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| [[Image:JeffersonLeft.jpg|thumb|Jefferson laboratory at Harvard University. The experiment occurred in the left "tower". The attic was later extended in 2004.]]
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| The '''Pound–Rebka experiment''' is a well known experiment to test [[Albert Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]]. It was proposed by [[Robert Pound]] and his graduate student [[Glen Rebka|Glen A. Rebka Jr.]] in 1959,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pound| first=R. V.| coauthors = Rebka Jr. G. A. | date= November 1, 1959| title=Gravitational Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance | journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] | volume=3 | issue=9 | pages=439–441 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.3.439 | bibcode=1959PhRvL...3..439P}}</ref> and was the last of the [[tests of general relativity#Classical tests|classical tests of general relativity]] to be verified (in the same year). It is a [[gravitational redshift]] experiment, which measures the [[redshift]] of light moving in a gravitational field, or, equivalently, a test of the general relativity prediction that clocks should run at different rates at different places in a [[gravitational field]]. It is considered to be the experiment that ushered in an era of ''precision'' tests of general relativity. | |
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| The test is based on the following principle: When an atom transits from an excited state to a base state, it emits a photon with a specific frequency and energy. When an atom of the same species in its base state encounters a photon with that same frequency and energy, it will absorb that photon and transit to the excited state. If the photon's frequency and energy is different by even a little, the atom cannot absorb it (this is the basis of quantum theory). When the photon travels through a gravitational field, its frequency and therefore its energy will change due to the gravitational redshift. As a result, the receiving atom cannot absorb it. But if the emitting atom moves with just the right speed relative to the receiving atom the resulting [[doppler shift]] cancels out the gravitational shift and the receiving atom can absorb the photon. The "right" relative speed of the atoms is therefore a measure of the gravitational shift. The frequency of the photon "falling" towards the bottom of the tower is blueshifted. Pound and Rebka countered the gravitational blueshift by moving the emitter away from the receiver, thus generating a relativistic Doppler redshift:
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| Special Relativity predicts a Doppler redshift of :
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| :<math>f_r=\sqrt{\frac{1-v/c}{1+v/c}}f_e.</math>
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| On the other hand, General Relativity predicts a gravitational blueshift of:
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| :<math>f_r=\sqrt{\frac{1-\dfrac{2GM}{(R+h)c^2}}{1-\dfrac{2GM}{Rc^2}}}f_e.</math>
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| The detector at the bottom sees a superposition of the two effects. The Emitter was moved vertically and the speed was varied until the two effects cancelled each other, a phenomenon detected by reaching resonance. Mathematically:
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| :<math>\sqrt{\frac{1-v/c}{1+v/c}\cdot\frac{1-\dfrac{2GM}{(R+h)c^2}}{1-\dfrac{2GM}{Rc^2}}}=1.</math>
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| In the case of the Pound–Rebka experiment <math>h\ll R</math>. Therefore:
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| :<math>v \approx \frac {gh}{c}</math> = 7.5×10<sup>−7</sup> m/s
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| In the more general case when ''h'' ≈ ''R'' the above is no longer true.
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| The energy associated with gravitational redshift over a distance of 22.5 meters is very small. The fractional change in energy is given by
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| δ''E''/''E'', is equal to ''gh''/''c''<sup>2</sup> = 2.5×10<sup>−15</sup>. Therefore [[electromagnetic spectrum|short wavelength]] high energy photons are required to detect such minute differences. The 14 [[electron volt|keV]] [[gamma ray]]s emitted by [[iron-57]] when it transitions to its base state proved to be sufficient for this experiment.
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| Normally, when an atom emits or absorbs a photon, it also moves ([[recoil]]s) a little, which takes away some energy from the photon due to the principle of [[conservation of momentum]].
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| The Doppler shift required to compensate for this recoil effect would be much larger (about 5 orders of magnitude) than the Doppler shift required to offset the gravitational redshift. But in 1958 [[Rudolf Mößbauer|Mössbauer]] reported that all atoms in a solid [[Lattice model (physics)|lattice]] [[Mössbauer effect|absorb the recoil energy]] when a single atom in the lattice emits a gamma ray. Therefore the emitting atom will move very little (just as a cannon will not produce a large recoil when it is braced, e.g. with sandbags).
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| This allowed Pound and Rebka to set up their experiment as a variation of [[Mössbauer spectroscopy]].
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| The test was carried out at [[Harvard University]]'s Jefferson laboratory. A solid sample containing [[iron]] (<sup>57</sup>Fe) emitting gamma rays was placed in the center of a [[loudspeaker]] cone which was placed near the roof of the building. Another sample containing <sup>57</sup>Fe was placed in the basement. The distance between this source and absorber was 22.5 meters (73.8 ft). The gamma rays traveled through a [[Mylar]] bag filled with helium to minimize [[scattering]] of the gamma rays. A [[scintillation counter]] was placed below the receiving <sup>57</sup>Fe sample to detect the gamma rays that were not absorbed by the receiving sample. By vibrating the speaker cone the gamma ray source moved with varying speed, thus creating varying Doppler shifts. When the Doppler shift canceled out the gravitational blueshift, the receiving sample absorbed gamma rays and the number of gamma rays detected by the scintillation counter dropped accordingly. The variation in absorption could be correlated with the [[Phase (waves)|phase]] of the speaker vibration, hence with the speed of the emitting sample and therefore the doppler shift. To compensate for possible [[systematic error]]s, Pound and Rebka varied the speaker frequency between 10 Hz and 50 Hz, interchanged the source and absorber-detector, and used different speakers (ferroelectric and moving coil magnetic [[transducer]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mester| first=John | pages=9–11 | year= 2006| title=Experimental Tests of General Relativity| url=http://luth2.obspm.fr/IHP06/lectures/mester-vinet/IHP-2GravRedshift.pdf|format=PDF| accessdate=2007-04-13}}</ref> The reason for exchanging the positions of the absorber and the detector is doubling the effect. Pound subtracted two experimental results:
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| (1) the frequency shift with the source at the top of the tower
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| (2) the frequency shift with the source at the bottom of the tower
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| The frequency shift for the two cases has the same magnitude but opposing signs. When subtracting the results, Pound and Rebka obtained a result twice as big as for the one-way experiment.
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| The result confirmed that the predictions of general relativity were borne out at the 10% level.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pound| first=R. V.| coauthors = Rebka Jr. G. A. | date= April 1, 1960| title=Apparent weight of photons| journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]| volume=4| issue=7| pages=337–341| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337| bibcode=1960PhRvL...4..337P}}</ref> This was later improved to better than the 1% level by Pound and Snider.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pound| first=R. V.| coauthors = Snider J. L. | date= November 2, 1964| title=Effect of Gravity on Nuclear Resonance| journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]| volume = 13 | issue = 18 | pages=539–540 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.539 | bibcode=1964PhRvL..13..539P}}</ref>
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| Another test involving a space-borne [[hydrogen maser]] increased the accuracy of the measurement to about 10<sup>−4</sup> (0.01%).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Vessot | first= R. F. C.| coauthors = M. W. Levine, E. M. Mattison, E. L. Blomberg, T. E. Hoffman, G. U. Nystrom, B. F. Farrel, R. Decher, P. B. Eby, C. R. Baugher, J. W. Watts, D. L. Teuber and F. D. Wills | date= December 29, 1980| title=Test of Relativistic Gravitation with a Space-Borne Hydrogen Maser | journal= [[Physical Review Letters]] | volume= 45 | issue= 26 | pages=2081–2084 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.2081 | bibcode=1980PhRvL..45.2081V}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Physical Review focus story].
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| * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/genrel/ch01/ch01.html#Section1.5 A detailed description of the experiment].
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Pound-Rebka experiment}}
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| [[Category:Tests of general relativity]]
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| [[Category:History of physics]]
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| [[Category:Physics experiments]]
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