[[File:Square of opposition, set diagrams.svg|thumb|In modern logic only the contradictories in the [[square of opposition]] apply, because domains may be empty.<br><br>(Black areas are empty,<br>red areas are nonempty.)]]
In [[first-order logic]] the '''empty domain''' is the empty set having no members. In traditional and classical logic domains are restrictedly non-empty in order that certain theorems be valid. Interpretations with an empty domain are shown to be a trivial case by a convention originating at least in 1927 with [[Paul Bernays|Bernays]] and [[Schönfinkel]] (though possibly earlier) but oft-attributed to [[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine]] 1951. The convention is to assign any formula beginning with a universal quantifier the value ''truth'' while any formula beginning with an existential quantifier is assigned the value ''falsehood''. This follows from the idea that existentially quantified statements have existential import (i.e. they imply the existence of something) while universally quantified statements do not. This interpretation reportedly stems from [[George Boole]] in the late 19th century but this is debatable. In modern [[model theory]], it follows immediately for the truth conditions for quantified sentences:
In other words, an existential quantification of the open formula φ is true in a model iff there is some element in the domain (of the model) that satisfies the formula; i.e. iff that element has the property denoted by the open formula. A universal quantification of an open formula φ is true in a model iff every element in the domain satisfies that formula. (Note that in the metalanguage, "everything that is such that X is such that Y" is interpreted as a universal generalization of the material conditional "if anything is such that X then it is such that Y". Also, the quantifiers are given their usual objectual readings, so that a positive existential statement has existential import, while a universal one does not.) An analogous case concerns the empty conjunction and the empty disjunction. The semantic clauses for, respectively, conjunctions and disjunctions are given by
Logics whose theorems are valid in every, including the empty, domain were first considered by Jaskowski 1934, Mostowski 1951, Hailperin 1953, Quine 1954, Leonard 1956, and Hintikka 1959. While Quine called such logics "inclusive" logic they are now referred to as [[free logic]].
The command, quickly ran up, and eagerly asked: '??. How to how to doctor'<br><br>'nothing serious, timely ...... is found in a variety of neurological and narcotic drugs, has been sober.' doctor unloading the mask, with a little puzzled authentic?: 'Hey man today anesthetized how much the South? seems to have [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html ケイトスペード バッグ 人気] admitted to the hospital two cases of severe coma caused by [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-15.html ケイトスペード アウトレット バッグ] anesthesia. '<br><br>not connected incumbent, details of this case is not released to the community, to really speak out, it is estimated [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード バッグ 激安] to cause panic, people hear nothing more than sin, long sigh of relief, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペード 財布 通販] followed by the bed out, he saw the hair scattered Li total, opened his eyes glazed.<br><br>wrong, than to see the moment the crime, his eyes bright, fiercely there, she did not know where to strength, suddenly sat up, pointing over sin swore: 'bastard, you bastard ...... all because of you, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html ケイトスペード トートバッグ] They pressed me, and also my money robbed ...... '<br><br>'know, know ...... I'll give you snatch them back.' I sin comfort, laugh, which can curse Nima
In modern logic only the contradictories in the square of opposition apply, because domains may be empty.
(Black areas are empty, red areas are nonempty.)
In first-order logic the empty domain is the empty set having no members. In traditional and classical logic domains are restrictedly non-empty in order that certain theorems be valid. Interpretations with an empty domain are shown to be a trivial case by a convention originating at least in 1927 with Bernays and Schönfinkel (though possibly earlier) but oft-attributed to Quine 1951. The convention is to assign any formula beginning with a universal quantifier the value truth while any formula beginning with an existential quantifier is assigned the value falsehood. This follows from the idea that existentially quantified statements have existential import (i.e. they imply the existence of something) while universally quantified statements do not. This interpretation reportedly stems from George Boole in the late 19th century but this is debatable. In modern model theory, it follows immediately for the truth conditions for quantified sentences:
In other words, an existential quantification of the open formula φ is true in a model iff there is some element in the domain (of the model) that satisfies the formula; i.e. iff that element has the property denoted by the open formula. A universal quantification of an open formula φ is true in a model iff every element in the domain satisfies that formula. (Note that in the metalanguage, "everything that is such that X is such that Y" is interpreted as a universal generalization of the material conditional "if anything is such that X then it is such that Y". Also, the quantifiers are given their usual objectual readings, so that a positive existential statement has existential import, while a universal one does not.) An analogous case concerns the empty conjunction and the empty disjunction. The semantic clauses for, respectively, conjunctions and disjunctions are given by
.
It is easy to see that the empty conjunction is trivially true, and the empty disjunction trivially false.
Logics whose theorems are valid in every, including the empty, domain were first considered by Jaskowski 1934, Mostowski 1951, Hailperin 1953, Quine 1954, Leonard 1956, and Hintikka 1959. While Quine called such logics "inclusive" logic they are now referred to as free logic.
