Universal Intelligence - Revision history

en>Naturalistic: This term is hardly used outside of chiropractic, although it is important within chircpractic. I added this to the intro.

2015-01-11T18:24:00Z

This term is hardly used outside of chiropractic, although it is important within chircpractic. I added this to the intro.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:24, 11 January 2015
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	~~The author~~ is ~~known as Araceli Gulledge~~. ~~What he really enjoys doing~~ is to play handball but ~~he is struggling to discover time for~~ it. ~~Delaware is our beginning place~~. ~~Bookkeeping has been his working day occupation for~~ a ~~whilst~~.<br><br>~~My web-site -~~ [http://www.~~medixclinic.ie/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/2720/Default.aspx http://www.medixclinic~~.ie/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/~~2720~~/Default.aspx]		Claude is her name and she completely digs that name. The factor she adores most is to play handball but she can't make it her profession. I presently reside in Alabama. I am a cashier and I'll be promoted soon.<br><br>Look at my weblog: [http://www.cygnusoft.net/UserProfile/tabid/1263/userId/444509/Default.aspx extended car warranty]

en>BG19bot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #64. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9957)

2014-03-03T08:04:02Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #64. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9957)

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:04, 3 March 2014
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	The ~~''plasma parameter''~~ is ~~a [[dimensionless quantity\|dimensionless number]], denoted by capital Lambda, Λ~~. ~~The '''plasma parameter'''~~ is ~~usually interpreted~~ to ~~be the argument of the Coulomb logarithm, which~~ is ~~the ratio of the maximum impact parameter~~ to ~~the classical distance of closest approach in [[Coulomb collision\|Coulomb scattering]]~~. ~~In this case, the plasma parameter is given by:<ref>Chen, F.F., Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, (Springer, New York, 2006)</ref>~~		The author is known as Araceli Gulledge. What he really enjoys doing is to play handball but he is struggling to discover time for it. Delaware is our beginning place. Bookkeeping has been his working day occupation for a whilst.<br><br>My web-site - [http://www.medixclinic.ie/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/2720/Default.aspx http://www.medixclinic.ie/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/2720/Default.aspx]

	~~:<math> \Lambda = 4\pi n \lambda_D^3 </math>~~

	~~where~~
	~~:''n'' is the number density of electrons,~~
	~~:λ<sub>D</sub>~~ is ~~the [[Debye length]]~~.

	~~This expression is typically valid~~ for a ~~plasma in which ion thermal velocities are much less than electron thermal velocities. A detailed discussion of the Coulomb logarithm is available in the ''NRL Plasma Formulary'', pages 34–35~~.

	~~Note that the word parameter is usually used in plasma physics to refer to bulk plasma properties in general: see [[plasma parameters]].~~

	~~An alternative definition of this parameter is given by the average number of electrons in a [[plasma (physics)\|plasma]] contained within a [[Debye sphere]] (a sphere of radius the [[Debye length]]).~~
	~~This definition of the plasma parameter is more frequently (and appropriately) called the Debye number, and is denoted~~ <~~math~~> ~~N_D~~<~~/math>. In this context, the plasma parameter is defined as~~

	~~:<math~~> ~~N_D = \frac {4\pi}{3} n \lambda_D^3 </math>~~

	~~Since these two definitions differ only by a factor of three, they are frequently used interchangeably.~~

	Often the factor of <math>4\pi/3</math> is dropped. When the Debye length is given by <math> \lambda_D = \sqrt{\frac{\epsilon_0 k T_e}{n_e q_e^2}}</math>, the plasma parameter is given by<ref>Miyamoto, K., Fundamentals of Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, (Iwanami, Tokyo, 1997)</ref>

	~~:<math> N_D = \frac{(\epsilon_0 k T_e)^{3/2}}{q_e^3 n_e^{1/2}} </math>~~

	~~where~~
	~~: ε<sub>0</sub> is the [[permittivity of free space]],~~
	~~: ''k'' is [[Boltzmann's constant]],~~
	~~: ''q''<sub>''e''</sub> is the electron charge,~~
	~~: ''T<sub>e</sub>''is the electron temperature.~~

	~~Confusingly, some authors define the plasma parameter as :~~

	~~:<math> \epsilon_p = \Lambda^{-1}\ </math>.~~


	~~== Coupling parameter ==~~

	~~A closely related parameter is the plasma coupling <math>\Gamma</math>, defined as a ratio of the Coulomb energy to the thermal one:~~

	~~:<math> \Gamma = \frac{E_\mathrm{C}}{kT_e} </math>.~~

	~~The Coulomb energy (per particle) is~~

	~~:<math> E_\mathrm{C} = \frac{q_e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0\langle r \rangle}</math>,~~

	~~where for the typical inter~~-~~particle distance <math>\langle r \rangle</math> usually is taken the [[Wigner~~-~~Seitz radius]]. Therefore,~~

	~~:<math> \Gamma = \frac{q_e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 kT_e}\sqrt~~[~~3]{\frac{4\pi n_e}{3}} </math>.~~

	~~Clearly, up to a numeric factor of the order of unity,~~

	:~~<math> \Gamma \sim \Lambda^{-2~~/~~3}\ <~~/~~math>~~.

	~~In general, for multicomponent plasmas one defines the coupling parameter for each species ''s'' separately:~~

	~~:<math> \Gamma_s = \frac{q_s^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 kT_s}\sqrt[3]{\frac{4\pi n_s}{3}} <~~/~~math>.~~

	~~Here, ''s'' stands for either electrons or (a type of) ions.~~


	~~== The ideal plasma approximation ==~~

	~~One of the criteria which determine whether a collection of charged particles can rigorously be termed an [[ideal plasma]] is that Λ>>1.~~
	When this is the case, collective electrostatic interactions dominate over binary collisions, and the plasma particles can be treated as if they only interact with a smooth background field, rather than through pairwise interactions (collisions).<ref>J.D. Callen, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Draft Material for Fundamentals of Plasma Physics book: Collective Plasma Phenomena [http://~~homepages.cae.wisc.edu~~/~~~callen~~/~~chap1.pdf PDF]<~~/~~ref> The [[equation of state]] of each species in an ideal plasma is that of an [[ideal gas]]~~.

	~~== Plasma properties and Λ ==~~

	~~Depending on the magnitude of Λ, plasma properties can be characterized as following:<ref>See [~~http://~~farside.ph~~.~~utexas~~.~~edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node8.html The plasma parameter] lecture notes from Richard Fitzpatrick</ref>~~

	~~<table class="wikitable">~~
	~~<tr bgcolor=#eeeeee align=center><td rowspan=2 valign=bottom>'''Description'''</td><td colspan=2>'''Plasma parameter magnitude'''</td></tr>~~
	~~<tr bgcolor=#eeeeee align=center><td><math>\Lambda \ll 1 ~ (\Gamma \gg 1)</math></td><td><math>\Lambda \gg 1 ~ (\Gamma \ll 1)</math></td></tr>~~
	~~<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Coupling'''</td><td>Strongly coupled plasma</td><td>Weakly coupled plasma</td></tr>~~
	~~<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Debye sphere'''</td><td>Sparsely populated</td><td>Densely populated</td></tr>~~
	~~<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Electrostatic influence'''</td><td>Almost continuously</td><td>Occasional</td></tr>~~
	~~<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Typical characteristic'''</td><td>Cold and dense</td><td>Hot and diffuse</td></tr>~~
	~~<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Examples'''<~~/~~td><td>Solid-density laser ablation plasmas<br>Very "cold" "high pressure" arc discharge<br>Inertial fusion experiments<br>White dwarfs~~ / ~~neutron stars atmospheres</td><td>Ionospheric physics<br>Magnetic fusion devices<br>Space plasma physics<br>Plasma ball</td></tr>~~
	~~</table>~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://~~wwwppd.nrl.navy.mil~~/~~nrlformulary~~/~~NRL_FORMULARY_07~~.~~pdf NRL Plasma Formulary 2007 ed.]~~

	~~<!-- Categories -->~~
	~~[[Category:Plasma physics\| ]~~]

en>PhnomPencil: /* Religious implications */Disambiguating Body using AWB

2013-11-29T20:51:13Z

Religious implications: Disambiguating Body using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:51, 29 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	I'~~m Luther but I~~ by ~~no means really liked~~ that ~~title~~. ~~Interviewing~~ is ~~how he supports his family members but his promotion~~ by ~~no means comes~~. ~~Delaware~~ is ~~our birth place~~. ~~The~~ factor ~~she adores most~~ is ~~flower arranging~~ and ~~she~~ is ~~attempting~~ to ~~make it~~ a ~~profession~~.<br><br>~~Feel free to visit my website~~ - [http://~~Www~~.~~air-Taiwan~~.~~axx~~.kr/~~choo~~/~~762624 Www~~.~~air~~-~~Taiwan~~.~~axx~~.kr]		The ''plasma parameter'' is a [[dimensionless quantity\|dimensionless number]], denoted by capital Lambda, Λ. The '''plasma parameter''' is usually interpreted to be the argument of the Coulomb logarithm, which is the ratio of the maximum impact parameter to the classical distance of closest approach in [[Coulomb collision\|Coulomb scattering]]. In this case, the plasma parameter is given by:<ref>Chen, F.F., Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, (Springer, New York, 2006)</ref>

			:<math> \Lambda = 4\pi n \lambda_D^3 </math>

			where
			:''n'' is the number density of electrons,
			:λ<sub>D</sub> is the [[Debye length]].

			This expression is typically valid for a plasma in which ion thermal velocities are much less than electron thermal velocities. A detailed discussion of the Coulomb logarithm is available in the ''NRL Plasma Formulary'', pages 34–35.

			Note that the word parameter is usually used in plasma physics to refer to bulk plasma properties in general: see [[plasma parameters]].

			An alternative definition of this parameter is given by the average number of electrons in a [[plasma (physics)\|plasma]] contained within a [[Debye sphere]] (a sphere of radius the [[Debye length]]).
			This definition of the plasma parameter is more frequently (and appropriately) called the Debye number, and is denoted <math> N_D</math>. In this context, the plasma parameter is defined as

			:<math> N_D = \frac {4\pi}{3} n \lambda_D^3 </math>

			Since these two definitions differ only by a factor of three, they are frequently used interchangeably.

			Often the factor of <math>4\pi/3</math> is dropped. When the Debye length is given by <math> \lambda_D = \sqrt{\frac{\epsilon_0 k T_e}{n_e q_e^2}}</math>, the plasma parameter is given by<ref>Miyamoto, K., Fundamentals of Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, (Iwanami, Tokyo, 1997)</ref>

			:<math> N_D = \frac{(\epsilon_0 k T_e)^{3/2}}{q_e^3 n_e^{1/2}} </math>

			where
			: ε<sub>0</sub> is the [[permittivity of free space]],
			: ''k'' is [[Boltzmann's constant]],
			: ''q''<sub>''e''</sub> is the electron charge,
			: ''T<sub>e</sub>''is the electron temperature.

			Confusingly, some authors define the plasma parameter as :

			:<math> \epsilon_p = \Lambda^{-1}\ </math>.


			== Coupling parameter ==

			A closely related parameter is the plasma coupling <math>\Gamma</math>, defined as a ratio of the Coulomb energy to the thermal one:

			:<math> \Gamma = \frac{E_\mathrm{C}}{kT_e} </math>.

			The Coulomb energy (per particle) is

			:<math> E_\mathrm{C} = \frac{q_e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0\langle r \rangle}</math>,

			where for the typical inter-particle distance <math>\langle r \rangle</math> usually is taken the [[Wigner-Seitz radius]]. Therefore,

			:<math> \Gamma = \frac{q_e^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 kT_e}\sqrt[3]{\frac{4\pi n_e}{3}} </math>.

			Clearly, up to a numeric factor of the order of unity,

			:<math> \Gamma \sim \Lambda^{-2/3}\ </math>.

			In general, for multicomponent plasmas one defines the coupling parameter for each species ''s'' separately:

			:<math> \Gamma_s = \frac{q_s^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0 kT_s}\sqrt[3]{\frac{4\pi n_s}{3}} </math>.

			Here, ''s'' stands for either electrons or (a type of) ions.


			== The ideal plasma approximation ==

			One of the criteria which determine whether a collection of charged particles can rigorously be termed an [[ideal plasma]] is that Λ>>1.
			When this is the case, collective electrostatic interactions dominate over binary collisions, and the plasma particles can be treated as if they only interact with a smooth background field, rather than through pairwise interactions (collisions).<ref>J.D. Callen, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Draft Material for Fundamentals of Plasma Physics book: Collective Plasma Phenomena [http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~callen/chap1.pdf PDF]</ref> The [[equation of state]] of each species in an ideal plasma is that of an [[ideal gas]].

			== Plasma properties and Λ ==

			Depending on the magnitude of Λ, plasma properties can be characterized as following:<ref>See [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node8.html The plasma parameter] lecture notes from Richard Fitzpatrick</ref>

			<table class="wikitable">
			<tr bgcolor=#eeeeee align=center><td rowspan=2 valign=bottom>'''Description'''</td><td colspan=2>'''Plasma parameter magnitude'''</td></tr>
			<tr bgcolor=#eeeeee align=center><td><math>\Lambda \ll 1 ~ (\Gamma \gg 1)</math></td><td><math>\Lambda \gg 1 ~ (\Gamma \ll 1)</math></td></tr>
			<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Coupling'''</td><td>Strongly coupled plasma</td><td>Weakly coupled plasma</td></tr>
			<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Debye sphere'''</td><td>Sparsely populated</td><td>Densely populated</td></tr>
			<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Electrostatic influence'''</td><td>Almost continuously</td><td>Occasional</td></tr>
			<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Typical characteristic'''</td><td>Cold and dense</td><td>Hot and diffuse</td></tr>
			<tr align=center><td bgcolor=#eeeeee>'''Examples'''</td><td>Solid-density laser ablation plasmas<br>Very "cold" "high pressure" arc discharge<br>Inertial fusion experiments<br>White dwarfs / neutron stars atmospheres</td><td>Ionospheric physics<br>Magnetic fusion devices<br>Space plasma physics<br>Plasma ball</td></tr>
			</table>

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			* [http://wwwppd.nrl.navy.mil/nrlformulary/NRL_FORMULARY_07.pdf NRL Plasma Formulary 2007 ed.]

			<!-- Categories -->
			[[Category:Plasma physics\| ]]

en>Download: gen fixes using AWB

2012-04-21T18:10:24Z

gen fixes using AWB

New page

I'm Luther but I by no means really liked that title. Interviewing is how he supports his family members but his promotion by no means comes. Delaware is our birth place. The factor she adores most is flower arranging and she is attempting to make it a profession.<br><br>Feel free to visit my website - [http://Www.air-Taiwan.axx.kr/choo/762624 Www.air-Taiwan.axx.kr]