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The '''moist static energy''' is a [[thermodynamic]] variable that describes the state of an [[air parcel]], and is similar to the [[equivalent potential temperature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=moist-static-energy1 |author=American Meteorological Society |work=AMS Glossary |title=Moist static energy |year=2000 |accessdate=25 June 2010 }}</ref> The moist static energy is a combination of a parcels [[internal energy]] due to an air parcel's temperature, its [[potential energy]] due to its height above the surface, and the [[latent energy]] due to water vapor present in the air parcel. It is a useful variable for researching the atmosphere because, like several other similar variables, it is approximately conserved during [[Adiabatic process|adiabatic]] ascent and descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meted.ucar.edu/tropical/textbook/ch6/moistprecip_6_2_3.html |title=Adiabatic Processes and Vertical Distribution of Moisture |work=Introduction to Tropical Meteorology |year=2010 |accessdate=25 June 2010 |author=University Corporation for Atmospheric Research }} [Requires free registration] </ref> | |||
The moist static energy, S, can be described mathematically as: | |||
::<math>S=C_p \cdot T + g \cdot z + L_v \cdot q</math> | |||
where C<sub>p</sub> is the [[specific heat]] at constant pressure, T is the [[Thermodynamic temperature|absolute air temperature]], g is the [[Earth's gravity|gravitational constant]], z is the height above the surface, L<sub>v</sub> is the latent heat of vaporization, and q is water vapor [[specific humidity]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Wallace | first = John | authorlink = | coauthors = Peter Hobbs | title = Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey (2nd ed.) | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2006 | location = | pages = | | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-12-732951-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Moist Static Energy Budget of a Composite Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation in a Climate Model |first1=Eric D. |last1=Maloney |journal=Journal of Climate |year=2009 |volume=22 |number=3 |pages=711–729 |doi=10.1175/2008JCLI2542.1 |bibcode = 2009JCli...22..711M }}</ref> Note that many texts use mixing ratio r in place of specific humidity q because these values tend to be close (within a few percent) under normal atmospheric conditions, but this is an approximation and not strictly correct. | |||
Through the study of moist static energy profiles, [[Herbert Riehl]] and [[Joanne Malkus]] determined in 1958 that [[hot tower]]s, small cores of [[convection]] approximately {{convert|5|km|mi}} wide that extend from the [[planetary boundary layer]] to the [[tropopause]], were the primary mechanism that transported energy out of the tropics to the middle latitudes.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Geophysica |last1=Riehl |first1=Herbert |last2=Malkus |first2=Joanne |volume=6 |number=3–4 |year=1958 |title=On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone }}</ref> More recently, idealized model simulations of the tropics indicate that the moist static energy budget is dominated by [[advection]], with shallow inflow in the lowest {{convert|2|km|ft}} of the atmosphere with outflow concentrated about {{convert|10|km|ft}} above the surface.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/88Annual/techprogram/paper_136910.htm |title=Calculating the moist static energy budget around the ITCZ in idealized WRF simulations |first1=S.W. |last1=Powell |first2=D.S. |last2=Nolan |conference=Seventh Annual AMS Student Conference }}</ref> Moist static energy has also been used to study the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] (MJO). As with the tropics as a whole, the budget of moist static energy in the MJO is dominated by advection, but also is influenced by the wind-driven component of the surface latent heat flux. The relationship between the advection component and the latent heat component influence the timing of the MJO.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Moist Static Energy Budget of a Composite Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation in a Climate Model |first1=Eric D. |last1=Maloney |journal=Journal of Climate |year=2009 |volume=22 |number=3 |pages=711–729 |doi=10.1175/2008JCLI2542.1 |bibcode = 2009JCli...22..711M }}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Hot tower]] | |||
*[[Latent heat]] | |||
*[[Western Hemisphere Warm Pool]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Atmospheric thermodynamics]] | |||
Revision as of 07:50, 28 July 2013
The moist static energy is a thermodynamic variable that describes the state of an air parcel, and is similar to the equivalent potential temperature.[1] The moist static energy is a combination of a parcels internal energy due to an air parcel's temperature, its potential energy due to its height above the surface, and the latent energy due to water vapor present in the air parcel. It is a useful variable for researching the atmosphere because, like several other similar variables, it is approximately conserved during adiabatic ascent and descent.[2]
The moist static energy, S, can be described mathematically as:
where Cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, T is the absolute air temperature, g is the gravitational constant, z is the height above the surface, Lv is the latent heat of vaporization, and q is water vapor specific humidity.[3][4] Note that many texts use mixing ratio r in place of specific humidity q because these values tend to be close (within a few percent) under normal atmospheric conditions, but this is an approximation and not strictly correct.
Through the study of moist static energy profiles, Herbert Riehl and Joanne Malkus determined in 1958 that hot towers, small cores of convection approximately Template:Convert wide that extend from the planetary boundary layer to the tropopause, were the primary mechanism that transported energy out of the tropics to the middle latitudes.[5] More recently, idealized model simulations of the tropics indicate that the moist static energy budget is dominated by advection, with shallow inflow in the lowest Template:Convert of the atmosphere with outflow concentrated about Template:Convert above the surface.[6] Moist static energy has also been used to study the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). As with the tropics as a whole, the budget of moist static energy in the MJO is dominated by advection, but also is influenced by the wind-driven component of the surface latent heat flux. The relationship between the advection component and the latent heat component influence the timing of the MJO.[7]
See also
References
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The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang