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{{redirect|Superset|supersets in strength training|Strength training#Combined sets}}
[[File:Venn A subset B.svg|150px|thumb|right|[[Euler diagram]] showing<br> ''A'' is a proper subset of ''B'' and conversely ''B'' is a proper superset of ''A'']]
In [[mathematics]], especially in [[set theory]], a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] ''A'' is a '''subset''' of a set ''B'', or equivalently ''B'' is a '''superset''' of ''A'', if ''A'' is "contained" inside ''B'', that is, all elements of ''A'' are also elements of ''B''. ''A'' and ''B'' may coincide. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called '''inclusion''' or sometimes '''containment'''.
 
The subset relation defines a [[partial order]] on sets.
 
The [[algebraic structure|algebra]] of subsets forms a [[Boolean algebra (structure)|Boolean algebra]] in which the subset relation is called [[inclusion (Boolean algebra)|inclusion]].
 
==Definitions==
If ''A'' and ''B'' are sets and every [[element (mathematics)|element]] of ''A'' is also an element of ''B'', then:
:* ''A'' is a subset of (or is included in) ''B'', denoted by <math>A \subseteq B</math>,
:or equivalently
:* ''B'' is a '''superset''' of (or includes) ''A'', denoted by <math>B \supseteq A.</math>
 
{{anchor|proper subset}}
If ''A'' is a subset of ''B'', but ''A'' is not [[equal (math)|equal]] to ''B'' (i.e. [[there exists]] at least one element of B which is not an element of ''A''), then
:* ''A'' is also a '''proper''' (or '''strict''') subset of ''B''; this is written as <math>A\subsetneq B.</math>
:or equivalently
:* ''B'' is a proper superset of ''A''; this is written as <math>B\supsetneq A.</math>
 
For any set ''S'', the inclusion [[Relation (mathematics)|relation]] ⊆ is a [[partial order]] on the set <math>\mathcal{P}(S)</math> of all subsets of ''S'' (the [[power set]] of ''S'').
 
<span id="SYMBOLS"></span> <!-- to allow easy linking to this section which contains math in its name -->
 
==The symbols ⊂ and ⊃==
Some authors<ref name="Rudin">{{Citation | last1=Rudin | first1=Walter | author1-link=Walter Rudin | title=Real and complex analysis | publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] | location=New York | edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-07-054234-1 | mr=924157  | year=1987}}</ref>{{rp|p.6}} use the symbols ⊂ and ⊃ to indicate "subset" and "superset" respectively, instead of the symbols ⊆ and ⊇, but with the same meaning. So for example, for these authors, it is true of every set ''A'' that ''A''&nbsp;⊂&nbsp;''A''.
 
Other authors<ref>{{Citation | title=Subsets and Proper Subsets | url=http://it.edgecombe.edu/homepage/killorant/MAT140/Module1/Subsets.pdf | accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> prefer to use the symbols ⊂ and ⊃ to indicate ''proper'' subset and superset, respectively, in place of ⊊ and ⊋. This usage makes ⊆ and ⊂ analogous to the [[inequality (mathematics)|inequality]] symbols ≤ and <. For example, if ''x''&nbsp;≤&nbsp;''y'' then ''x'' may be equal to ''y'', or maybe not, but if ''x''&nbsp;<&nbsp;''y'', then ''x'' definitely does not equal ''y'', and is strictly less than ''y''. Similarly, using the "⊂ means proper subset" convention, if ''A''&nbsp;⊆&nbsp;''B'', then ''A'' may or may not be equal to ''B'', but if ''A''&nbsp;⊂&nbsp;''B'', then ''A'' is definitely not equal to ''B''.
 
== Examples ==
* The set {1, 2} is a proper subset of {1, 2, 3}.
* Any set is a subset of itself, but not a proper subset.
* The [[empty set]] {&nbsp;}, denoted by ∅, is also a subset of any given set ''X''. It is also always a proper subset of any set except itself.
* The set {''x'': ''x'' is a [[prime number]] greater than 10} is a proper subset of {''x'': ''x'' is an odd number greater than 10}
* The set of [[natural number]]s is a proper subset of the set of [[rational number]]s, and the set of points in a [[line segment]] is a proper subset of the set of points in a [[line (mathematics)|line]]. These are examples in which both the part and the whole are infinite, and the part has the same [[cardinality#Infinite sets|cardinality]] (number of elements) as the whole; such cases can tax one's intuition.
 
== Other properties of inclusion ==
Inclusion is the canonical [[partial order]] in the sense that every partially ordered set (''X'', <math>\preceq</math>) is [[isomorphic]] to some collection of sets ordered by inclusion. The [[ordinal number]]s are a simple example—if each ordinal ''n'' is identified with the set [''n''] of all ordinals less than or equal to ''n'', then ''a'' ≤ ''b'' if and only if [''a''] ⊆ [''b''].
 
For the [[power set]] <math>\mathcal{P}(S)</math> of a set ''S'', the inclusion partial order is (up to an [[order isomorphism]]) the [[Cartesian product]] of ''k'' = |''S''| (the [[cardinality]] of ''S'') copies of the partial order on {0,1} for which 0 &lt; 1. This can be illustrated by enumerating ''S'' = {''s''<sub>1</sub>, ''s''<sub>2</sub>, …, ''s''<sub>''k''</sub>} and associating with each subset ''T'' ⊆ ''S'' (which is to say with each element of 2<sup>''S''</sup>) the ''k''-tuple from {0,1}<sup>''k''</sup> of which the ''i''th coordinate is 1 if and only if ''s''<sub>''i''</sub> is a member of ''T''.
 
==See also==
* [[Containment order]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Thomas Jech|author=Jech, Thomas|title=Set Theory|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2002|isbn=3-540-44085-2}}
 
== External links ==
*{{MathWorld |title=Subset |id=Subset }}
 
{{logic}}
{{Set theory}}
 
[[Category:Basic concepts in set theory]]

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Euler diagram showing
A is a proper subset of B and conversely B is a proper superset of A

In mathematics, especially in set theory, a set A is a subset of a set B, or equivalently B is a superset of A, if A is "contained" inside B, that is, all elements of A are also elements of B. A and B may coincide. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion or sometimes containment.

The subset relation defines a partial order on sets.

The algebra of subsets forms a Boolean algebra in which the subset relation is called inclusion.

Definitions

If A and B are sets and every element of A is also an element of B, then:

or equivalently

<proper subset>...</proper subset> If A is a subset of B, but A is not equal to B (i.e. there exists at least one element of B which is not an element of A), then

or equivalently

For any set S, the inclusion relation ⊆ is a partial order on the set of all subsets of S (the power set of S).

The symbols ⊂ and ⊃

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Other authors[2] prefer to use the symbols ⊂ and ⊃ to indicate proper subset and superset, respectively, in place of ⊊ and ⊋. This usage makes ⊆ and ⊂ analogous to the inequality symbols ≤ and <. For example, if x ≤ y then x may be equal to y, or maybe not, but if x < y, then x definitely does not equal y, and is strictly less than y. Similarly, using the "⊂ means proper subset" convention, if A ⊆ B, then A may or may not be equal to B, but if A ⊂ B, then A is definitely not equal to B.

Examples

  • The set {1, 2} is a proper subset of {1, 2, 3}.
  • Any set is a subset of itself, but not a proper subset.
  • The empty set { }, denoted by ∅, is also a subset of any given set X. It is also always a proper subset of any set except itself.
  • The set {x: x is a prime number greater than 10} is a proper subset of {x: x is an odd number greater than 10}
  • The set of natural numbers is a proper subset of the set of rational numbers, and the set of points in a line segment is a proper subset of the set of points in a line. These are examples in which both the part and the whole are infinite, and the part has the same cardinality (number of elements) as the whole; such cases can tax one's intuition.

Other properties of inclusion

Inclusion is the canonical partial order in the sense that every partially ordered set (X, ) is isomorphic to some collection of sets ordered by inclusion. The ordinal numbers are a simple example—if each ordinal n is identified with the set [n] of all ordinals less than or equal to n, then ab if and only if [a] ⊆ [b].

For the power set of a set S, the inclusion partial order is (up to an order isomorphism) the Cartesian product of k = |S| (the cardinality of S) copies of the partial order on {0,1} for which 0 < 1. This can be illustrated by enumerating S = {s1, s2, …, sk} and associating with each subset TS (which is to say with each element of 2S) the k-tuple from {0,1}k of which the ith coordinate is 1 if and only if si is a member of T.

See also

References

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