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Extended theories of gravity - Revision history
2024-03-29T06:11:26Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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en>Tom.Reding: /* Hernández et al. */Gen fixes (page/s, endash,  , et al., unicodify, concising wikilinks, ref cleanup, etc.) using AWB
2014-12-25T22:02:12Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Hernández et al.: </span>Gen fixes (page/s, endash, &nbsp, et al., unicodify, concising wikilinks, ref cleanup, etc.) using <a href="/index.php?title=Testwiki:AWB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Testwiki:AWB (page does not exist)">AWB</a></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:02, 25 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Schematic of cross-serial dependency.png|thumb|400px|alt</del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A diagram showing cross-serial dependency using lines and colors to represent </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dependent pairs.|A schematic showing cross-serial dependencies, in which constituents are related in left-to-right order. The w's and v's represent constituents (say, words), and each line shows one cross-serial dependency relation.]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">= Does </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">difference matter Oakley Glasses Opsm ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In [[linguistics]]</del>, ''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'cross-serial dependency''' is </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dependency relation which happens between two [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituents]]</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">each from two separate series of constituents</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </del>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">serial'' in ''cross-serial'' refers </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">each series </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">constituents</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">whereas the ''cross'' refers </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the way the dependency relation occurs across the two series. A dependency relation is said to exist when</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for instance</del>, a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">given verb requires a (type </del>of<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) noun as its argument</del>.<<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ref name="jurafsky2000"</del>><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Cite book | last1 = Jurafsky | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Martin | first2 = James H</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| isbn=978-0-13-095069-7 | title = Speech </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Language Processing | edition = 1st | year = 2000 | publisher = Prentice Hall | pages = 473–495}}</del>.<<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/ref</del>></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">I couldn't help but question myself and my current situations, when i read. 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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Multiple '''cross-serial dependencies''', in which constituents are related in left-to-right order,</del><<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ref name="jurafsky2000" /</del>> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">particular interest to linguists who wish to determine </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">syntactic structure </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">natural language; languages containing an arbitrary number </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">them are non-contex-free</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">By this fact</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dutch<ref name="bresnan1982">{{citation | title=Cross-serial dependencies </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dutch | year=1982 | last1=Bresnan | first1=Joan | last2=M. Kaplan | first2=Ronald | journal=Linguistic Inquiry | volume=13 | pages=613–635 | issue=4}}</del>.<<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/ref</del>> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Swiss-German</del><<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ref name="shieber1985"</del>><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{citation | title=Evidence against </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">context-freeness of natural language | </del>year<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=1985 | last=Shieber | first=Stuart | journal=Linguistics and Philosophy | volume=8 | pages=333–343 | url=</del>http://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eecs</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">harvard</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">edu</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">~shieber</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biblio</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Papers</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shieber85.pdf | doi=10.1007</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BF00630917 | issue=3}}</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref> have been proved to be non-context-free.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins><<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">li</ins>><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://bbs.3soos.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">536693 http://bbs.3soos.com/forum</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">php?mod=viewthread&tid=536693]</ins></<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">li</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Example =</del>=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins><<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">li</ins>><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http:</ins>//<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liuxuqb8.free2.tuanidc</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">net</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1826617 http:</ins>//<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liuxuqb8.free2.tuanidc</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">net/forum</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">php?mod</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viewthread&tid</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1826617</ins>]</<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">li</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{multiple image</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| direction = vertical</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins><<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">li</ins>><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://yaobuy.com.cn/news/html/?644487.html http:/</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">yaobuy.com</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cn/news/html</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">?644487</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html]</ins></<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">li</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width = 300</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> <li>[http://bbs.wabaka.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=577661&fromuid</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">132691 http://bbs.wabaka.com/forum.php?mod</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viewthread&tid</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">577661&fromuid</ins>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">132691]</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| image1 = Cross</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">serial_dependencies.png</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| caption1 = A Swiss</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">German sentence containing cross</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">serial dependencies (shown as lines between </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">verbs </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">their objects)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The English translation with its dependencies is shown </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">comparison</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ul></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| image2 = Cross-serial dependencies 2</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">png</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| caption2 = A more complicated example.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As Swiss-German allows verbs </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">their arguments </del>to be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ordered cross-serially</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we have </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">following example</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">taken from Shieber</del>:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name="shieber1985"</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{|cellpadding</del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"5"</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|</del>-</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| </del>...<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''mer'' || ''em Hans'' || ''es'' || ''huus'' || ''hälfed'' || ''aastriiche</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| </del>...<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''we''|| ''Hans'' ([[Dative case|{{smallcaps|'''dat'''}}</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]) || ''</del>the<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' || ''house'' ([[Accusative case|{{smallcaps|'''acc'''}}]]) || ''helped'' || ''paint</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">That is, "we helped Hans paint </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">house</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Notice that </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sequential noun phrases ''em Hans'' (''Hans'') </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''es huus'' (''</del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">house'')</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sequential verbs ''hälfed'' (''helped'') and ''aastriiche'' (''paint'') both form two separate series </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">constituents</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Notice also that the </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Dative case|dative verb]] ''hälfed'' and the [[Accusative case|accusative verb]] ''aastriiche'' take the dative ''em Hans'' and accusative ''es huus'' as their arguments, respectively</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">= Why languages containing cross</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">serial dependencies are non</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">context</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">free ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In Swiss</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">German sentences</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the number of verbs of </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[grammatical case]] (dative or accusative) must match the number of objects of that case</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Additionally, a sentence containing an arbitrary number of such objects is admissible (in principle)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hence, the following [[formal language]] is grammatical:</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math</del>> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L </del>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">\text{De Jan} \text{ s}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{it} \text{ das} \text{ mer} \text{ (d'chind)}{}^m \text{ (em} \text{ Hans)}{}^n \text{ es} \text{ huus} \text{ h}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{nd} \text{ wele} \text{ (laa)}{}^m \text{ (h}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{lfe)}{}^n \text{ aastriiche</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">} </del></<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math</del>></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It can be seen that </del><<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math</del>><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math> is of the form <math>x a^m b^n y c^m d^n z<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math></del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">By taking another image to remove the <math>x<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math>, <math>y<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math> and <math>z<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math>, the non-context-free<ref name="hopcroft2000">{{cite book|author = [[John E</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hopcroft]], [[Rajeev Motwani]], [[Jeffrey D</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ullman]] | year </del>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2000 | title </del>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] (2nd Edition) | publisher = Pearson Education | isbn = 0-201-44124-1 }}.</del></<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ref</del>> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">language </del><<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math</del>><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L' = a^m b^n c^m d^n <</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math> may be observed</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All spoken languages which contain cross-serial dependencies also contain a language of a form similar to <math>L'<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">math></del>.<<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ref name="jurafsky2000" </del>/></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">References </del>==</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Reflist}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Formal languages]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Linguistics terminology]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
</table>
en>Tom.Reding
https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Extended_theories_of_gravity&diff=30078&oldid=prev
en>Mogism: /* Hernández et al */Cleanup/Typo fixing, typo(s) fixed: , → , using AWB
2014-01-17T18:35:30Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Hernández et al: </span>Cleanup/<a href="/index.php?title=WP:AWB/T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WP:AWB/T (page does not exist)">Typo fixing</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=WP:AWB/T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WP:AWB/T (page does not exist)">typo(s) fixed</a>: , → , using <a href="/index.php?title=Testwiki:AWB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Testwiki:AWB (page does not exist)">AWB</a></span></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[File:Schematic of cross-serial dependency.png|thumb|400px|alt=A diagram showing cross-serial dependency using lines and colors to represent the dependent pairs.|A schematic showing cross-serial dependencies, in which constituents are related in left-to-right order. The w's and v's represent constituents (say, words), and each line shows one cross-serial dependency relation.]]<br />
<br />
In [[linguistics]], '''cross-serial dependency''' is a dependency relation which happens between two [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituents]], each from two separate series of constituents. The ''serial'' in ''cross-serial'' refers to each series of constituents, whereas the ''cross'' refers to the way the dependency relation occurs across the two series. A dependency relation is said to exist when, for instance, a given verb requires a (type of) noun as its argument.<ref name="jurafsky2000">{{Cite book | last1 = Jurafsky | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Martin | first2 = James H. | isbn=978-0-13-095069-7 | title = Speech and Language Processing | edition = 1st | year = 2000 | publisher = Prentice Hall | pages = 473–495}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Multiple '''cross-serial dependencies''', in which constituents are related in left-to-right order,<ref name="jurafsky2000" /> are of particular interest to linguists who wish to determine the syntactic structure of natural language; languages containing an arbitrary number of them are non-contex-free. By this fact, Dutch<ref name="bresnan1982">{{citation | title=Cross-serial dependencies in Dutch | year=1982 | last1=Bresnan | first1=Joan | last2=M. Kaplan | first2=Ronald | journal=Linguistic Inquiry | volume=13 | pages=613–635 | issue=4}}.</ref> and Swiss-German<ref name="shieber1985">{{citation | title=Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language | year=1985 | last=Shieber | first=Stuart | journal=Linguistics and Philosophy | volume=8 | pages=333–343 | url=http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/Biblio/Papers/shieber85.pdf | doi=10.1007/BF00630917 | issue=3}}.</ref> have been proved to be non-context-free.<br />
<br />
== Example ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 300<br />
<br />
| image1 = Cross-serial_dependencies.png<br />
| caption1 = A Swiss-German sentence containing cross-serial dependencies (shown as lines between the verbs and their objects). The English translation with its dependencies is shown for comparison.<br />
<br />
| image2 = Cross-serial dependencies 2.png<br />
| caption2 = A more complicated example.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As Swiss-German allows verbs and their arguments to be ordered cross-serially, we have the following example, taken from Shieber:<ref name="shieber1985"/><br />
{|cellpadding="5"<br />
|-<br />
| ...''mer'' || ''em Hans'' || ''es'' || ''huus'' || ''hälfed'' || ''aastriiche.''<br />
|-<br />
| ...''we''|| ''Hans'' ([[Dative case|{{smallcaps|'''dat'''}}]]) || ''the'' || ''house'' ([[Accusative case|{{smallcaps|'''acc'''}}]]) || ''helped'' || ''paint.''<br />
|}<br />
That is, "we helped Hans paint the house."<br />
<br />
Notice that the sequential noun phrases ''em Hans'' (''Hans'') and ''es huus'' (''the house''), and the sequential verbs ''hälfed'' (''helped'') and ''aastriiche'' (''paint'') both form two separate series of constituents. Notice also that the [[Dative case|dative verb]] ''hälfed'' and the [[Accusative case|accusative verb]] ''aastriiche'' take the dative ''em Hans'' and accusative ''es huus'' as their arguments, respectively.<br />
<br />
== Why languages containing cross-serial dependencies are non-context-free ==<br />
In Swiss-German sentences, the number of verbs of a [[grammatical case]] (dative or accusative) must match the number of objects of that case. Additionally, a sentence containing an arbitrary number of such objects is admissible (in principle). Hence, the following [[formal language]] is grammatical:<br />
<br />
<math> L =\text{De Jan} \text{ s}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{it} \text{ das} \text{ mer} \text{ (d'chind)}{}^m \text{ (em} \text{ Hans)}{}^n \text{ es} \text{ huus} \text{ h}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{nd} \text{ wele} \text{ (laa)}{}^m \text{ (h}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{lfe)}{}^n \text{ aastriiche.} </math><br />
<br />
It can be seen that <math>L</math> is of the form <math>x a^m b^n y c^m d^n z</math>. By taking another image to remove the <math>x</math>, <math>y</math> and <math>z</math>, the non-context-free<ref name="hopcroft2000">{{cite book|author = [[John E. Hopcroft]], [[Rajeev Motwani]], [[Jeffrey D. Ullman]] | year = 2000 | title = [[Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation]] (2nd Edition) | publisher = Pearson Education | isbn = 0-201-44124-1 }}.</ref> language <math>L' = a^m b^n c^m d^n </math> may be observed. All spoken languages which contain cross-serial dependencies also contain a language of a form similar to <math>L'</math>.<ref name="jurafsky2000" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Formal languages]]<br />
[[Category:Linguistics terminology]]</div>
en>Mogism