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| {{Infobox scientist
| | When you"re building links to raise your site reputation, whom do you connect to? The question of where you should link to increase ranking could be confusing. Rational thinking is needed to accomplish link acceptance in a natural way. Yes, certainly, Google page rank should come first and foremost. Page rank is part of the formula of Google"s rating in the internet search engine results. Link popularity is used by other search engines within their algorithm to gauge your site as well. But page rank is just one of many 100 plus standards Google uses to judge your online pages. As a "tool" to make decisions use the notion of page ranking, there"s you should not live and die by the outcome. Link acceptance it self is merely one-way to improve your ranking. <br><br> |
| |name = Freeman Dyson
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| |image = Freeman Dyson.jpg
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| |alt =
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| |image_size = 200px
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| |caption = [[Long Now Seminar]] in San Francisco, October 5, 2005
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| |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1923|12|15}}
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| |birth_place= [[Crowthorne]], [[Berkshire]], England
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| |nationality= American
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| |death_date =
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| |field = [[Physics]], [[Mathematics]]
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| |alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]], [[Cornell University]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Dyson|first=Freeman|title=Alma Mater|url=http://www.webofstories.com/play/4360?o=MSLong_Now_Foundation#Seminars_About_Long-term_Thinking|publisher=[[Web of Stories]]}}</ref>
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| |work_institutions = [[Royal Air Force]]<br>[[Institute for Advanced Study]]<br>[[University of Birmingham]]<br>[[Duke University]]<br>[[Cornell University]]
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| |doctoal_advisor = <!--Dyson never received a doctorate http://www.webofstories.com/play/4403 -->
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| |academic_advisors = [[Hans Bethe]]
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| |doctoral_students = <!--please insert-->
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| |known_for = [[Dyson sphere]]<br>[[Dyson operator]]<br>[[Dyson series]]<br>[[Schwinger-Dyson equation]]<br>[[Circular ensemble]]<br>[[Anti-nuclear movement in the United States|Advocacy against nuclear weapons]]<br>[[Dyson conjecture]]<br>[[Dyson's eternal intelligence]]<br>[[Dyson number]]<br>[[Dyson tree]]<br>[[Dyson's transform]]<br>[[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)|Project Orion]]<br>[[TRIGA]]
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| |influences = [[Richard Feynman]],<ref>[http://www.sns.ias.edu/dyson/ FREEMAN DYSON | School of Natural Sciences]</ref> [[Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Dyson|first=Freeman|title=Influences|url=http://www.webofstories.com/play/4332?o=MS}}</ref>
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| |prizes = [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics|Heineman Prize]] (1965) <br /> [[Harvey Prize]] (1977) <br /> [[Wolf Prize in Physics|Wolf Prize]] (1981) <br /> [[Fermi Award]] (1993) <br /> [[Templeton Prize]] (2000) <br /> [[Pomeranchuk Prize]] (2003) <br /> [[Poincaré Prize]] (2012)
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| |religion = [[Christian]]
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| |footnotes = He is notably the son of [[George Dyson (composer)]], and father of [[Esther Dyson]], Dorothy Dyson, Mia Dyson, Rebecca Dyson, Emily Dyson, and [[George Dyson (science historian)]].
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| }}
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| '''Freeman John Dyson''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (born December 15, 1923) is an [[England|English-born]] [[American]]<ref name=brit>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/740688.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Scientist wins $1m religion prize | date=9 May 2000 | accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=abjure>Freeman Dyson: Disturbing the universe, pg 131, "I had finally become an American ... The decision to abjure my allegiance to [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] might have been a difficult one, but the Queen's ministers made it easy for me."</ref> theoretical [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]], famous for his work in [[quantum electrodynamics]], [[solid-state physics]], [[astronomy]] and [[nuclear engineering]]. Dyson is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]].<ref>[http://www.thebulletin.org/content/about-us/board-of-sponsors Board of Sponsors | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]. [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]. Retrieved January 7, 2013.</ref>
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| ==Biography==
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| ===Early life===
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| Born at [[Crowthorne]] in [[Berkshire]], Dyson was the son of the English composer [[George Dyson (composer)|George Dyson]], who was later knighted. His mother had a law degree, but after Dyson was born she worked as a social worker.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070927005344/http://www.wildriverreview.com/quarkpark_dyson.php The Scientist as Rebel]. Wild River Review Interview by Joy E. Stocke</ref> Although not known to be related to the early 20th-century astronomer [[Frank Watson Dyson]], as a small boy Dyson was aware of him and has credited the popularity of an astronomer sharing his surname as having helped to spark his own interest in science.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}
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| From 1936 to 1941, Dyson was a Scholar at [[Winchester College]], a leading boys' [[boarding school]] in [[Hampshire]] where his father was a schoolmaster teaching music. On July 25, 1943, Dyson entered the [[Operations research#Second World War|Operational Research Section]] (ORS) of the British Royal Air Force’s [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]],<ref name=MIT>{{cite web|last=Dyson|first=Freeman|title=A Failure of Intelligence|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/article/406789/a-failure-of-intelligence/|work=MIT Technology Review Magazine|publisher=MIT Technology Review|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=1 November 2006|quote=Prominent physicist Freeman Dyson recalls the time he spent developing analytical methods to help the British Royal Air Force bomb German targets during World War II.}}</ref> where he developed analytical methods to help the RAF bomb German targets during [[World War II]].<ref>"[http://digital.technologyreview.com/?xml=Technology_Review&iid=34202#folio=001 A Failure of Intelligence]", Essay in ''[[Technology Review]]'' (November–December 2006)</ref> After the war, Dyson enrolled in the [[University of Cambridge]], where he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in mathematics. From 1946 to 1949 he was a [[Fellow]] of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], occupying rooms just below those of the philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], who would resign his professorship in 1947.<ref>Dyson, F., "What Can You Really Know", [[New York Review of Books]] (Nov 10, 2011): http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/nov/08/what-can-you-really-know/?pagination=false</ref>
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| ===Career in the United States===
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| In 1947 Dyson moved to the US, as Commonwealth Fellow at [[Cornell University]] (1947–1948) and the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1948–1949). Between 1949 and 1951, he was a teaching fellow at the [[University of Birmingham]] (UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Freeman Dyson|url=http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?dysonf|publisher=The American Institute of Physics|accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref>
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| In 1951 he joined the faculty at Cornell as a physics professor, although still lacking a doctorate, and in 1953 he received a permanent post at the Institute for Advanced Study in [[Princeton, New Jersey]]—where he has now lived for more than fifty years.<ref name=civil/> In 1957 he became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States and renounced his [[British nationality]]. One reason he gave decades later is that his children born in the US had not been recognized as British subjects.<ref name=brit/><ref name=abjure/>
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| Dyson is best known for demonstrating in 1949 the equivalence of two then-current formulations of [[quantum electrodynamics]]—[[Richard Feynman]]'s diagrams and the operator method developed by [[Julian Schwinger]] and [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=F. J. Dyson|title= The radiation theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=75|pages=486–502|year=1949|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.75.486|issue=3|bibcode = 1949PhRv...75..486D }}</ref> He was the first person (besides Feynman) to appreciate the power of [[Feynman diagrams]], and his paper written in 1948 and published in 1949 was the first to make use of them. He said in that paper that Feynman diagrams were not just a computational tool, but a physical theory, and developed rules for the diagrams that completely solved the [[renormalization]] problem. Dyson's paper and also his lectures presented Feynman's theories of QED (quantum electrodynamics) in a form that other physicists could understand, facilitating the physics community's acceptance of Feynman's work. [[Robert Oppenheimer]], in particular, was persuaded by Dyson that Feynman's new theory was as valid as Schwinger's and Tomonaga's. Oppenheimer rewarded Dyson with a lifetime appointment at the Institute for Advanced Study, "for proving me wrong", in Oppenheimer's words.<ref>Freeman J. Dyson, ''Disturbing the Universe'', 1979</ref>
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| Also in 1949, in a related work, Dyson invented the [[Dyson series]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=F. J. Dyson|title= The S matrix in quantum electrodynamics|journal=[[Phys. Rev.]]|volume=75|pages=1736–1755|year=1949|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.75.1736|issue=11|bibcode = 1949PhRv...75.1736D }}</ref> It was this paper that inspired [[John Clive Ward|John Ward]] to derive his celebrated ''[[Ward–Takahashi identity|Ward identity.]]''<ref>{{cite journal|author=J. C. Ward|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=78|page=182|year=1950|bibcode = 1950PhRv...78..182W |doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.78.182|title=An Identity in Quantum Electrodynamics|issue=2 }}. [Note: this Ward letter opens with "It has been recently proven by Dyson ..."]</ref>
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| Dyson also did work in a variety of topics in mathematics, such as topology, analysis, number theory and random matrices.<ref name=SelectedPapers/> There is an interesting story involving random matrices. In 1973 the number theorist [[Hugh Montgomery (mathematician)|Hugh Montgomery]] was visiting the Institute for Advanced Study and had just made his [[Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture|pair correlation conjecture]] concerning the distribution of the zeros of the [[Riemann zeta function]]. He showed his formula to the mathematician [[Atle Selberg]] who said it looked like something in [[mathematical physics]] and he should show it to Dyson, which he did. Dyson recognized the formula as the [[pair correlation function]] of the [[Gaussian unitary ensemble]], which has been extensively studied by physicists. This suggested that there might be an unexpected connection between the [[distribution of primes]] 2,3,5,7,11, ... and the energy levels in the [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]] of [[heavy elements]] such as [[uranium]].<ref>[[John Derbyshire]], ''[[Prime Obsession]]'', 2004, ISBN 0309085497.</ref>
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| From 1957 to 1961 he worked on the [[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)|Orion Project]], which proposed the possibility of space-flight using [[nuclear pulse propulsion]]. A prototype was demonstrated using [[conventional explosives]], but the 1963 [[Partial Test Ban Treaty]] (which Dyson was involved in and supported) permitted only [[underground nuclear testing]], so the project was abandoned.
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| In 1958 he led the design team for the [[TRIGA]], a small, inherently safe [[nuclear reactor]] used throughout the world in hospitals and universities for the production of [[medical isotopes]].
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| A seminal work by Dyson came in 1966 when, together with Andrew Lenard and independently of [[Elliott H. Lieb]] and [[Walter Thirring]], he proved rigorously that the [[Pauli exclusion principle|exclusion principle]] plays the main role in the stability of bulk matter.<ref>{{cite journal|author=F. J. Dyson, A. Lenard|journal=[[J. Math. Phys.]]|volume=8|issue=3|pages=423–434|year=1967|doi=10.1063/1.1705209|title=Stability of Matter. I|bibcode = 1967JMP.....8..423D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= F. J. Dyson, A. Lenard|journal=J. Math. Phys.|volume=9|issue= 5|pages= 698–711 |year=1968|doi= 10.1063/1.1664631|title= Stability of Matter. II|bibcode = 1968JMP.....9..698L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= E. H. Lieb, W. Thirring|journal=[[Phys. Rev. Lett.]]|volume=35|pages=687–689 |year=1975|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.687|title= Bound for the Kinetic Energy of Fermions Which Proves the Stability of Matter|issue= 11|bibcode = 1975PhRvL..35..687L }}</ref> Hence, it is not the electromagnetic repulsion between outer-shell orbital electrons which prevents two wood blocks that are left on top of each other from coalescing into a single piece, but rather it is the exclusion principle applied to electrons and protons that generates the classical macroscopic [[normal force]]. In [[condensed matter physics]], Dyson also did studies in the phase transition of the [[Ising model]] in 1 dimension and [[spin waves]].<ref name=SelectedPapers>F. J. Dyson, E. H. Lieb, ''Selected papers by Freeman Dyson'', AMS (1996).</ref>
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| Around 1979, Dyson worked with the [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|Institute for Energy Analysis]] on [[Climatology|climate studies]]. This group, under the direction of [[Alvin Weinberg]], pioneered multidisciplinary climate studies, including a strong biology group. Also during the 1970s, he worked on climate studies conducted by the [[JASON (advisory group)|JASON]] defense advisory group.<ref name=civil/>
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| Dyson retired from the Institute for Advanced Study in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/podcasts/interviews/freeman-dyson.html|accessdate=2011-12-19|title=InterViews Freeman Dyson|date=2004-07-23|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref> In 1998, Dyson joined the board of the [[Solar Electric Light Fund]]. {{As of|2003}} he was president of the [[Space Studies Institute]], the space research organization founded by [[Gerard K. O'Neill]]; {{as of|2013}} he is on its Board of Trustees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssi.org/about/ssi-officers-and-board/|title=Officers and Board|publisher=Space Studies Institute|accessdate=6 January 2013}}</ref> Dyson is a long-time member of the JASON group.
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| Dyson is a regular contributor to ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''.
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| Dyson has won numerous scientific awards but never a [[Nobel Prize]]. Nobel physics laureate [[Steven Weinberg]] has said that the [[Nobel Committee for Physics|Nobel committee]] has "fleeced" Dyson, but Dyson himself remarked in 2009, "I think it's almost true without exception if you want to win a Nobel Prize, you should have a long attention span, get hold of some deep and important problem and stay with it for ten years. That wasn't my style."<ref name="civil"/>
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| In 2012, he published (with [[William H. Press]]) a fundamental new result about the [[Prisoners Dilemma]] in [[PNAS]].<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/05/16/1206569109.full.pdf+html "Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma contains strategies that dominate any evolutionary opponent"]. [[William H. Press]] and Freeman Dyson. ''[[PNAS]]'' vol. 109 no. 26 pp 0409–10413</ref>
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| ===Marriages and children===
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| With his first wife, the mathematician Verena Huber-Dyson, Dyson has two children, [[Esther Dyson|Esther]] and [[George Dyson (science historian)|George]]. In 1958 he married Imme Dyson, a [[Masters athletics (track and field)|masters runner]], and they eventually had four more children, Dorothy, Mia, Rebecca, and Emily Dyson.<ref name=civil>Dawidoff, Nicholas. [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html?_r=1&ref=magazine The Civil Heretic]. ''The New York Times''. March 25, 2009</ref>
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| Dyson's eldest daughter, Esther, is a digital technology consultant. His son George is a [[history of science|historian of science]],<ref>See excerpt from [http://www.edge.org/documents/digerati/Dyson.html Digerati: Encounters with the Cyber Elite] by John Brockman (HardWired Books, 1996)</ref> one of whose books is ''[[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)#note-0|Project Orion]]: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965''.
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| ===Character===
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| Friends and colleagues describe Dyson as shy and self-effacing, with a contrarian streak that his friends find refreshing but his intellectual opponents find exasperating. "I have the sense that when consensus is forming like ice hardening on a lake, Dyson will do his best to chip at the ice", [[Steven Weinberg]] said of him. His friend, the neurologist and author [[Oliver Sacks]], said: "A favorite word of Freeman's about doing science and being creative is the word 'subversive'. He feels it's rather important not only to be not orthodox, but to be subversive, and he's done that all his life."<ref name="civil"/> {{clarify|date=November 2013|reason=How does the following pertain to character?}} In ''[[The God Delusion]]'' (2006), biologist [[Richard Dawkins]] criticized Dyson for accepting the religious [[Templeton Prize]] in 2000; "It would be taken as an endorsement of religion by one of the world's most distinguished physicists." <ref>{{cite book | last = Dawkins | first = Richard | title = [[The God Delusion]] | publisher = [[Bantam Press]] | year = 2006 | page = 152 | isbn = 0618680004}}</ref>
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| ==Honors and awards==
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| In 1952 he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|title = Fellowship|publisher= Royal Society|accessdate= 28 November 2010}}</ref>
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| Dyson was awarded the [[Lorentz Medal]] in 1966, [[Max Planck Medal]] in 1969 and the [[Harvey Prize]] in 1977.
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| In the 1984–85 academic year he gave the [[Gifford lectures]] at [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]], which resulted in the book ''[[Infinite In All Directions]]''.
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| In 1989, Dyson taught at [[Duke University]] as a [[Fritz London]] Memorial Lecturer. In the same year, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, University of Cambridge.
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| Dyson has published a number of collections of speculations and observations about technology, science, and the future. In 1996 he was awarded the [[Lewis Thomas Prize|Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science]].
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| In 1993, Dyson was given the [[Enrico Fermi Award]].
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| In 1995 he gave the Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], sponsored jointly by the Hebrew University and [[Harvard University Press]] that grew into the book ''Imagined Worlds''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Freeman|title=Imagined Worlds|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674539099|series=The Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures|date=September 1998|publisher=HUP|isbn=9780674539099|page=224}}</ref>
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| In 2000, Dyson was awarded the [[Templeton Prize]] for Progress in Religion.
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| In 2003, Dyson was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in [[Telluride, Colorado]].
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| In 2011, Dyson was received as one of twenty distinguished [[Old Wykehamists]] at the ''Ad Portas'' celebration, the highest honour that [[Winchester College]] bestows.
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| ==Concepts==
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| ===Biotechnology and genetic engineering===
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| {{quote|My book ''[[The Sun, the Genome and the Internet|The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet]]'' (1999) describes a vision of green technology enriching villages all over the world and halting the migration from villages to megacities. The three components of the vision are all essential: the sun to provide energy where it is needed, the genome to provide plants that can convert sunlight into chemical fuels cheaply and efficiently, the Internet to end the intellectual and economic isolation of rural populations. With all three components in place, every village in Africa could enjoy its fair share of the blessings of civilization.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20370 Our Bio tech Future]. Nybooks.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-07.</ref>}}
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| Dyson cheerfully admits his record as a prophet is mixed, but "it is better to be wrong than to be vague."<ref>Dyson, 1999, ''The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet''</ref>
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| "To answer the world's material needs, technology has to be not only beautiful but also cheap."<ref>Dyson, FJ, "The Greening of the Galaxy" in ''Disturbing the Universe'', 1979</ref>
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| ===Dyson sphere===
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| [[File:Dyson rings.PNG|thumb|Artist's concept of Dyson rings, forming a stable [[Dyson Sphere#Dyson swarm|Dyson swarm]], or "Dyson sphere".]]
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| {{Main|Dyson sphere}}
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| {{quote|One should expect that, within a few thousand years of its entering the stage of industrial development, any intelligent species should be found occupying an artificial biosphere which completely surrounds its parent star.<ref name=DavisInterview>[http://web.archive.org/web/19981207065016/http://www.omnimag.com/archives/interviews/dyson.html Interview by Monte Davis, October 1978]. Web.archive.org (1998-12-07). Retrieved on 2011-10-07.</ref>}}
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| In 1960 Dyson wrote a short paper for the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', entitled "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation".<ref>{{cite journal| title=Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation| doi=10.1126/science.131.3414.1667| journal=Science| volume= 131| pages= 1667–1668| first=Freeman J.| last=Dyson|date=3 June 1960| issue=3414| pmid=17780673|bibcode = 1960Sci...131.1667D }}</ref> In it, he theorized that a technologically advanced [[extraterrestrial civilization]] might completely surround its native star with artificial structures in order to maximize the capture of the star's available energy. Eventually, the civilization would completely enclose the star, intercepting [[electromagnetic radiation]] with wavelengths from visible light downwards and radiating waste heat outwards as [[infrared]] radiation. Therefore, one method of [[SETI|searching for extraterrestrial civilizations]] would be to look for large objects radiating in the infrared range of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].
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| Dyson conceived that such structures would be clouds of [[asteroid]]-sized [[space habitat]]s, though [[science fiction]] writers have preferred a solid structure: either way, such an artifact is often referred to as a [[Dyson sphere]], although Dyson himself used the term "shell". Dyson says that he used the term "artificial biosphere" in the article meaning a habitat, not a shape.<ref>20 minutes into [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=350379535220823176&q=genome a video]</ref> The general concept of such an energy-transferring shell had been advanced decades earlier by author [[Olaf Stapledon]] in his 1937 novel ''[[Star Maker]]'', a source that Dyson has credited publicly.<ref>{{cite speech
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| | title = Living Through Four Revolutions | author = Dyson, Freeman | first = Freeman | last = Dyson | event = Perimeter Institute Public Lecture Series | location = Waterloo, Ontario Canada. | date = 2011-06-01 | url = http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=551&Itemid=568&lecture_id=10397 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Disturbing the Universe |last=Dyson |first=Freeman |year=1979 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-01677-4 |page=211 |quote=Some science fiction writers have wrongly given me the credit of inventing the artificial biosphere. In fact, I took the idea from Olaf Stapledon, one of their own colleagues}}</ref>
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| ===Dyson tree===
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| {{Main|Dyson tree}}
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| Dyson has also proposed the creation of a ''Dyson tree'', a [[genetic engineering|genetically-engineered]] plant capable of growing on a [[comet]]. He suggested that comets could be engineered to contain hollow spaces filled with a breathable atmosphere, thus providing self-sustaining habitats for humanity in the outer [[solar system]].
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| {{quote|Plants could grow greenhouses…just as turtles grow shells and polar bears grow fur and polyps build coral reefs in tropical seas. These plants could keep warm by the light from a distant Sun and conserve the oxygen that they produce by photosynthesis. The greenhouse would consist of a thick skin providing thermal insulation, with small transparent windows to admit sunlight. Outside the skin would be an array of simple lenses, focusing sunlight through the windows into the interior… Groups of greenhouses could grow together to form extended habitats for other species of plants and animals.<ref name=PlantsFish>Dyson, FJ, "Warm-blooded plants and freeze-dried fish: the future of space exploration. Played" The Atlantic Monthly, November 1997 [http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97nov/space.htm#Dyson Subscribers only]</ref>}}
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| ===Space colonies===
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| {{quote|I've done some historical research on the costs of the Mayflower's voyage, and on the Mormons' emigration to Utah, and I think it's possible to go into space on a much smaller scale. A cost on the order of $40,000 per person [1978 dollars, $143,254 in 2013 dollars] would be the target to shoot for; in terms of real wages, that would make it comparable to the colonization of America. Unless it's brought down to that level it's not really interesting to me, because otherwise it would be a luxury that only governments could afford.<ref name=DavisInterview/>}}
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| Dyson has been interested in space travel since he was a child, reading such [[science fiction]] classics as [[Olaf Stapledon]]'s ''[[Star Maker]]''. As a young man, he worked for [[General Atomics]] on the nuclear-powered [[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)|Orion]] spacecraft. He hoped Project Orion would put men on Mars by 1965, Saturn by 1970. He's been unhappy for a quarter-century on how the government conducts space travel:
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| {{quote|The problem is, of course, that they can't afford to fail. The rules of the game are that you don't take a chance, because if you fail, then probably your whole program gets wiped out.<ref name=DavisInterview/>}}
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| He still hopes for cheap space travel, but is resigned to waiting for private entrepreneurs to develop something new—and cheap.
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| {{quote|No law of physics or biology forbids cheap travel and settlement all over the solar system and beyond. But it is impossible to predict how long this will take. Predictions of the dates of future achievements are notoriously fallible. My guess is that the era of cheap unmanned missions will be the next fifty years, and the era of cheap manned missions will start sometime late in the twenty-first century.<br />
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| Any affordable program of manned exploration must be centered in biology, and its time frame tied to the time frame of biotechnology; a hundred years, roughly the time it will take us to learn to grow warm-blooded plants, is probably reasonable.<ref name=PlantsFish/>}}
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| Dyson also has proposed the use of bioengineered space colonies to colonize the Kuiper Belt on the outer edge of our Solar System. He proposed that habitats could be grown from space hardened spores. The colonies could then be warmed by large reflector plant leaves that could focus the dim, distant sunlight back on the growing colony. This was illustrated by Pat Rawlings on the cover of the National Space Society's Ad Astra magazine.
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| ===Space exploration===
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| {{quote|A direct search for life in Europa's ocean would today be prohibitively expensive. Impacts on Europa give us an easier way to look for evidence of life there. Every time a major impact occurs on Europa, a vast quantity of water is splashed from the ocean into the space around Jupiter. Some of the water evaporates, and some condenses into snow. Creatures living in the water far enough from the impact have a chance of being splashed intact into space and quickly freeze-dried. Therefore, an easy way to look for evidence of life in Europa's ocean is to look for freeze-dried fish in the ring of space debris orbiting Jupiter.
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| Freeze-dried fish orbiting Jupiter is a fanciful notion, but nature in the biological realm has a tendency to be fanciful. Nature is usually more imaginative than we are. [...] To have the best chance of success, we should keep our eyes open for all possibilities.<ref name=PlantsFish/>}}
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| ===Dyson's transform===
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| {{Main|Dyson's transform}}
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| Dyson also has some credits in pure mathematics. His concept "Dyson's transform" led to one of the most important [[lemma (mathematics)|lemmas]] of [[Olivier Ramaré]]'s theorem that every even integer can be written as a sum of no more than six primes.
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| ===Dyson series===
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| The [[Dyson series]], the formal solution of an explicitly time-dependent [[Schrödinger equation]] by iteration, and the corresponding Dyson time-ordering operator <math>\mathcal T\,,</math> an entity of basic importance in the [[mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics]], are also named after Dyson.
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| [[File:Freeman dyson.jpg|thumb|Freeman Dyson in 2007 at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]]]]
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| ==Views==
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| ===Metaphysics===
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| Dyson has suggested a kind of cosmic metaphysics of [[mind]]. In his book ''[[Infinite in All Directions]]'' he writes about three levels of mind: "The universe shows evidence of the operations of mind on three levels. The first level is the level of elementary physical processes in quantum mechanics. Matter in quantum mechanics is [...] constantly making choices between alternative possibilities according to probabilistic laws. [...] The second level at which we detect the operations of mind is the level of direct human experience. [...] [I]t is reasonable to believe in the existence of a third level of mind, a mental component of the universe. If we believe in this mental component and call it God, then we can say that we are small pieces of God's mental apparatus" (p. 297).
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| ===Global warming===
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| Dyson agrees that anthropogenic [[global warming]] exists, and has written that "[one] of the main causes of warming is the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from our burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal and natural gas."<ref name="heretic">{{cite web|url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/dysonf07/dysonf07_index.html|publisher=Edge|title=Heretical Thoughts about Science and Society|date=8 August 2007|author=Freeman Dyson|accessdate=2007-09-05}}dl</ref> However, he believes that existing simulation models of climate fail to account for some important factors, and hence the results will contain too much error to reliably predict future trends:
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| {{quote|The models solve the equations of fluid dynamics, and they do a very good job of describing the fluid motions of the atmosphere and the oceans. They do a very poor job of describing the clouds, the dust, the chemistry and the biology of fields and farms and forests. They do not begin to describe the real world we live in ...<ref name="heretic"/>}}
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| He is among signatories of a letter to the UN criticizing the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20090110073701/http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=165020 Don't fight, adapt]. Open Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. National Post. December 13, 2007</ref><ref name="wiggles">[http://tamino.wordpress.com/2007/12/16/wiggles/ Wiggles], ''Open Mind'', 16 December 2007</ref> and
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| has also argued against the ostracization of scientists whose views depart from the acknowledged mainstream of [[scientific opinion on climate change]], stating that "heretics" have historically been an important force in driving scientific progress. "[H]eretics who question the dogmas are needed ... I am proud to be a heretic. The world always needs heretics to challenge the prevailing orthodoxies."<ref name="heretic"/>
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| Dyson says his views on global warming has been strongly criticized. In reply, he notes that "[m]y objections to the global warming propaganda are not so much over the technical facts, about which I do not know much, but it’s rather against the way those people behave and the kind of intolerance to criticism that a lot of them have."<ref name=e360>[http://www.e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2151 "Freeman Dyson Takes On The Climate Establishment"], interview published June 2, 2009 by [[Yale University]]'s ''Environment 360''</ref>
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| More recently, he has endorsed the now common usage of "global warming" as synonymous with global anthropogenic climate change, referring to recent "measurements that transformed global warming from a vague theoretical speculation into a precise observational science."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21494 Dyson in The New York Review of Book, 12 June 2008]. Nybooks.com (2008-06-12). Retrieved on 2011-10-07.</ref>
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| He has, however, argued that political efforts to reduce the causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority:
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| {{quote|I'm not saying the warming doesn't cause problems, obviously it does. Obviously we should be trying to understand it. I'm saying that the problems are being grossly exaggerated. They take away money and attention from other problems that are much more urgent and important. Poverty, infectious diseases, public education and public health. Not to mention the preservation of living creatures on land and in the oceans.<ref name="um">{{cite web|url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?DysonWinCom05|title= University of Michigan 2005 Winter Commencement Address|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>}}
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| Since originally taking interest in climate studies in the 1970s, Dyson has suggested that [[carbon dioxide]] levels in the atmosphere could be controlled by planting fast-growing trees. He calculates that it would take a trillion trees to remove all carbon from the atmosphere.<ref>Freeman J. Dyson, "Can we control the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?", Energy, Volume 2, Issue 3, September 1977, Pages 287–291. {{doi|10.1016/0360-5442(77)90033-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
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| | last=Dawidoff | first=Nicholas
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| | date=2009-03-29
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| | title=The Civil Heretic
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| | publisher=The New York Times
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| | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html?pagewanted=7&ref=magazine}}</ref>
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| ===Nuclear winter===
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| From his 1988 book ''[[Infinite in All Directions]]'', he offered some criticism of then current models predicting a devastating [[nuclear winter]] in the event of a large-scale nuclear war:
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| {{quote|As a scientist I want to rip the theory of nuclear winter apart, but as a human being I want to believe it. This is one of the rare instances of a genuine conflict between the demands of science and the demands of humanity. As a scientist, I judge the nuclear winter theory to be a sloppy piece of work, full of gaps and unjustified assumptions. As a human being, I hope fervently that it is right. Here is a real and uncomfortable dilemma. What does a scientist do when science and humanity pull in opposite directions?<ref>{{cite book|author=Freeman J. Dyson|title=Infinite in All Directions: Gifford Lectures Given at Aberdeen, Scotland April—November 1985|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ca3OH0a4tZoC&pg=PA259|accessdate=8 October 2011|date=22 July 2004|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-072889-2|pages=259–}}</ref>}}
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| ===Warfare and weapons===
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| On hearing the news of the bombing of [[Hiroshima]]:
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| {{quote|I agreed emphatically with [[Henry Stimson]]. Once we had got ourselves into the business of bombing cities, we might as well do the job competently and get it over with. I felt better that morning than I had felt for years… Those fellows who had built the atomic bombs obviously knew their stuff… Later, much later, I would remember [the downside].<ref>F.J. Dyson, "The Blood of a Poet" in ''Disturbing the Universe'', 1979</ref>}}
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| {{quote|I am convinced that to avoid nuclear war it is not sufficient to be afraid of it. It is necessary to be afraid, but it is equally necessary to understand. And the first step in understanding is to recognize that the problem of nuclear war is basically not technical but human and historical. If we are to avoid destruction we must first of all understand the human and historical context out of which destruction arises.<ref>F.J. Dyson, ''Weapons and Hope'', 1984</ref>}}
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| In his capacity as a military adviser Dyson wrote an influential paper on the issue of US use of nuclear weapons in the [[Vietnam War]]. When a general said in a meeting "We should throw in a nuke once in a while to keep the other side guessing," Dyson became alarmed and obtained permission to write an objective report discussing the pros and cons of using such weapons from a purely military point of view. His report, declassified from SECRET in 2002, was sufficiently objective that both sides in the debate based their arguments on the report. Dyson says that the report showed that even from a narrow military point of view the US was better off not using nuclear weapons. Dyson stated on the [[Dick Cavett show]] that the use of nuclear weaponry was a bad idea for the US at the time because "our targets were big and theirs were small."
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| At the [[British Bomber Command]], Dyson and colleagues proposed ripping out two gun turrets from the RAF [[Lancaster bomber]]s, to cut the catastrophic losses due to German fighters in the [[Bombing of Berlin in World War II|Battle of Berlin]]. A Lancaster without turrets could fly {{convert|50|mph|-1|abbr=on}} faster and be much more maneuverable.
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| {{quote|All our advice to the commander in chief [went] through the chief of our section, who was a career civil servant. His guiding principle was to tell the commander in chief things that the commander in chief liked to hear… To push the idea of ripping out gun turrets, against the official mythology of the gallant gunner defending his crew mates…was not the kind of suggestion the commander in chief liked to hear.<ref>F.J. Dyson, "The Children's Crusade" in ''Disturbing the Universe'', 1979</ref>}}
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| Dyson opposed the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Gulf War]], and the [[invasion of Iraq]]. He supported [[Barack Obama]] in the [[2008 US presidential election]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' has described him as a [[Modern liberalism in the United States|political liberal]].<ref name=civil/>
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| ===The role of failure===
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| {{quote|You can't possibly get a good technology going without an enormous number of failures. It's a universal rule. If you look at [[bicycles]], there were thousands of weird models built and tried before they found the one that really worked. You could never design a bicycle theoretically. Even now, after we've been building them for 100 years, it's very difficult to understand just why a bicycle works – it's even difficult to formulate it as a mathematical problem. But just by trial and error, we found out how to do it, and the error was essential.<ref name=BrandInterview>[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.02/dyson.html?pg=7&topic=&topic_set= Interview by Stewart Brand, February 1998]. [[Wired.com]] (2009-01-04). Retrieved on January 07, 2013.</ref>}}
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| ===On English academics===
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| {{quote|My view of the prevalence of doom-and-gloom in [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] is that it is a result of the English class system. In England there were always two sharply opposed middle classes, the academic middle class and the commercial middle class. In the nineteenth century, the academic middle class won the battle for power and status. As a child of the academic middle class, I learned to look on the commercial middle class with loathing and contempt. Then came the triumph of [[Margaret Thatcher]], which was also the revenge of the commercial middle class. The academics lost their power and prestige and the business people took over. The academics never forgave Thatcher and have been gloomy ever since.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.livjm.ac.uk/spsbpeis/Freeman-Dyson.htm|
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| title=The Scientist as a Rebel: An interview with Freeman Dyson|author=Benny Peiser|date=14 March 2007|accessdate=2007-09-05|publisher=CCNet}}</ref>}}
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| ===Science and religion===
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| He is a [[non-denominational]] Christian and has attended various churches from [[Presbyterian]] to [[Roman Catholic]]. Regarding doctrinal or [[Christological]] issues, he has said, "I am neither a saint nor a theologian. To me, good works are more important than theology."<ref name="edge68.html">[http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge68.html Templeton Prize Lecture]. Edge.org (2000-05-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-07.</ref>
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| {{quote| Science and religion are two windows that people look through, trying to understand the big universe outside, trying to understand why we are here. The two windows give different views, but they look out at the same universe. Both views are one-sided, neither is complete. Both leave out essential features of the real world. And both are worthy of respect.
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| Trouble arises when either science or religion claims universal jurisdiction, when either religious or scientific dogma claims to be infallible. Religious creationists and scientific materialists are equally dogmatic and insensitive. By their arrogance they bring both science and religion into disrepute. The media exaggerate their numbers and importance. The media rarely mention the fact that the great majority of religious people belong to moderate denominations that treat science with respect, or the fact that the great majority of scientists treat religion with respect so long as religion does not claim jurisdiction over scientific questions.<ref name="edge68.html"/>}}
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| Dyson partially disagrees with the famous remark by his fellow physicist [[Steven Weinberg]] that "With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil—that takes religion."<ref name="nyrb06.html">[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19090 NYRB June 22, 2006]. Nybooks.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-07.</ref>
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| {{quote| Weinberg's statement is true as far as it goes, but it is not the whole truth. To make it the whole truth, we must add an additional clause: "And for bad people to do good things—that [also] takes religion." The main point of Christianity is that it is a religion for sinners. Jesus made that very clear. When the Pharisees asked his disciples, "Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners?" he said, "I come to call not the righteous but sinners to repentance." Only a small fraction of sinners repent and do good things but only a small fraction of good people are led by their religion to do bad things.<ref name="nyrb06.html"/>}}
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| While Dyson has labeled himself a Christian, he identifies himself as agnostic about some of the specifics of his faith.<ref>{{cite book|title=Back to Hell|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=9781591608158|author=Moses Gbenu|accessdate=30 July 2012|page=110|quote=The cash part of this award is over $1 million. Three facts are significant about this award. First, the same award was given to an agnostic Mathematician Freeman Dyson, the Buddhist Dalai Lama, Mother Theresa, and Charles R. Filmore, son of the founder of the mind-science cult, Unity.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742507654|authors=Karl Giberson, Donald A. Yerxa|accessdate=30 July 2012|page=141|quote=Dyson is not a hard-nosed materialist and, in fact, criticizes his colleagues who champion that viewpoint. Officially, he calls himself an agnostic, but his writings make it clear that his agnosticism is tinged with something akin to deism.}}</ref> For example, here is a passage from Dyson's review of ''The God of Hope and the End of the World'' from [[John Polkinghorne]]:
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| {{quote| I am myself a Christian, a member of a community that preserves an ancient heritage of great literature and great music, provides help and counsel to young and old when they are in trouble, educates children in moral responsibility, and worships God in its own fashion. But I find Polkinghorne’s theology altogether too narrow for my taste. I have no use for a theology that claims to know the answers to deep questions but bases its arguments on the beliefs of a single tribe. I am a practicing Christian but not a believing Christian. To me, to worship God means to recognize that mind and intelligence are woven into the fabric of our universe in a way that altogether surpasses our comprehension.<ref>{{cite web|title=Science & Religion: No Ends in Sight|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2002/mar/28/science-religion-no-ends-in-sight/|publisher=The New York Review of Books|accessdate=30 July 2012|author=Freeman Dyson}}</ref>}}
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| ==See also==
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| {{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage=[[File:Freeman Dyson at Harvard cropped.jpg|210px]]
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| | video1 =[http://www.ted.com/talks/freeman_dyson_says_let_s_look_for_life_in_the_outer_solar_system.html Freeman Dyson: Let's look for life in the outer solar system], [[TED (conference)|TED Talks]], February 2003.
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| | video2 =[http://www.webofstories.com/play/freeman.dyson/1 Freeman Dyson 1 - My middle class upbringing], [[Web of Stories]] (1st of a series)
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| | video3 =[http://ww3.tvo.org/video/166231/freeman-dyson-living-through-four-revolutions Big Ideas: Freeman Dyson on Living Through Four Revolutions], [[TVOntario|TVO]], June 1, 2011 at Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Canada.
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| }}
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| * [[A.I. Shlyakhter]]
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| * [[Astrochicken]]
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| * [[Dyson conjecture]]
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| * [[Dyson's eternal intelligence]]
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| * [[Dyson number]]
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| * [[List of science and religion scholars]]
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| * [[The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll]]
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| * ''[[The Day After Trinity]]'' (1980)
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| * [[Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem|Thue–Siegel-Dyson-Roth theorem]]
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| * [[Rank of a partition]]
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| * [[Crank of a partition]]
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| ==Works==
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| * ''[[Symmetry Groups in Nuclear and Particle Physics]]'', 1966 (Academic-oriented text)
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| * ''[[Interstellar Transport]]'', Physics Today 1968
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| * ''[[Disturbing the Universe]]'', 1979, ISBN 0-06-011108-9. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983IrAJ...16...88D Review]
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| * ''[[Weapons and Hope]]'', 1984 (Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award).<ref name=civil/> [http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/38538/andrew-j-pierre/weapons-and-hope Review]
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| * ''[[Origins of Life]]'', 1986. Second edition, 1999. [http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/dysonf/origins.htm Review]
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| * ''[[Infinite in All Directions]]'', 1988, ISBN 0-14-014482-X. [http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/weblog/archives/000161.html Review]
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| * ''[[From Eros to Gaia]]'', 1992
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| * ''[[Selected Papers of Freeman Dyson]]'', 1996
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| * ''[[Imagined Worlds]]'', [[Harvard University Press]] 1997, ISBN 978-0-674-53908-2. [http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/dysonf/imagined.htm Review]
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| * ''[[The Sun, the Genome and the Internet]]'', 1999. [http://www.sfsite.com/08b/sun63.htm Review]
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| * ''[[L'mportanza di essere imprevedibile]]'', Di Renzo Editore, 2003
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| * ''[[The Scientist as Rebel]]'', 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/books/review/Johnson.t.html Review]
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| * ''[[Advanced Quantum Mechanics]]'', World Scientific, 2007, ISBN 978-981-270-661-4. Freely available at: [[arXiv:quant-ph/0608140]]. (Dyson's 1951 Cornell lecture notes transcribed by David Derbes)
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| * ''[[A Many-Colored Glass: Reflections on the Place of Life in the Universe]]'', University of Virginia Press, 2007. [http://brneurosci.org/reviews/dyson.html Review]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|25em}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| ===Books about Dyson===
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| * [[Kenneth Brower|Brower, Kenneth]], 1978. ''The Starship and the Canoe'', [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]].
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| * Schweber, Sylvan S., 1994. ''QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga''. [[Princeton University Press]]: chpt. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-03327-3.
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| ==External links==
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| {{wikiquote}}
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| {{Commons category}}
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| * {{official website|www.sns.ias.edu/~dyson/}}
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| * {{LCAuth|n79056129|Freeman J Dyson|20|}}
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| ===By Dyson===
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| * [http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X1330041X "Is A Graviton Detectable?"], by Freeman Dyson, invited talk given at the Conference in Honour of the 90th Birthday of Freeman Dyson, Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 26–29 August 2013
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| * [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21494 "The Question of Global Warming"], by Freeman Dyson, June 12, 2008
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| **[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21811 Comments on "The Question of Global Warming"], with a reply by Dyson, September 25, 2008
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| * [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20370 "Our Biotech Future"], essay by Freeman Dyson, July 19, 2007
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| **[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20612 Comments on "Our Biotech Future"], with a reply by Dyson,September 27, 2007
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| **[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20680 Another comment on "Our Biotech Future"], with a reply by Dyson, October 11, 2007
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| * [http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail170.html "In Praise of Open Thinking"], audio from a panel discussion with his son [[George Dyson (science historian)|George Dyson]], recorded 07-29-2004
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| * [http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge68.html Templeton Prize acceptance lecture 2000], by Freeman Dyson
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| * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/imaginedworlds.htm ''Imagined Worlds''] by Freeman Dyson, 1996: Chapter 1
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| * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTSxubKfTBU&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpathstoknowledge.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F03%2F26%2Fthe-experts-know-that-climate-models-are-no-better-than-the-inputs%2F&feature Video Interview of Freeman Dyson discussing Bogus Climate Models]
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| * [http://lewisfrumkes.com/radioshow/freeman-dyson-interview A radio interview with Freeman Dyson] Aired on the [[Lewis Burke Frumkes]] Radio Show in 2009.
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| * [http://www.nautilus.org/projects/foia/essentially-annihilated/dyson67.pdf/ Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia], published March 1967 (declassified December 2002)
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| * [http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/06/27/an-interview-with-freeman-dyson-on-the-origins-of-life-on-earth/ Suzan Mazur interviewing Dyson, 2012]
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| ===About Dyson===
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| * [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html?sq=Freeman "The Civil Heretic "], profile at the ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' by [[Nicholas Dawidoff]], March 25, 2009
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| **[http://www.e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2151 Interview, June 4, 2009], Dyson comments on the misleading overemphasis of his climate-change views in the NYT profile.
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| * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Dyson}}, biography, circa 2000
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| * [http://www.sns.ias.edu/~dyson/longbio.html Dyson biographical outline], circa 2005
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| * [http://www.nybooks.com/authors/514 Dyson author page and archive], from ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''
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| * [http://www.wildriverreview.com/quarkpark_dyson.php "The Scientist as Rebel"], 2005 interview at ''[[Wild River Review]]''
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| * [http://www.npr.org/rundowns/segment.php?wfId=4139566 NPR interview of Freeman Dyson], audio, ''[[All Things Considered]]'', November 2, 2004
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| * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=350379535220823176&q=genome Google video: interviewer: Robert Wright], video, 44:55, June 30, 2001
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| * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/740688.stm Freeman Dyson wins $1m religion prize], 9 May 2000
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| * [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.02/dyson.html "Freeman Dyson's Brain"], interview by [[Stewart Brand]] at ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', 1998
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| * [http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4585.html Oral History interview transcript with Freeman J. Dyson 17 December 1986], [[American Institute of Physics]], Niels Bohr Library and Archives
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| * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/dysonf1.shtml "Disturbing the Universe": BBC interview with Freeman Dyson], audio, 18 January 1980
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| * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/mars-a-bomb.shtml To Mars by A-bomb.] [[BBC]] Airdate 8 February 2006.
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| * {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Dyson on Heresy, Climate Change, and Science |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/freeman_dyson/ |work=[[EconTalk]] |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |authorlink=Russ Roberts |date=March 7, 2011}}
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| {{Wolf Prize in Physics}}
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| {{Templeton Prize Laureates}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=19745011 |LCCN=n/79/056129 |GND=119206269}}
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| {{Persondata
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| |NAME=Dyson, Freeman John
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| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
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| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Physicist and mathematician
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| |DATE OF BIRTH = December 15, 1923
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| |PLACE OF BIRTH = Crowthorne, Berkshire, England, UK
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| |DATE OF DEATH =
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| |PLACE OF DEATH
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| }}
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| [[Category:Freeman Dyson| ]]
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