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| {{redirect-distinguish|Radial motion|radial velocity|rotational speed}}
| | Ugg boots, the well-liked and usually-imitated sheepskin, fleece-lined boots, are worn in all seasons. But wintertime is the time that even their detractors have to admit these style favorites do the job perfectly to preserve your toes heat no make any difference how chilly the temperature gets to be outside the house.<br><br>Background<br><br>Ugg boots, now manufactured in the United States by a enterprise referred to as Ugg Australia, ended up originally an import from Down Underneath. The expression "ugg" was Australian slang for unattractive "" which is how the sheepskin boots worn by Earth War I pilots had been described. They ended up two pieces of sheepskin sewn collectively. There was no sole, but they have been warm<br><br>Later in the century, it was Australian surfers who observed the boots saved their toes warm when they came out of the surf. Touring with the surf, the boots produced their way to Southern California wherever stars designed them renowned. 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It arrives with an 8-inch shaft and is accessible in Eggplant, Pacific Sea Environmentally friendly and Navy. For included sparkle, test a pair in metallic gold. <br> There is also a new shorter boot called the Gaviota. Its shaft is just 5 inches large and it has a fringed collar around the ankle and a wrap-all around leather lace so you can change it to match. The sole is a cork-infused rubber for improved traction. It comes in a few colours: hickory smoke (tan), espresso and black suede. <br> For a more functional style, look at the Baily Button boot. It has a single button-and-loop closure and the seven-inch shaft can be cuffed and turned down to five inches. It"s out there in chocolate, sand and grey. <br>For a practical but enjoyment seem, try the Wallingford rain boot. This Wellington-inspired rain boot is lined in sheepskin with a rubber outsole. The higher boot is produced from Ugg"s signature logo pattern that contrasts with the metallic-coloured upper. It arrives in Ocean (a light purple) and soft gold. You will never concern puddle jumping once more in these boots.<br> Guys"s<br><br>Guys can also get the standard boot, or they can decide for a little something more like a shoe, but with the warmth of the fleece lining. There is a fleece-lined moccasin shoe, a scuff and a slip-on model named the Tasman. The Tasman has a long lasting suede upper, is totally lined in sheepskin and what the organization phone calls "Tasman" detail trim on the cuff. It is really a knit sew all-around the ankle, offering it a Scandinavian glance. As the Tasman was crafted with a vintage outsole, it can be worn as a slipper, clog or a shoe.<br><br>Sizes<br><br>Most gals"s models, like the typical mini shorter boot, are accessible in measurements five to 11 in a medium width. Some designs are accessible up to a dimensions 12, like the zipped Mayfaire product. Males"s models run sizes 7 to 15. Boots for youngsters arrive in toddler dimensions 7, eight and nine, and kid dimensions are 1 to thirteen.<br><br>Insoles<br><br>When you are not possible to dress in out a sheepskin boot, you may locate a will need to replace the insole. Ugg delivers reliable replacement insoles for equally men"s and women"s boots. For just a several dollars, you can breathe new lifestyle in previous boots. Caution: the insoles can only be utilised on models with removable insoles. <br><br>Beware of imitations<br><br>Mainly because of their reputation, Ugg imitations have flooded the vogue market place. From low cost outlets to department shops, all people is selling an Ugg knockoff. But potential buyers beware. Don"t get fleeced. Just for the reason that they glance like Uggs, does not mean they are anyplace in the vicinity of the good quality of the primary. Some of the appear-alike boots are made of cow suede, lined with fleece. Some are lined with faux fleece. Some are fake leather. 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| {{single source|date=August 2012}}
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| {{Classical mechanics|cTopic=Basic motions}}
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| In [[physics]], '''circular motion''' is a movement of an object along the [[circumference]] of a [[circle]] or [[rotation]] along a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation (and constant speed), or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The [[rotation around a fixed axis]] of a three-dimensional body involves circular motion of its parts. The equations of motion describe the movement of the [[center of mass]] of a body.
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| Examples of circular motion include: an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth at constant height, a stone which is tied to a rope and is being swung in circles, a car turning through a curve in a [[race track]], an electron moving perpendicular to a uniform [[magnetic field]], and a [[gear]] turning inside a mechanism.
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| Since the object's velocity vector is constantly changing direction, the moving object is undergoing [[acceleration]] by a [[centripetal force]] in the direction of the center of rotation. Without this acceleration, the object would move in a straight line, according to [[Newton's laws of motion]].
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| ==Uniform==
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| [[Image:Uniform circular motion.svg|thumb|180px|Figure 1: Velocity '''v''' and acceleration '''a''' in uniform circular motion at angular rate ω; the speed is constant, but the velocity is always tangent to the orbit; the acceleration has constant magnitude, but always points toward the center of rotation]]
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| [[Image:Velocity-acceleration.PNG|thumb|250px|right|Figure 2: The velocity vectors at time ''t'' and time ''t'' + ''dt'' are moved from the orbit on the left to new positions where their tails coincide, on the right. Because the velocity is fixed in magnitude at ''v'' = ''r'' ω, the velocity vectors also sweep out a circular path at angular rate ω. As ''dt'' → 0, the acceleration vector '''a''' becomes perpendicular to '''v''', which means it points toward the center of the orbit in the circle on the left. Angle ω ''dt'' is the very small angle between the two velocities and tends to zero as ''dt''→ 0]]
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| [[Image:Breaking String.PNG|thumbnail|300px|Figure 3: (Left) Ball in circular motion – rope provides centripetal force to keep ball in circle (Right) Rope is cut and ball continues in straight line with velocity at the time of cutting the rope, in accord with Newton's law of inertia, because centripetal force is no longer there]]
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| In [[physics]], '''uniform circular motion''' describes the motion of a body traversing a [[Circle|circular]] path at constant [[speed]]. The [[distance]] of the body from the axis of rotation remains constant at all times. Though the body's speed is constant, its [[velocity]] is not constant: velocity, a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] quantity, depends on both the body's speed and its direction of travel. This changing velocity indicates the presence of an acceleration; this [[centripetal acceleration]] is of constant magnitude and directed at all times towards the axis of rotation. This acceleration is, in turn, produced by a [[centripetal force]] which is also constant in magnitude and directed towards the axis of rotation.
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| In the case of [[rotation around a fixed axis]] of a [[rigid body]] that is not negligibly small compared to the radius of the path, each particle of the body describes a uniform circular motion with the same angular velocity, but with velocity and acceleration varying with the position with respect to the axis.
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| ===Formulae===
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| [[Image:Circular motion vectors.svg|right|293 px|thumb|<center>Figure 1: Vector relationships for uniform circular motion; vector '''Ω''' representing the rotation is normal to the plane of the orbit.</center>]]
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| For motion in a circle of [[radius]] ''r'', the circumference of the circle is ''C'' = 2π ''r''. If the period for one rotation is ''T'', the angular rate of rotation, also known as [[angular velocity]], ω is:
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| :<math> \omega = \frac {2 \pi}{T} \ </math> and the units are radians/sec
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| The speed of the object traveling the circle is:
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| :<math> v\, = \frac {2 \pi r } {T} = \omega r </math>
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| The angle θ swept out in a time ''t'' is:
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| :<math> \theta = 2 \pi \frac{t}{T} = \omega t\,</math>
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| The acceleration due to change in the direction is:
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| :<math> a\, = \frac {v^2} {r} \, = {\omega^2} {r} </math>
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| The vector relationships are shown in Figure 1. The axis of rotation is shown as a vector '''Ω''' perpendicular to the plane of the orbit and with a magnitude ω = ''d''θ / ''dt''. The direction of '''Ω''' is chosen using the [[right-hand rule]]. With this convention for depicting rotation, the velocity is given by a vector [[cross product]] as
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| :<math> \mathbf{v} = \boldsymbol \Omega \times \mathbf r \ , </math>
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| which is a vector perpendicular to both '''Ω''' and '''r''' ( ''t'' ), tangential to the orbit, and of magnitude ω ''r''. Likewise, the acceleration is given by
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| :<math> \mathbf{a} = \boldsymbol \Omega \times \mathbf v = \boldsymbol \Omega \times \left( \boldsymbol \Omega \times \mathbf r \right) \ , </math>
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| which is a vector perpendicular to both '''Ω''' and '''v''' ( ''t'' ) of magnitude ω |'''v'''| = ω<sup>2</sup> ''r'' and directed exactly opposite to '''r''' ( ''t'' ).<ref>{{cite book
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| |title=Elements of Newtonian mechanics: including nonlinear dynamics
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| |edition=3
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| |first1=Jens M.
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| |last1=Knudsen
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| |first2=Poul G.
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| |last2=Hjorth
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| |publisher=Springer
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| |year=2000
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| |isbn=3-540-67652-X
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| |page=96
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| |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Urumwws_lWUC}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Urumwws_lWUC&pg=PA96 Chapter 5 page 96]
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| </ref>
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| In the simplest case the speed, mass and radius are constant.
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| Consider a body of one kilogram, moving in a circle of [[radius]] one metre, with an [[angular velocity]] of one [[radian]] per [[second]].
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| * The [[speed]] is one metre per second.
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| * The inward [[acceleration]] is one metre per square second[v^2/r]
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| * It is subject to a [[centripetal force]] of one kilogram metre per square second, which is one [[newton (unit)|newton]].
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| * The [[momentum]] of the body is one kg·m·s<sup>−1</sup>.
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| * The [[moment of inertia]] is one kg·m<sup>2</sup>.
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| * The [[angular momentum]] is one kg·m<sup>2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>.
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| * The [[kinetic energy]] is 1/2 [[joule]].
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| * The [[circumference]] of the [[orbit]] is 2[[Pi|π]] (~ 6.283) metres.
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| * The period of the motion is 2π seconds per [[turn (geometry)|turn]].
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| * The [[frequency]] is (2π)<sup>−1</sup> [[hertz]].
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| ====In polar coordinates====
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| [[Image:Vectors in polar coordinates.PNG|thumb|350px|Figure 2: Polar coordinates for circular trajectory. On the left is a unit circle showing the changes <math>\mathbf{d\hat u_R} </math> and <math>\mathbf{d\hat u_\theta}</math> in the unit vectors <math>\mathbf{\hat u_R} </math> and <math>\mathbf{\hat u_\theta}</math> for a small increment <math>\mathrm{d \theta}</math> in angle <math>\mathrm{\theta}</math>.]]
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| During circular motion the body moves on a curve that can be described in [[polar coordinate system]] as a fixed distance ''R'' from the center of the orbit taken as origin, oriented at an angle θ (''t'') from some reference direction. See Figure 2. The displacement ''vector'' <math>\stackrel{\vec r}{}</math> is the radial vector from the origin to the particle location:
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| :<math>\vec r=R \hat u_R (t)\ ,</math>
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| where <math>\hat u_R (t)</math> is the [[unit vector]] parallel to the radius vector at time ''t'' and pointing away from the origin. It is convenient to introduce the unit vector [[Orthogonality#Euclidean vector spaces|orthogonal]] to <math>\hat u_R</math> as well, namely <math>\hat u_\theta</math>. It is customary to orient <math>\hat u_\theta</math> to point in the direction of travel along the orbit.
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| The velocity is the time derivative of the displacement:
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| :<math> \vec v = \frac {d}{dt} \vec r(t) = \frac {d R}{dt} \hat u_R + R\frac {d \hat u_R } {dt} \ . </math>
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| Because the radius of the circle is constant, the radial component of the velocity is zero. The unit vector <math>\hat u_R</math> has a time-invariant magnitude of unity, so as time varies its tip always lies on a circle of unit radius, with an angle θ the same as the angle of <math>\vec r (t)</math>. If the particle displacement rotates through an angle ''d''θ in time ''dt'', so does <math>\hat u_R</math>, describing an arc on the unit circle of magnitude ''d''θ. See the unit circle at the left of Figure 2. Hence:
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| :<math> \frac {d \hat u_R } {dt} = \frac {d \theta } {dt} \hat u_\theta \ , </math>
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| where the direction of the change must be perpendicular to <math>\hat u_R </math> (or, in other words, along <math>\hat u_\theta</math>) because any change ''d''<math>\hat u_R </math> in the direction of <math>\hat u_R </math> would change the size of <math>\hat u_R </math>. The sign is positive, because an increase in ''d''θ implies the object and <math>\hat u_R </math> have moved in the direction of <math>\hat u_\theta</math>.
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| Hence the velocity becomes:
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| :<math> \vec v = \frac {d}{dt} \vec r(t) = R\frac {d \hat u_R } {dt} = R \frac {d \theta } {dt} \hat u_\theta \ = R \omega \hat u_\theta \ . </math>
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| The acceleration of the body can also be broken into radial and tangential components. The acceleration is the time derivative of the velocity:
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| :<math> \vec a = \frac {d}{dt} \vec v = \frac {d}{dt} \left(R\ \omega \ \hat u_\theta \ \right) \ . </math>
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| ::<math>=R \left( \frac {d \omega}{dt}\ \hat u_\theta + \omega \ \frac {d \hat u_\theta}{dt} \right) \ . </math>
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| The time derivative of <math>\hat u_\theta</math> is found the same way as for <math>\hat u_R </math>. Again, <math>\hat u_\theta</math> is a unit vector and its tip traces a unit circle with an angle that is π/2 + θ. Hence, an increase in angle ''d''θ by <math>\vec r (t)</math> implies <math>\hat u_\theta</math> traces an arc of magnitude ''d''θ, and as <math>\hat u_\theta</math> is orthogonal to <math>\hat u_R </math>, we have:
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| :<math> \frac {d \hat u_\theta } {dt} = -\frac {d \theta } {dt} \hat u_R = -\omega \hat u_R\ , </math>
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| where a negative sign is necessary to keep <math>\hat u_\theta</math> orthogonal to <math>\hat u_R </math>. (Otherwise, the angle between <math>\hat u_\theta</math> and <math>\hat u_R </math> would ''decrease'' with increase in ''d''θ.) See the unit circle at the left of Figure 2. Consequently the acceleration is:
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| :<math>\vec a = R \left( \frac {d \omega}{dt}\ \hat u_\theta + \omega \ \frac {d \hat u_\theta}{dt} \right)</math>
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| ::<math>=R \frac {d \omega}{dt}\ \hat u_\theta - \omega^2 R \ \hat u_R \ . </math>
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| The [[centripetal force|centripetal acceleration]] is the radial component, which is directed radially inward:
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| :<math>\vec a_R= -\omega ^2R \hat u_R \ , </math>
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| while the tangential component changes the [[Vector (geometry)#Length|magnitude]] of the velocity:
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| :<math>\vec a_{\theta}= R \frac {d \omega}{dt}\ \hat u_\theta = \frac {d R \omega}{dt}\ \hat u_\theta =\frac {d |\vec v|}{dt}\ \hat u_\theta \ .</math>
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| ====Using complex numbers====
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| Circular motion can be described using [[complex number]]s. Let the <math>x</math> axis be the real axis and the <math>y</math> axis be the imaginary axis. The position of the body can then be given as <math>z</math>, a complex "vector":
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| :<math>z=x+iy=R(\cos \theta +i \sin \theta)=Re^{i\theta}\ ,</math>
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| where <math>i</math> is the [[imaginary unit]], and
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| :<math>\theta =\theta (t)\ ,</math>
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| is the angle of the complex vector with the real axis and is a function of time ''t''.
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| Since the radius is constant:
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| :<math>\dot R =\ddot R =0 \ ,</math>
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| where a ''dot'' indicates time differentiation.
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| With this notation the velocity becomes:
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| :<math>v=\dot z = \frac {d (R e^{i \theta})}{d t} = R \frac {d \theta}{d t} \frac {d (e^{i \theta})}{d \theta} = iR\dot \theta e^{i\theta} = i\omega \cdot Re^{i\theta}= i\omega z</math>
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| and the acceleration becomes:
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| :<math>a=\dot v =i\dot \omega z +i \omega \dot z =(i\dot \omega -\omega^2)z</math>
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| ::<math>= \left(i\dot \omega-\omega^2 \right) R e^{i\theta} </math>
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| ::<math>=-\omega^2 R e^{i\theta} + \dot \omega e^{i\frac{\pi}{2}}R e^{i\theta} \ .</math>
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| The first term is opposite in direction to the displacement vector and the second is perpendicular to it, just like the earlier results shown before.
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| ===Discussion===
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| ====Velocity====
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| Figure 1 illustrates velocity and acceleration vectors for uniform motion at four different points in the orbit. Because the velocity '''v''' is tangent to the circular path, no two velocities point in the same direction. Although the object has a constant ''speed'', its ''direction'' is always changing. This change in velocity is caused by an acceleration '''a''', whose magnitude is (like that of the velocity) held constant, but whose direction also is always changing. The [[acceleration]] points radially inwards ([[centripetal]]ly) and is perpendicular to the velocity. This acceleration is known as centripetal acceleration.
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| For a path of radius ''r'', when an angle θ is swept out, the distance travelled on the [[wikt:periphery|periphery]] of the orbit is ''s'' = ''r''θ. Therefore, the speed of travel around the orbit is
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| :<math> v = r \frac{d\theta}{dt} = r\omega</math>,
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| where the angular rate of rotation is ω. (By rearrangement, ω = ''v''/''r''.) Thus, ''v'' is a constant, and the velocity vector '''v''' also rotates with constant magnitude ''v'', at the same angular rate ω.
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| ====Acceleration====
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| {{main|Acceleration}}
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| The left-hand circle in Figure 2 is the orbit showing the velocity vectors at two adjacent times. On the right, these two velocities are moved so their tails coincide. Because speed is constant, the velocity vectors on the right sweep out a circle as time advances. For a swept angle ''d''θ = ω ''dt'' the change in '''v''' is a vector at right angles to '''v''' and of magnitude ''v'' ''d''θ, which in turn means that the magnitude of the acceleration is given by
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| :<math> a = v \frac{d\theta}{dt} = v\omega = \frac{v^2}{r}</math>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+ Centripetal acceleration for some values of radius and magnitude of velocity
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| !colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"|<div align="right"><nowiki>|</nowiki>''v''<nowiki>|</nowiki></div><br /><br /><div align="left"> ''r''</div>
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| !1 m/s<br />3.6 km/h<br />2.2 mph
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| !2 m/s<br />7.2 km/h<br />4.5 mph
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| !5 m/s<br />18 km/h<br />11 mph
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| !10 m/s<br />36 km/h<br />22 mph
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| !20 m/s<br />72 km/h<br />45 mph
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| !50 m/s<br />180 km/h<br />110 mph
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| !100 m/s<br />360 km/h<br />220 mph
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| |-
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| !Slow [[walk]]
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| !
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| ![[Bicycle]]
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| !
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| ![[City car]]
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| !
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| ![[Aerobatics]]
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| |-
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| !10 cm<br />3.9 in
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| ![[Laboratory centrifuge|Laboratory<br />centrifuge]]
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|10 m/s²<br />1.0 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|40 m/s²<br />4.1 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|250 m/s²<br />25 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|1.0 km/s²<br />100 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|4.0 km/s²<br />410 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffccff"|25 km/s²<br />2500 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ff99ff"|100 km/s²<br />10000 ''g''
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| |-
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| !20 cm<br />7.9 in
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| !
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|5.0 m/s²<br />0.51 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|20 m/s²<br />2.0 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|130 m/s²<br />13 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|500 m/s²<br />51 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|2.0 km/s²<br />200 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffccff"|13 km/s²<br />1300 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffccff"|50 km/s²<br />5100 ''g''
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| |-
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| !50 cm<br />1.6 ft
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| !
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|2.0 m/s²<br />0.20 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|8.0 m/s²<br />0.82 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|50 m/s²<br />5.1 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|200 m/s²<br />20 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|800 m/s²<br />82 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|5.0 km/s²<br />510 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffccff"|20 km/s²<br />2000 ''g''
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| |-
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| !1 m<br />3.3 ft
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| ![[Playground]]<br />[[carousel]]
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|1.0 m/s²<br />0.10 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|4.0 m/s²<br />0.41 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|25 m/s²<br />2.5 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|100 m/s²<br />10 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|400 m/s²<br />41 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|2.5 km/s²<br />250 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffccff"|10 km/s²<br />1000 ''g''
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| |-
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| !2 m<br />6.6 ft
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| !
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| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|500 mm/s²<br />0.051 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|2.0 m/s²<br />0.20 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|13 m/s²<br />1.3 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|50 m/s²<br />5.1 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|200 m/s²<br />20 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|1.3 km/s²<br />130 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|5.0 km/s²<br />510 ''g''
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| |-
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| !5 m<br />16 ft
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| !
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| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|200 mm/s²<br />0.020 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|800 mm/s²<br />0.082 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|5.0 m/s²<br />0.51 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|20 m/s²<br />2.0 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|80 m/s²<br />8.2 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|500 m/s²<br />51 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|2.0 km/s²<br />200 ''g''
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| |-
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| !10 m<br />33 ft
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| ![[Roller-coaster]]<br />[[vertical loop]]
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| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|100 mm/s²<br />0.010 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|400 mm/s²<br />0.041 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|2.5 m/s²<br />0.25 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|10 m/s²<br />1.0 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|40 m/s²<br />4.1 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|250 m/s²<br />25 ''g''
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| |bgcolor="#ffbbbb"|1.0 km/s²<br />100 ''g''
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| |-
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| !20 m<br />66 ft
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| !
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| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|50 mm/s²<br />0.0051 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|200 mm/s²<br />0.020 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|1.3 m/s²<br />0.13 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|5.0 m/s²<br />0.51 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|20 m/s²<br />2 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|130 m/s²<br />13 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|500 m/s²<br />51 ''g''
| |
| |-
| |
| !50 m<br />160 ft
| |
| !
| |
| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|20 mm/s²<br />0.0020 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|80 mm/s²<br />0.0082 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|500 mm/s²<br />0.051 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|2.0 m/s²<br />0.20 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|8.0 m/s²<br />0.82 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|50 m/s²<br />5.1 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|200 m/s²<br />20 ''g''
| |
| |-
| |
| !100 m<br />330 ft
| |
| ![[Freeway]]<br />[[Entrance ramp|on-ramp]]
| |
| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|10 mm/s²<br />0.0010 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|40 mm/s²<br />0.0041 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|250 mm/s²<br />0.025 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|1.0 m/s²<br />0.10 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|4.0 m/s²<br />0.41 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|25 m/s²<br />2.5 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffddaa"|100 m/s²<br />10 ''g''
| |
| |-
| |
| !200 m<br />660 ft
| |
| !
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffffff"|5.0 mm/s²<br />0.00051 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|20 mm/s²<br />0.0020 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|130 m/s²<br />0.013 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|500 mm/s²<br />0.051 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|2.0 m/s²<br />0.20 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|13 m/s²<br />1.3 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|50 m/s²<br />5.1 ''g''
| |
| |-
| |
| !500 m<br />1600 ft
| |
| !
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffffff"|2.0 mm/s²<br />0.00020 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffffff"|8.0 mm/s²<br />0.00082 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|50 mm/s²<br />0.0051 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|200 mm/s²<br />0.020 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|800 mm/s²<br />0.082 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|5.0 m/s²<br />0.51 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|20 m/s²<br />2.0 ''g''
| |
| |-
| |
| !1 km<br />3300 ft
| |
| ![[High-speed rail|High-speed<br />railway]]
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffffff"|1.0 mm/s²<br />0.00010 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffffff"|4.0 mm/s²<br />0.00041 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ddddff"|25 mm/s²<br />0.0025 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|100 mm/s²<br />0.010 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#99ffff"|400 mm/s²<br />0.041 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ccffcc"|2.5 m/s²<br />0.25 ''g''
| |
| |bgcolor="#ffff99"|10 m/s²<br />1.0 ''g''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Non-uniform==
| |
| [[Image:Nonuniform circular motion.svg|right|293 px|thumb]]
| |
| | |
| '''Non-uniform circular motion''' is any case in which an object moving in a circular path has a varying [[speed]]. The [[tangential acceleration]] is non-zero; the speed is changing.
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| | |
| Since there is a non-zero tangential acceleration, there are forces that act on an object in addition to its [[centripetal force]] (composed of the mass and radial acceleration). These forces include weight, [[normal force]], and [[friction]].
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| | |
| [[File:Freebody_circular.svg|right|thumb]]
| |
| In non-uniform circular motion, normal force does not always point in the opposite direction of [[weight]]. Here is an example with an object traveling in a straight path then loops a loop back into a straight path again.
| |
| [[File:Freebody_object.svg|right|thumb]]
| |
| This diagram shows the normal force pointing in other directions rather than opposite to the weight force. The normal force is actually the sum of the radial and tangential forces that help to counteract the weight force and contribute to the centripetal force. The horizontal component of normal force is what contributes to the centripetal force. The vertical component of the normal force is what counteracts the weight of the object.
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| | |
| In non-uniform circular motion, normal force and weight may point in the same direction. Both forces can point down, yet the object will remain in a circular path without falling straight down. First let’s see why normal force can point down in the first place. In the first diagram, let's say the object is a person sitting inside a plane, the two forces point down only when it reaches the top of the circle. The reason for this is that the normal force is the sum of the weight and centripetal force. Since both weight and centripetal force points down at the top of the circle, normal force will point down as well. From a logical standpoint, a person who is traveling in the plane will be upside down at the top of the circle. At that moment, the person’s seat is actually pushing down on the person, which is the normal force.
| |
| [[File:Normal_and_weight.svg|thumb|right]]
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| The reason why the object does not fall down when subjected to only downward forces is a simple one. Think about what keeps an object up after it is thrown. Once an object is thrown into the air, there is only the downward force of earth’s gravity that acts on the object. That does not mean that once an object is thrown in the air, it will fall instantly. What keeps that object up in the air is its [[velocity]]. The first of [[Newton's laws of motion]] states that an object’s [[inertia]] keeps it in motion, and since the object in the air has a velocity, it will tend to keep moving in that direction.
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| | |
| ==Applications ==
| |
| Solving applications dealing with non-uniform circular motion involves force analysis. With uniform circular motion, the only force acting upon an object traveling in a circle is the centripetal force. In non-uniform circular motion, there are additional forces acting on the object due to a non-zero tangential acceleration. Although there are additional forces acting upon the object, the sum of all the forces acting on the object will have to equal to the centripetal force.
| |
| | |
| <math>F_{net} = ma\,</math>
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| | |
| <math>F_{net} = ma_r\,</math>
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| | |
| <math>F_{net} = mv^2/r\,</math>
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| | |
| <math>F_{net} = F_c\,</math>
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| | |
| Radial acceleration is used when calculating the total force. Tangential acceleration is not used in calculating total force because it is not responsible for keeping the object in a circular path. The only acceleration responsible for keeping an object moving in a circle is the radial acceleration. Since the sum of all forces is the centripetal force, drawing centripetal force into a free body diagram is not necessary and usually not recommended.
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| | |
| Using <math>F_{net} = F_c\,</math>, we can draw free body diagrams to list all the forces acting on an object then set it equal to <math>F_c\,</math>. Afterwards, we can solve for what ever is unknown (this can be mass, velocity, radius of curvature, coefficient of friction, normal force, etc.). For example, the visual above showing an object at the top of a semicircle would be expressed as <math>F_c = (n+mg)\,</math>.
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| | |
| In uniform circular motion, total acceleration of an object in a circular path is equal to the radial acceleration. Due to the presence of tangential acceleration in non uniform circular motion, that does not hold true any more. To find the total acceleration of an object in non uniform circular, find the vector sum of the tangential acceleration and the radial acceleration.
| |
| | |
| <math>\sqrt{a_r^2+a_t^2}=a</math>
| |
| | |
| Radial acceleration is still equal to <math>v^2/r </math>.
| |
| Tangential acceleration is simply the derivative of the velocity at any given point: <math>a_t = dv/dt \,</math>.
| |
| This root sum of squares of separate radial and tangential accelerations is only correct for circular motion; for general motion within a plane with polar coordinates <math>(r,\theta)</math>, the Coriolis term <math>a_c = 2(dr/dt)(d\theta/dt)</math> should be added to <math>a_t</math>, whereas radial acceleration then becomes <math>a_r=- v^2/r+d^2 r/dt^2</math>.
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| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[Angular momentum]]
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| * [[Equations of motion#Equations of circular motion|Equations of motion for circular motion]]
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| * [[Time derivative#Example: circular motion|Example: circular motion]]
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| * [[Fictitious force]]
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| * [[Geostationary orbit]]
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| * [[Geosynchronous orbit]]
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| * [[Pendulum (mathematics)]]
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| * [[Reactive centrifugal force]]
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| * [[Reciprocating motion]]
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| * [[Simple harmonic motion#Uniform circular motion]]
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| * [[Sling (weapon)]]
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| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://www.physclips.unsw.edu.au/ Physclips: Mechanics with animations and video clips] from the University of New South Wales
| |
| * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/1np/ch09/ch09.html Circular Motion] – a chapter from an online textbook
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| * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-01Physics-IFall1999/VideoLectures/detail/embed05.htm Circular Motion Lecture] – a video lecture on CM
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| | |
| [[Category:Rotation]]
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| [[Category:Classical mechanics]]
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| [[Category:Motion]]
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| [[ml:വര്ത്തുളചലനം]]
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| [[vi:Chuyển động quay]]
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