en>Len loker: /* Equality in monotonicity of quantum relative entropy inequality */

2013-12-31T06:30:40Z

Equality in monotonicity of quantum relative entropy inequality

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The term '''patent cliff''' refers to the phenomena of patent expiration dates and an abrupt drop in sales that follows for a group of products capturing high percentage of a market. Usually, this phenomena are noticed when they affect ''blockbuster products'' -- a blockbuster product in the pharmaceutical industry, for example, is defined as a product with more than 1 billion USD per year.<ref>DGC. Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Preliminar Report. Technical report, European Commission, Brussel, Belgium, 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf</ref><ref name=biosimilars>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Calo-Fernández | first1 = Bruno
| last2 = Martínez-Hurtado | first2 = Juan Leonardo
| doi = 10.3390/ph5121393
| title = Biosimilars: Company Strategies to Capture Value from the Biologics Market
| journal = Pharmaceuticals
| volume = 5
| issue = 12
| pages = 1393-1408
| year = 2012
}}</ref>

The abrupt drop in sales expected after the date of patent expiration can be estimated with the following formula:<ref name="biosimilars" />

<math alt="Patent Cliff drop in sales">Sales = {A}*{Y^B}</math>

where ''A'' is the peak sales value before the patent expiration and ''Y'' the years after the peak sales year (the peak sales year is considered year 0), and ''B'' is an exponent with value ''-1.032''. The formula above could be simplified for practical calculations to:

<math alt="Patent Cliff drop in sales">Sales = \frac{A}{Y}</math>

For example, Plavix, Singulair, Diovan and Lipitor are all chemical blockbuster drugs discovered in the early 1990s, with patent expiration date falling between 2011 and 2015; and Rituxan, Humira, Novolog and Avastin are biologic blockbuster drugs discovered in the late 1990s, with patent expiration date between 2014 and 2019.<ref name="biosimilars" /> Thus, the revenue obtained through the sales of these products is at risk of falling drastically within the years of the patent cliff, which is often seen as an opportunity for other companies to generate revenue from selling generic or similar products.

== See also ==
* [[Patent]]
* [[Biosimilar]]
* [[Evergreening]]
* [[Generic drug]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Calo-Fernández, B.; Martínez-Hurtado, J.L. Biosimilars: Company Strategies to Capture Value from the Biologics Market. Pharmaceuticals 2012, 5, 1393-1408. Available at: (http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/5/12/1393/pdf)

[[Category:Sales]]

Strong Subadditivity of Quantum Entropy - Revision history

en>Len loker: /* Equality in monotonicity of quantum relative entropy inequality */