~\|doctoral_students = [[Imre Csiszár]]<br>[[Bonifac Donat]]<br>[[Gyula O. H. Katona]]<br>[[János Komlós (mathematician)\|János Komlós]]<br>[[András Prékopa]]<br>[[Gábor Székely]]~~
	~~\|known_for =~~
	}}
	~~{{eastern name order\|Rényi Alfréd}}~~
	'''Alfréd Rényi''' (20 March 1921 – 1 February 1970) was a [[Hungary\|Hungarian]] [[mathematician]] who made contributions in [[combinatorics]], [[graph theory]], [[number theory]] but mostly in [[probability theory]].<ref>{{citation\|title=Obituary: Alfred Renyi\|first=David\|last=Kendall\|journal=Journal of Applied Probability\|volume=7\|issue=2\|year=1970\|pages=508–522\|jstor=3211992}}.</ref><ref>{{citation\|title=Alfred Renyi, 1921-1970\|first1=P.\|last1=Revesz\|first2=I~~.\|last2=Vincze\|journal=The Annals of Mathematical Statistics\|volume=43\|issue=6\|year=1972\|jstor= 2240189\|pages=i–xvi\|doi=10.1214/aoms/1177690849}}.</ref>~~

	~~==Life==~~
	~~Rényi was born in [[Budapest]] to Artur Rényi and Barbara Alexander; his father was a mechanical engineer while his mother was the daughter of a philosopher and literary critic, Bernát Alexander.~~
	~~He was prevented~~ from ~~enrolling in university in 1939 due to the anti-Jewish laws then in force, but enrolled at the [[Eötvös Loránd University\|University of Budapest]] in 1940 and finished his studies in 1944~~. ~~At this point he was drafted~~ to ~~[[Labour service (Hungary)\|forced labour service]], escaped, and completed his [[Ph~~.D.]] in 1947 at the [[University of Szeged]], under the advisement of [[Frigyes Riesz]]. He married Katalin Schulhof (who used Kató Rényi as her married name), herself a mathematician, in 1946; their daughter Zsuzsanna was born in 1948. After a brief assistant professorship at Budapest, he was appointed Professor Extraordinary at the [[University of Debrecen]] in 1949. In 1950, he founded the [[Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics\|Mathematics Research Institute]] of the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]], now bearing his name, and directed it until his early death. He also headed the Department of Probability and ~~Mathematical Statistics of the [[Eötvös Loránd University]], from 1952~~. ~~He was elected a corresponding member (1949), full member (1956) of the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]~~

	~~==Work==~~
	~~Rényi proved, using the [[large sieve]], that there is a number~~ <~~math~~>K<~~/math~~> such that every even number is the sum of a prime number and a number that can be written as the product of at most <math>K</math> primes. [[Chen's theorem]], a strengthening of this result, shows that the theorem is true for ''K'' = 2, for all sufficiently large even numbers. The case ''K'' = 1 is the still-unproven [[Goldbach conjecture]].

	~~In [[information theory]], he introduced the spectrum of [[Rényi entropy\|Rényi entropies]] of order α, giving an important generalisation of the [[Shannon entropy]] and the [[Kullback~~-Leibler divergence]]. The Rényi entropies give a spectrum of useful [[diversity indices]], and lead to a spectrum of [[fractal dimension]]s. The [[Rényi–Ulam game]] is a guessing game where some of the answers may be wrong.

	In probability theory, he is also known for his [[Rényi's parking constants\|parking constants]], which characterize the solution to the following problem: given a street of given length and cars of constant length parking on a random free position on the street, what is the density of cars when there are no more free positions? The solution to that problem is approximately equal to 74.75979% {{OEIS\|A050996}}.<ref>[http:~~//mathworld.wolfram.com/RenyisParkingConstants.html] Wolfram Mathworld on Rényi's parking constants</ref>~~

	~~He wrote 32 joint papers with~~ [[Paul Erdős]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oakland.edu/upload/docs/Erdos%20Number%20Project/erdtrib.pdf\| title= Paul Erdős: The Master of Collaboration, Jerrold W. Grossman, March 8, 1996 \|accessdate=16 June 2012}} {{wayback\| url=http://~~web.archive~~.org/~~web/20060709195148~~/~~http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdtrib.pdf}}</ref> the most well-known of which are his papers introducing the [[Erdős–Rényi model]] of [[random graph]]s.<ref>"~~On ~~random graphs", Publ. Math. Debrecen, 1959, and "On the evolution of random graphs", Publ. Math. Inst. Hung. Acad. Sci, 1960.</ref>~~

	~~==Quotations==~~
	Rényi, who was addicted to coffee, invented<ref>Jeff Suzuki (2002).''A History of Mathematics'', p. 731. "The first main result was by the Hungarian mathematician Alfred Renyi (March 20, 1921-February 1, 1970), who is best known for a saying of his: a mathematician is a machine for turning coffee into theorems."</ref><ref>[[Gyula O. H. Katona]]: Preface to ''Ars Mathematica'', Collected writings of Alfréd Rényi, TypoTeX, Budapest, 2005, p. 8.</ref> the quote: "''A mathematician is a device for turning coffee into theorems.''", which is generally ascribed to [[Paul Erdős\|Erdős]]. It has been suggested that this sentence was originally formulated in [[German language\|German]] (''Number Theory'', Springer 1995), where it can be interpreted as a wordplay on the double meaning of the word ''Satz'' (theorem or coffee residue), but it is more likely that the original formulation was in [[Hungarian language\|Hungarian]].<ref>{{citation\|url=http://pachjanos.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/anastasatos-conjecture/\|title=Anastasatos’ Conjecture\|first=János\|last=Pach\|authorlink=János Pach\|date=December 16, 2010}}.</ref>

	He is also famous for having said, "If I feel unhappy, I do mathematics to become happy. If I am happy, I do mathematics to keep happy."<ref>Quoted in [[Pál Turán]], "The Work of Alfréd Rényi", Matematikai Lapok 21 (1970) 199 - 210.</ref>

	~~==Remembrance==~~
	The [[Alfréd Rényi Prize]], awarded by the [[Hungarian Academy of Science]], was established in his honor.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/renyi_a.htm\|title=Rényi, Alfréd\|accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>

	~~==Books==~~
	* A. Rényi: ''Dialogues on Mathematics'', Holden-Day, 1967.
	* A. Rényi: ''A diary on information theory'', Akadémiai Kiadó
	* A. Rényi, ''Foundations of Probability'', Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, California, 1970, xvi + 366 pp
	* A. Rényi, ''Probability Theory''. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1970, 666 pp.
	* A. Rényi, ''Letters on Probability," Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1972, 86pp.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*[http://www.math.elte.hu/probability/renyi/racv.html The life of Alfréd Rényi], by [[Pál Turán]]
	*{{MacTutor Biography\|id=Renyi}}

	~~{{Authority control\|VIAF=36956448}}~~

	~~{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->~~
	~~\| NAME = Renyi, Alfred~~
	~~\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =~~
	~~\| SHORT DESCRIPTION =Mathematician~~
	~~\| DATE OF BIRTH =20 March 1921~~
	~~\| PLACE OF BIRTH =Budhapest~~
	~~\| DATE OF DEATH =1 February 1970~~
	~~\| PLACE OF DEATH = Budapest, [[People's Republic of Hungary\|Hungary]]~~
	}}
	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Renyi, Alfred}}~~
	~~[[Category:Hungarian Jews]]~~
	~~[[Category:1921 births]]~~
	~~[[Category:1970 deaths]]~~
	~~[[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]~~
	~~[[Category:Number theorists]]~~
	~~[[Category:Combinatorialists]]~~
	~~[[Category:Graph theorists]]~~
	~~[[Category:Probability theorists]]~~
	~~[[Category:Hungarian mathematicians]]~~
	~~[[Category:Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]~~
	~~[[Category:People from Budapest]]~~
	~~[[Category:University of Debrecen faculty]~~]

en>Mark Arsten: Reverted edits by 92.72.102.151 (talk) to last version by 139.91.197.118

2013-10-28T20:51:27Z

Reverted edits by 92.72.102.151 (talk) to last version by 139.91.197.118

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en>Pinar: tr:Stark olayı

2012-08-15T11:20:06Z

tr:Stark olayı

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