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{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Kazuhiko Nishijima
|image             = Kazuhiko Nishijima.jpg
|image_size        = 70
|alt               = 
|caption           = 
|birth_date        = 4 October 1926
|birth_place       = [[Tsuchiura]], Japan
|death_date        = 15 February 2009
|death_place       = Tokyo, Japan
|residence         = 
|citizenship       = 
|nationality       = Japanese
|ethnicity         = 
|fields            = [[Theoretical physics]]<br>[[Particle physics]]
|workplaces        = [[Osaka City University]]<br>[[Max Planck Institute for Physics]]<br>[[Institute for Advanced Study]]<br>[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]<br>[[University of Tokyo]]<br>[[Kyoto University]]<br>[[Chuo University]]
|alma_mater        = [[University of Tokyo]]<br>[[Osaka University]]
|doctoral_advisor  = 
|academic_advisors = 
|doctoral_students = 
|notable_students  = 
|known_for         = [[Strangeness]]<br>[[Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula]]
|author_abbrev_bot = 
|author_abbrev_zoo = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|awards            = 
|religion          = 
|signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
|signature_alt     = 
|footnotes         = 
}}
{{nihongo|'''Kazuhiko Nishijima'''|西島 和彦|Nishijima Kazuhiko}} (4 October 1926 – 15 February 2009) was a [[:Category:Japanese physicists|Japanese physicist]] who made significant contributions to [[particle physics]]. He was [[professor emeritus]] at the [[University of Tokyo]] and [[Kyoto University]] until his death in 2009.<ref name=JT>
{{cite news
 |date=18 February 2009
 |title=Particle Physicist Kazuhiko Nishijima dies at 82
 |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090218b1.html
 |publisher=[[The Japan Times]]
 |accessdate=2010-07-16
}}</ref>

He was born in [[Tsuchiura]], Japan. He is most well known for the product of his collaboration with [[Murray Gell-Mann]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}, the [[Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula]], and the concept of [[strangeness]], which he called the "eta-charge" or "η-charge", after the [[eta meson]] ({{Subatomic particle|Eta}}).<ref name=JT /><ref>
{{cite journal
 |last=Nishijima |first=K
 |year=1955
 |title=Charge Independence Theory of V Particles
 |journal=[[Progress of Theoretical Physics]]
 |volume=13 |pages=285
 |doi=10.1143/PTP.13.285
|bibcode = 1955PThPh..13..285N
 |issue=3 }}</ref> 
<ref name="PhysicsToday">{{cite journal
 |last=Nambu |first=Y. |authorlink=Yoichiro Nambu
 |year=2009
 |title=Kazuhiko Nishijima
 |journal=[[Physics Today]]
 |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=58
 |doi=10.1063/1.3206100
|bibcode = 2009PhT....62h..58N }}</ref>

==Life==
Nishijima was born in [[Tsuchiura, Ibaraki|Tsuchiura]], Japan on 4 October 1926.<ref name=PhysicsToday /> He obtained his diploma in [[physics]] at the [[University of Tokyo]] in 1948, and his PhD from [[Osaka University]] in 1955 for his thesis on the [[nuclear potential]].<ref name=PhysicsToday />

In 1950, while at Osaka University, Nishijima was hired by [[Yoichiro Nambu]] to work on the theory of [[strong interaction]]s and of [[strange particle]]s (then called [[V particle]]s).<ref name=PhysicsToday /> While studying the [[particle decay|decay]] of these particles, Nishijima developed, with [[Tadao Nakano]], and independently of [[Murray Gell-Mann]], a formula that would relate the [[quantum number]]s of these particles, the [[Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula]] (or sometimes the ''NNG formula'', for Nishijima, Nakano, and Gell-Mann).<ref name=PhysicsToday />

:<math>Q = I_\text{3} + \frac{B+S}{2}</math>

where ''Q'' is the [[electric charge]], ''I''<sub>3</sub> is the [[isospin|isospin projection]], ''B'' is the [[baryon number]], and ''S'' is the [[strangeness]] quantum number of the particle. This formula was pivotal for the later development of the [[quark model]] by Gell-Mann<ref name="Gell-Man1964">
{{cite journal
 |author=Gell-Mann, M
 |title=A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons
 |journal=[[Physics Letters]]
 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=214–215
 |year=1964
 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
|bibcode = 1964PhL.....8..214G }}</ref> and [[George Zweig]]<ref name="Zweig1964">
{{cite journal
 |author=Zweig, G
 |title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking
 |journal=CERN Report No.8181/Th 8419
 |year=1964
}}</ref><ref name="Zweig1964b">
{{cite journal
 |author=Zweig, G
 |title=An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II
 |journal=CERN Report No.8419/Th 8412
 |year=1964
}}</ref> in 1964 (independently of each other).

From 1956 to 1958, Nishijima worked in [[Göttingen]], Germany, upon the invitation of [[Werner Heisenberg]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> In 1958, he moved to the United States and joined the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> A year and a half later, he became a professor at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> In 1966, he returned to the University of Tokyo, where he founded a theoretical physics research group and served in some administrative positions.<ref name=PhysicsToday /> From 1986 until 1989 and again from 1995 until 2005, he was the president of the [[Nishina Memorial Foundation]], a foundation that promotes physics in Japan.<ref name=PhysicsToday />

Nishijima kept active in research until near the end of his life. His last subjects of research were [[color confinement]] and [[noncommutative quantum field theory]].<ref name=PhysicsToday /> He died of [[leukemia]] on 15 February 2009 at the age of 82.<ref name=JT /><ref name=PhysicsToday/>

==Books==
*{{cite book
 |last=Nishijima |first=K
 |year=1963
 |title=Fundamental Particles
 |publisher=[[Benjamin Cummings|W. A. Benjamin]]
 |oclc=536472
}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Nishijima |first=K
 |year=1998 |origyear=1974
 |title=Fields and Particles: Field Theory and Dispersion Relations
 |edition=4th
 |publisher=[[Benjamin Cummings]]
 |isbn=0-8053-7399-3
}}

==Awards==
*[[Nishina Memorial Prize]]<ref name=PhysicsToday />
*[[Japan Academy Prize (academics)|Japan Academy Prize]]<ref name=PhysicsToday />
*[[Order of Culture|Order of Culture of Japan]]<ref name=PhysicsToday /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/info/nishijima.html|title=本学名誉教授の西島和彦先生が平成15年度の文化勲章を受章|publisher=[[University of Tokyo]]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref>
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]]<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Kazuhiko Nishijima, Guggenheim Fellow 1965
 |url=http://pt.gf.org/fellows/10720-kazuhiko-nishijima
 |publisher=[[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]]
 |accessdate=2009-08-18
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
 |last=Kawarabayashi |first=K
 |year=1987
 |title=Wandering in the Fields: Festschrift for Professor Kazuhiko Nishijima on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday
 |publisher=[[World Scientific]]
 |isbn=9971-5-0363-8
 |editor-first=Ukawa |editor-last=A
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2011}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=108239115}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Nishijima, Kazuhiko
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Japanese physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 4 October 1926
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Tsuchiura]], Japan
| DATE OF DEATH     = 15 February 2009
| PLACE OF DEATH    = Tokyo, Japan
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishijima, Kazuhiko}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Japanese physicists]]
[[Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty]]
[[Category:University of Tokyo faculty]]
[[Category:Kyoto University faculty]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]