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The '''Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project''' (BPP) was a [[research project]] funded by [[NASA]] from 1996 through 2002, to study various proposals for "[[Revolutionary technology|revolutionary]]" methods of [[spacecraft propulsion]] which would require breakthroughs in physics before they could be realized, hence the name. During its six years, this program was funded with a total investment of $1.2 million.
 
==Diametrical ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Spacecraft propulsion]] -->
The '''diametric drive''' was a speculative proposal for an "engine" which would create a [[Conservative force|non-conservative]] gravitational field with non-zero [[curl (mathematics)|curl]].  It was argued that in such circumstances, the side of the field which creates more force on the spacecraft will accelerate the spacecraft in the direction of the force.
 
One idea for realizing this concept involved hypothetical particles with [[negative mass]], originally proposed by [[Robert Forward]] and Jamie Woodward. If one were to construct a block of negative mass, and then attach it to a normal "positive" mass, the negative mass would fall towards the positive as does any mass toward any other. On the other hand, the negative mass would generate "negative gravity", and thus the positive mass (the spaceship itself generally) would fall ''away'' from the negative mass. If arranged properly, the distance between the two would not change, while they continued to accelerate forever.  It has been argued that stability issues might arise.
 
The concept is illustrated according to Millis by :
 
:<math>V =  (-m) \begin{bmatrix}\frac {-G}{\sqrt (x+d)^2 +y^2} \end{bmatrix} </math> <math> + ( + m) \begin{bmatrix}\frac {-G}{\sqrt (x+d)^2 +y^2} \end{bmatrix} </math>
 
where :
:<math>V\!</math> is the gravitational [[scalar potential]]
 
:<math>G\!</math> is [[Gravitational constant|Newton's gravitational constant]]
 
:<math>m\!</math> is normal mass
 
:<math>d\!</math> is distance
 
==Disjunction ==
 
By disjunction is meant the separation of the source of a field from matter to which interaction would be with under normal physical states.  
<ref name="Popular Science">{{cite book | url =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kP6ESrt1xLUC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=disjunction+drive&source=bl&ots=3X9zTgLWYL&sig=lz17NpxZ6w_NsgrmIK9bf8h7w4Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PNEfT6kiidjxA-GDwKAO&sqi=2&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=disjunction%20drive&f=false | title = Popular Science May 2001 | accessdate = 2012-01-25}}</ref>
According to a summary of speculative propulsion ideas on [[NASA]]'s website  {{cquote|This concept entertains the possibility that the source of a field and that which reacts to a field can be separated. By displacing them in space, the reactant is shifted to a point where the field has a slope, thus producing reaction forces between the source and the reactant. Although existing evidence strongly suggests that the source, reactant, and inertial mass properties are inseparable, any future evidence to the contrary would have revolutionary implication to this propulsion application.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/research/warp/ideachev.html Glenn Research Centre] {{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>}}
 
The concept is expressed in math <ref>Marc.G.Millis - Retrieved 2012-01-25</ref> as :
 
:<math>V = \frac {-Gm_S} {\sqrt (x-d)^2 + y^2} </math>
 
==Pitch and bias ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Spacecraft propulsion]] -->
 
One proposed method of achieving a diametric drive, or possibly a disjunction drive, which was studied in the BPP was called the pitch drive. This has been described as involving a hypothetical disjoint field which would eliminate the need for the field to be generated on the spacecraft itself.
 
One specific proposal for such a pitch drive was called the bias drive.  According to this proposal, if it were possible to locally alter the value of the gravitational constant [[Gravitational constant|G]] in front of and behind the craft, one could create a bias drive.  While the gravitational constant is a fundamental physical constant in [[general relativity]], the [[Brans–Dicke theory]] of gravitation does in a sense allow for a locally varying gravitational constant, so the notion of a locally varying gravitational constant has been seriously discussed in mainstream physics{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}. It has been claimed{{By whom|date=June 2011}} that one problem with the concept of a bias drive was that it might create a [[Gravitational singularity|singularity]] in the field's gradient located inside the vehicle.
 
The bias drive and pitch drive is expressed qualitatively in mathematics <ref>M.G.Millis</ref> as :
 
<math>V = ( xBe ^{..r^2} + 1) [ - G(m/r)]</math>
 
and
 
<math>V = [( - Gm)/r]  + ( - xAe ^{..r^2})</math>
 
respectively.
 
where :
 
:<math>e^{..r^2}</math> is the <big>''[[Gaussian distribution]]''</big> over <math>r\!</math> dimensionless
 
:<math>A\!</math> is the magnitude of hypothetical pitch drive effect
 
:<math>B\!</math> is the magnitude of hypothetical bias drive effect
 
==Alcubierre ==
{{main|Alcubierre drive}}
The Alcubierre drive, also called the '''warp drive''', is a proposal, originally due to the physicist [[Miguel Alcubierre]], which consists of a [[toy model]] of a [[pseudo-Riemannian manifold|Lorentzian spacetime]] with properties somewhat reminiscent of the fictional "[[warp drive (Star Trek)|warp drive]]" from the science fiction series [[Star Trek]].
 
==Differential sail==<!-- This section is linked from [[Spacecraft propulsion]] -->
The '''differential sail''' was another speculative proposal, which appealed to the [[zero-point energy]] field. As the [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] [[uncertainty principle]] implies that there is no such thing as an exact amount of energy in an exact location, [[quantum fluctuation|vacuum fluctuation]]s are known to lead to discernible effects such as the [[Casimir effect]]. The differential sail was a speculation that it might be possible to induce differences in the pressure of vacuum fluctuations on either side of sail-like structure—with the pressure being somehow reduced on the forward surface of the sail, but pushing as normal on the aft surface—and thus propel a vehicle forward.  
<ref name="Popular Science"/>
 
==Legacy==
 
After funding for research ended, the Project's founder and manager, [[Marc G. Millis]], was supported by NASA to complete the documentation of results.  The culmination of that work is the book, ''Frontiers of Propulsion Science'', which was published in February 2009, by the [[American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA).  Chapter 3 (Prerequisites for Space Drive Science) provides refinements and deeper explanation of the following hypothetical "[[space drive]]" propulsion methods: [[diametric drive]], [[pitch drive]], [[bias drive]], [[disjunction drive]], and three variations of [[differential sails]].
 
After the BPP was canceled in 2002, some former members, including manager Marc G. Millis, founded the '''[[Tau Zero Foundation]]''' (named after the [[Tau Zero|novel of the same name]]), an organization that advocates research into [[interstellar travel]]. The new organization is not affiliated with NASA. Millis retired from NASA on February 3, 2010, and continues to pursue similar research via Tau Zero.
 
==See also==
* [[Hyperdrive]]
* [[Wormhole]]
* [[Time travel]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
* Marc G. Millis, ''[http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/1997-J_AIAA_SpaceDr.pdf The Challenge To Create The Space Drive]'', 1997, Journal of Propulsion and Power.
* Marc G. Millis & Eric W. Davis (editors): ''Frontiers of Propulsion Science.''  American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston VA, 2009, ISBN 978-1-56347-956-4 (739 pages),  [http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1101/1101.1063.pdf Summary].
 
==External links==
* [http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/ Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project].  (Marc Millis explains on this page that NASA has not sponsored this project since 2002, but he apparently hopes to reinstate funding.)
* [http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/ComnErr.html#GYROSCOPIC%20ANTIGRAVITY "Breakthroughs" commonly submitted to NASA] - These are ideas that do *not* work, but are often submitted to NASA anyway. (Apparently offline, available [http://www.asps.it/errors.htm here] or through [[Archive.org]] at [http://web.archive.org/web/20060428173059/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/ComnErr.html])
* [http://www.tauzero.aero Tau Zero Foundation]
* [http://www.shwaycoms.com ShwayComs Participants 2001-2002 and present ]
{{Spacecraft propulsion}}
 
[[Category:Interstellar travel]]
[[Category:Spacecraft propulsion]]
[[Category:Scientific speculation]]
[[Category:Warp drive theory]]

Latest revision as of 06:57, 26 December 2014

You don't want the bees headed through a play or pet area or across the neighbor's patio. Using Natural Urticaria and Angioedema Treatment System, you'll discover coping with your overactive immune process, which Dr. In some places, hives can make their hair stand straight up and they can also make a dog's eyelids swell. Before you even think about purchasing your bees, you need to ensure that your local government or council actually permits beekeeping in your area. Histamine causes fluid to leak from the local blood vessels leading to swelling in the skin.

Wave Action surf magazine initiated the idea for other publications to look out for the next top surfers by releasing an "All Grom Issue" with the article "Hot 100. Protecting them is easy to do, just go to your local hardware store and buy some wire netting or small holed chicken wire with openings about 1 cm square. A new command prompt window will be display, type net user YOURUSERACCOUNTNAMEHERE YOURNEWPASSWORDHERE then hit the enter key on the keyboard e. ), certain materials, insect stings and bites, pollen or hay fever, infections or diseases like Lupus and Leukemia. The itchiness which is worst during the night sends lots of people right round the bend.

While some of these options are affordable they can consume a lot of your tim. Hydrotherapy is also considered to help ease the wounds and remove any of the dead tissue from the skin. The issues arise when the not so friendly yeast start to outweigh the friendly. 24 online New England Journal of Medicine offers hope to sufferers of chronic hives. A windbreak on the west and north sides of a hive is beneficial.

As a result, the wood will accumulate excess moisture. There are all kinds of skin issues that are caused by an exposure to some irritant. Chronic hives, which last for six weeks or longer, accounts for up to a third of all hives cases. The lucky few with flawless looking skin are truly blessed. In older homes honey bees usually prefer un-insulated walls.

Humans enjoy the sweet treat of honey and find bees wax quite handy. The five registry hives that maintain this information are;. Thinking about ones own self amidst the different enticing beauty regimen applications and development which are not proven to be health friendly should be ones own top priority. This is the hardest because it virtually guarantees that Alex will be facing strike teams in addition to base defenses. Chronic urticaria is referred to as chronic idiopathic urticaria.

They offer kits, information, tools, and accessories for top bar hive beekeeping. Not simply trying to convince folks that they are something they are not. There are many natural and home treatments which you can use to treat this specific skin ailment. Having a product like this on hand can be useful, especially if you have family or friends that visit, or little visitors whose clothing needs extra special care. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and is excellent in treating digestive problems.

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