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The '''vapour pressure of [[properties of water|water]]''' is the pressure at which [[water vapour]] is [[saturated vapor|in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state]]. At higher pressures water would [[condense]]. The water [[vapour pressure]] is the [[partial pressure]] of [[water vapour]] in any gas mixture in equilibrium with solid or liquid water.  As for other substances, water vapour pressure is a function of [[temperature]] and can be determined with [[Clausius–Clapeyron relation]].
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==Approximation formula ==
 
The vapour pressure of water may be approximated by the following relations (in order of increasing accuracy):
 
*:<math>P = \exp\left(20.386-\frac{5132\,\mathrm{K}}{T}\right)\,\mathrm{mmHg}</math>
*::where {{mvar|P}} is the vapour pressure ([[mmHg]]) and {{mvar|T}} is the temperature in [[kelvin]].
* Using  the [[Antoine equation]]
*:<math>\log_{10}P = A - \frac{B}{C + T}</math>
*::where the temperature&nbsp;{{mvar|T}} is in degrees [[Celsius]] and the vapour pressure&nbsp;{{mvar|P}} is in mmHg. The constants are given as
 
{| cellpadding="4" rules="all" style="margin: 1em 0em; background: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #aaa;"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
!
!{{mvar|A}}
!{{mvar|B}}
!{{mvar|C}}
!{{math|''T''<sub>min</sub>}}, °C
!{{math|''T''<sub>max</sub>}}, °C
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |Water||8.07131||1730.63||233.426||1||100
|- align="center"
| bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |Water||8.14019||1810.94||244.485||99||374
|}
 
==Graphical pressure dependency on temperature==
 
[[File:Vapor Pressure of Water.png|thumb|center|800px|Vapour pressure diagrams of water; data taken from [[Dortmund Data Bank]]. Graphics shows [[triple point]], [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] and [[boiling point]] of water.]]
<div style="clear: right;" />
 
==Table of water vapour pressures==
 
The following table list water vapour pressure in units of kPa and mmHg as a function of temperature in degrees [[Celsius]].<ref>http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/reference/table74a.htm Water vapour pressure data</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Temperature<br>(°C) !! Vapour<br>pressure<br>(kPa) !! Vapour<br>pressure<br>(mmHg)
|-
| 0 || 0.6 || 4.5
|-
| 3 || 0.8 || 6.0
|-
| 5 || 0.9 || 6.8
|-
| 8 || 1.1 || 8.3
|-
| 10 || 1.2 || 9.0
|-
| 12 || 1.4 || 10.5
|-
| 14 || 1.6 || 12.0
|-
| 16 || 1.8 || 13.5
|-
| 18 || 2.1 || 15.8
|-
| 19 || 2.2 || 16.5
|-
| 20 || 2.3 || 17.5
|-
| 21 || 2.5 || 18.7
|-
| 22 || 2.6 || 19.8
|-
| 23 || 2.8 || 21.1
|-
| 24 || 3.0 || 22.4
|-
| 25 || 3.2 || 23.8
|-
| 26 || 3.4 || 25.2
|-
| 27 || 3.6 || 26.7
|-
| 28 || 3.8 || 28.4
|-
| 29 || 4.0 || 30.0
|-
| 30 || 4.2 || 31.5
|-
| 32 || 4.8 || 36.0
|-
| 35 || 5.6 || 42.0
|-
| 40 || 7.4 || 55.5
|-
| 50 || 12.3 || 92.3
|-
| 60 || 19.9 || 149.3
|-
| 70 || 31.2 || 234.1
|-
| 80 || 47.3 || 354.9
|-
| 90 || 70.1 || 525.9
|-
| 100 || 101.3 || 760.0
|}
 
=== ITS-90 table ===
 
The following table is derived from [[ITS-90]] formulations of water vapour pressure.<ref>Hardy, R. 1998,  ITS-90 formulations for vapor pressure, frostpoint temperature, dewpoint temperature and enhancement factors in the range -100 to +100C.</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ITS-90 Temperature<br>(°C) !! Vapour<br>pressure<br>(Pa)
|-
| 0 ||    611.213
|-
| 0.01 ||    611.657
|-
| 2 ||    705.973
|-
| 4 ||    813.522
|-
| 6 ||    935.316
|-
| 8 ||  1072.944
|-
| 10 ||  1228.139
|-
| 12 ||  1402.782
|-
| 14 ||  1598.914
|-
| 16 ||  1818.747
|-
| 18 ||  2064.670
|-
| 20 ||  2339.262
|-
| 22 ||  2645.302
|-
| 24 ||  2985.777
|-
| 26 ||  3363.893
|-
| 28 ||  3783.090
|-
| 30 ||  4247.046
|-
| 32 ||  4759.694
|-
| 34 ||  5325.230
|-
| 36 ||  5948.122
|-
| 38 ||  6633.128
|-
| 40 ||  7385.299
|-
| 42 ||  8209.997
|-
| 44 ||  9112.902
|-
| 46 ||  10100.025
|-
| 48 ||  11177.719
|-
| 50 ||  12352.690
|-
| 52 ||  13632.007
|-
| 54 ||  15023.115
|-
| 56 ||  16533.844
|-
| 58 ||  18172.420
|-
| 60 ||  19947.476
|-
| 62 ||  21868.064
|-
| 64 ||  23943.660
|-
| 66 ||  26184.180
|-
| 68 ||  28599.
|-
| 70 ||  31201.894
|-
| 72 ||  34001.191
|-
| 74 ||  37009.635
|-
| 76 ||  40239.470
|-
| 78 ||  43703.430
|-
| 80 ||  47414.751
|-
| 82 ||  51387.177
|-
| 84 ||  55634.969
|-
| 86 ||  60172.910
|-
| 88 ||  65016.317
|-
| 90 ||  70181.042
|-
| 92 ||  75683.482
|-
| 94 ||  81540.588
|-
| 96 ||  87769.863
|-
| 98 ||  94389.378
|-
| 99.97436 || 101325.000
|-
| 100 || 101417.770
|}
 
==See also==
*[[Gas laws]]
*[[Molar mass]]
*[[Goff-Gratch equation]]
100 degree
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|author=Garnett, Pat; Anderton, John D; Garnett, Pamela J
|title=Chemistry Laboratory Manual For Senior Secondary School | publisher = Longman | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-582-86764-9}}
* Murphy, D. M. and Koop, T. (2005): Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 131(608): 1539–1565. {{doi|10.1256/qj.04.94}}
 
==External links==
* [http://cires.colorado.edu/~voemel/vp.html Web Page listing various vapour pressure equations]
 
[[Category:Thermodynamic properties]]
[[Category:Water in gas]]
[[Category:Atmospheric thermodynamics]]

Latest revision as of 11:53, 17 August 2014

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