|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Other uses}}
| | A privacy fence is a nice way to keep out unwanted eyes from your garden or home. These are usually stable walls that are relatively high so people can"t easily peer over them. People who have young children who often play in the back-yard often use privacy walls. Also, people who have pools or hot tubs often need to use a privacy fence in order to keep people from looking in on the activities occurring in the backyard. To check up more, please consider looking at: [http://www.pinterest.com/hornerbrosllc/ home improvement contractor]. Anyone who desires an extra little security may wish to have a privacy fence installed if there is maybe not one already there. <br><br>A privacy fence can be quite ornamental. It can be made from a variety of materials and depending on the place you want blocked off you can make it a professional look or even a very homey look. Whatever your personal style and taste is, there is a form of privacy wall available to you. [http://national.citysearch.com/profile/611272280/hamilton_nj/horner_brothers_llc.html Home Improvement Contractor] contains extra info about the purpose of this thing. A number of people choose to not use a traditional wall for [http://www.dict.cc/englisch-deutsch/privacy.html privacy] but rather use bushes or trees. They"ll point the area with [https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=close-fitting+tall&btnI=lucky close-fitting tall] bushes or trees. This can be good since it adds a stylish turn to the landscape. For people who have gardens, warm tubs or pools, this option may be specially interesting. The downside to the type of privacy wall is that it will need much more maintenance to take care of and so they remain beautiful cut the shrubs or trees. <br><br>Privacy walls can be made of wood also. These are often treated wood that is about nine feet tall. Clicking [http://www.merchantcircle.com/business/Horner.Brothers.LLC.888-449-8628 home improvement contractor] seemingly provides aids you could tell your aunt. An ornamental topper may also be included. It can seem a little plain especially if it"s used around a house, since the privacy wall is usually stable. You"ll want to make it a bit more beautiful while preserving the use for it too. An ornamental lattice work on the most effective can help make that happen. A privacy fence may also be manufactured from other resources including vinyl and chain-link. For a chain link fence, slats are woven among the links to produce a solid wall..<br><br>If you beloved this article in addition to you want to acquire more info regarding [http://evasivedairy4709.soup.io kids health insurance] generously stop by the web site. |
| {{Redirect|Harvest moon}}
| |
| [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Photograph of the full moon as viewed through a 9.25 inch [[Schmidt-Cassegrain]] telescope. This moon was near its greatest northern ecliptic latitude, so the southern craters are especially prominent.]]
| |
| [[File:Lunar eclipse june 2010 northup.jpg|thumb|200px|Photograph of full moon during the partial [[June 2010 lunar eclipse|lunar eclipse of June 26, 2010]].]]
| |
| A '''full moon''' is the [[lunar phase]] that occurs when the [[Moon]] is completely illuminated as seen from the [[Earth]]. This occurs when the Moon is in [[opposition (astronomy)|opposition]] with the [[Sun]] (when it is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun; more precisely, when the [[ecliptic coordinates|ecliptic longitude]]s of the Sun and Moon differ by 180 degrees).<ref>{{Cite book| first = P. Kenneth | last= Seidelmann | year= 2005 | title = Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac | isbn = 0-935702-68-7| chapter = Phases of the Moon | publisher = University Science Books|page=478 |quote=They are the times when the excess of the Moon's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude λ<sub>M</sub> over the Sun's apparent geocentric ecliptic longitude is 0, 90, 180, or 270 ...}}</ref> This means that the hemisphere of the Moon that is facing the Earth (the [[Near side of the Moon|near side]]) is almost fully illuminated by the Sun and appears round (while the [[far side of the Moon|far side]] is almost completely unilluminated). | |
| | |
| [[Lunar eclipse]]s can occur only at full moon, where the moon's orbit allows it to pass through the Earth's shadow. Lunar eclipses do not occur every month because the moon usually passes above or below the Earth's shadow (which is mostly restricted to the [[plane of the ecliptic|ecliptic plane]]). Lunar eclipses can occur only when the full moon occurs near the two [[orbital node|nodes of the orbit]], either the ascending or descending node. This causes eclipses to only occur about every 6 months, and often 2 weeks before or after a [[solar eclipse]] at [[new moon]] at the opposite node.
| |
| | |
| The time interval between similar lunar phases—the [[synodic month]]—averages about 29.53 days. Therefore, in those [[lunar calendar]]s in which each month begins on the new moon, the full moon falls on either the 14th or 15th of the [[lunar month]]. Because calendar months have a whole number of days, lunar months may be either 29 or 30 days long.
| |
| | |
| ==Characteristics==
| |
| [[File:Full moon.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|Composite image of the Moon as taken by the [[Galileo probe|Galileo]] spacecraft on 7 December 1992. The color is "enhanced" in the sense that the CCD camera is sensitive to near infrared wavelengths of light beyond human vision.]]
| |
| A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night's duration. This is somewhat misleading because the Moon seen from Earth is continuously becoming larger or smaller (though much too slowly to notice with the [[naked eye]]). Its absolute maximum size occurs at the moment expansion has stopped, and when [[Graph (mathematics)|graphed]], its [[tangent]] [[slope]] is zero. For any given location, about half of these absolute maximum full moons will be potentially visible, as the other half occur during the day, when the full moon is below the horizon. Many [[almanac]]s list full moons not just by date, but by their exact time as well, usually in [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC). Typical monthly [[calendars]] that include phases of the moon may be off by one day if intended for use in a different [[time zone]].
| |
| | |
| Full moons are generally a poor time to conduct [[astronomy|astronomical]] observations, since the bright reflected sunlight from the moon overwhelms the dimmer light from stars.
| |
| | |
| On 21 December 2008, the full moon occurred closer to the Earth than it had at any time for the previous 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/09dec_fullmoon.htm
| |
| |title=Biggest Full Moon of the Year
| |
| |last=Phillips |first=Tony
| |
| |work= Science@NASA
| |
| |date=9 December 2008|accessdate = 4 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Formula ===
| |
| The date and approximate time of a specific full moon (assuming a circular orbit) can be calculated from the following equation:<ref>{{Cite book| first = Jean | last = Meeus | year= 1998 | title = Astronomical Algorithms | edition = 2nd |isbn = 0-943396-61-1| chapter = Phases of the Moon | pages = 349–354 | publisher = Willmann-Bell | location = Richmond, Virginia}}</ref>
| |
| :<math> d = 20.362955 + 29.530588861 \times N + 102.026 \times 10^{-12} \times N^2</math>
| |
| where ''d'' is the number of days since 1 January 2000 00:00:00 in the [[Terrestrial Time]] scale used in astronomical [[ephemerides]]; for [[Universal Time]] (UT) add the following approximate correction to ''d'':
| |
| : <math>-0.000739 - (235 \times 10^{-12})\times N^2</math> days
| |
| where ''N'' is the number of full moons since the first full moon of 2000. The true time of a full moon may differ from this approximation by up to about 14.5 hours as a result of the non-circularity of the moon's orbit.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Meeus | first = Jean | chapter = The Duration of the Lunation |title= More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels | publisher = Willmann-Bell |location=Richmond, Virginia| year = 2002 | pages = 19–31 | isbn = 0-943396-74-3}}</ref> See [[New moon]] for an explanation of the formula and its parameters.
| |
| | |
| The age and apparent size of the full moon vary in a cycle of just under 14 [[synodic month]]s, which has been referred to as a [[full moon cycle]].
| |
| | |
| ==In folklore and tradition==
| |
| {{See also|List of lunar deities|Lunar effect}}
| |
| [[Image:Moon and red blue haze.jpg|thumb|Full moon rising, seen through the [[Belt of Venus]]]]
| |
| Full moons are traditionally associated with temporal [[insomnia]], [[insanity]] (hence the terms ''lunacy'' and ''lunatic'') and various "magical phenomena" such as [[lycanthropy]]. Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon.<ref>{{Cite news
| |
| | title=Full Moon Effect On Behavior Minimal, Studies Say
| |
| |date=6 February 2004| work=National Geographic News
| |
| | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1218_021218_moon.html}}</ref> They find that studies are generally not consistent, with some showing a positive effect and others showing a negative effect. In one instance, the 23 December 2000 issue of the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' published two studies on dog bite admission to hospitals in England and Australia. The study of the [[Bradford Royal Infirmary]] found that dog bites were twice as common during a full moon, whereas the study conducted by the public hospitals in Australia found that they were less likely.
| |
| | |
| ===Full moon names===
| |
| [[File:Full moon night.JPG|thumb|200px|The full moon, as observed from Earth on a clear night.]]
| |
| Historically, [[month]] names are names of moons (lunations, not necessarily full moons) in [[lunisolar calendars]].
| |
| Since the introduction of the solar [[Julian calendar]] in the Roman Empire, and later the [[Gregorian calendar]] worldwide, month names have ceased to be perceived as "moon names". The traditional [[Germanic_calendar#Month_names|Old English month names]] were equated with the names of the Julian calendar from an early time (soon after [[Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons|Christianization]], according to the testimony of [[Bede]] ca. AD 700).
| |
| | |
| Some full moons have developed new names in modern times, e.g. the [[blue moon]], and the names "harvest moon" and "hunter's moon" for the full moons of autumn.
| |
| | |
| ====Harvest and Hunter's moons====
| |
| {{anchor|Harvest moon}}{{anchor|Hunter's moon}}
| |
| | |
| [[File:harvest moon.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A harvest moon]]
| |
| "Harvest Moon" and "Hunter's Moon" are traditional terms for the full moons occurring in [[autumn]], usually in September and October, respectively.
| |
| The "Harvest Moon" is the full moon closest to [[autumnal equinox]], and the "Hunter's Moon" is the one following it.
| |
| The names are recorded from the early 18th century.<ref>see James Ferguson, ''Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's principles,: and made easy to those who have not studied mathematics'', 1756, [http://books.google.ch/books?id=Ji1cAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 128]</ref>
| |
| [[OED]] for "Harvest Moon" cites a 1706 reference, and for "Hunter's Moon" a 1710 edition of ''The British Apollo '', where the term is attributed to "the country people" (''The Country People call this the Hunters-Moon.'') The names became traditional in [[American folklore]], where they are now often popularly attributed to "[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|the Native Americans]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nightskyinfo.com/sky_highlights/hunters_moon/|title=The Hunter's Moon|last=Neata|first=Emil|work=Night Sky Info|accessdate=29 December 2008}}</ref>
| |
| The [[Feast of the Hunters' Moon]] is a yearly festival in [[Lafayette, Indiana]], held in late September or early October each year since 1968.<ref>
| |
| {{cite web | url = http://www.tcha.mus.in.us/feast.htm | title = Feast of the Hunters' Moon | publisher = Tippecanoe County Historical Association}}.</ref>
| |
| In 2010, the Harvest moon occurred on the night of equinox itself (some 5{{fraction|1|2}} hours after the point of equinox) for the first time since 1991.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/22sep_harvestmoon/ |title=Watch out for the Super Harvest Moon |work=NASA Science |date=22 September 2010 |accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jack|last=Maddox |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-22/living/harvest.moon_1_autumn-full-moon-optical-illusion?_s=PM:LIVING |title=Super Harvest Moon: Autumn phenomenon is a rare treat |work=CNN |date=September 22, 2010 |accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| All full moons rise around the time of sunset. Because the moon orbits the earth in the same direction the earth is rotating, the moon rises later each day – on average about 50.47 minutes later each day <ref>[http://cs.astronomy.com/asy/observing/f/2/t/16387.aspx] (1440/(29.53-1)=50.47 minutes)</ref> The Harvest Moon and Hunter's Moon are unique because the time difference between moonrises on successive evenings is much shorter than average. The moon rises approximately 30 minutes later from one night to the next, as seen from about 40 degrees N or S latitude.
| |
| Thus, there is no long period of darkness between sunset and moonrise for several days following the actual date of the full moon.
| |
| | |
| ====Farmers' Almanacs====
| |
| The ''[[Maine Farmers' Almanac]]'' from c. the 1930s began to publish "Indian" full moon names.
| |
| The ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' (since 1955 published in Maine, but not the same publication as the ''Maine Farmers' Almanac'') continues to do so.<ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url=http://www.farmersalmanac.com/full-moon-names/ |title="Full Moon Names and Their Meanings"
| |
| |work=[[Farmers' Almanac]] }} ([http://web.archive.org/web/20071005085525/http://www.farmersalmanac.com/full-moon-names 2007]); {{cite news
| |
| | title =Full Moons: What's in a Name?
| |
| | newspaper =[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]
| |
| | url =http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/full-moon-article/
| |
| | accessdate =2012-01-12}}
| |
| </ref>
| |
| | |
| An early list of "Indian month names" was published in 1918 by [[Daniel Carter Beard]] in his ''The American Boy's Book of Signs, Signals and Symbols'' for use by the [[Boy Scouts of America|boy scouts]]. Beard's "Indian" month names were:
| |
| :January: Difficulty, Black Smoke; February: Racoon, Bare Spots on the Ground; March: Wind, Little Grass, Sore-Eye; April: Ducks, Goose-Eggs; May: Green Grass, Root-Food; June: Corn-Planting, Strawberry; July: Buffalo (Bull), Hot Sun; August: Harvest, Cow Buffalo; September: Wild Rice, Red Plum; October: Leaf-Falling, Nuts; November: Deer-Mating, Fur-Pelts, December: Wolves, Big Moon.<ref>Beard 1918, pp. 78–80. "The Indians' Moons naturally vary in the different parts of the country, but by comparing them all and striking an average as near as may be, the moons are reduced to the following"</ref>
| |
| | |
| Such names have gained currency in [[American folklore]]. They appear in print more widely outside of the almanac tradition from the 1990s in popular publications about the Moon.
| |
| ''Mysteries of the Moon'' by Patricia Haddock ("Great Mysteries Series", Greenhaven Press, 1992) gave an extensive list of such names along with the individual tribal groups they were supposedly associated with.<ref>repeated in ''The Moon Book'' by Kim Long (1998:[http://books.google.ch/books?id=e6-ddrk3nxsC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false 102ff.]) Also in ''Llewellyn's 1996 Moon Sign Book'' (1995).
| |
| </ref> Haddock supposes that certain "Colonial American" moon names were adopted from [[Algonquian languages]] (which were formerly spoken in the territory of New England), while others are based in European tradition (e.g. the Colonial American names for the May moon, "Milk Moon", "Mother's Moon", "Hare Moon" have no parallels in the supposed native names, while the name of November, "Beaver Moon" is supposedly based in the Algonquin).
| |
|
| |
| The individual names given in ''Farmers' Almanac'' include:{{huh|date=May 2013}}<!--treating farmersalmanac.com as the primary source for this. But research is needed, the farmersalmanac.com page is undated, and they seem to be fiddling with it all the time, making up new names as they go along. What should be done here is, each name should be attributed to the earliest known publication in print in such an Almanac.--> | |
| *January: "Wolf Moon" (this is the name of December in Beard 1918)<ref>"Wolf Moon" is attributed to the Algonquin by Haddock (1992); the actual the Algonquin name for that moon is ''squochee kesos'' or "sun has not strength to thaw". [http://books.google.com/books?id=wQcQAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA166&ots=1aiqhDjivK&dq=squochee%20kesos&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false The New England historical & genealogical register and antiquarian journal: v. 10] The [[Sioux]] do mention wolves in their name for January, which means "when wolves run together". [http://www.wwu.edu/depts/skywise/indianmoons.html American Indian Moons]; they also refer to that moons as the "moon of the strong cold" or "frost in the teepee". Other tribes had different names for the moons. See also [http://americanindian.net/moons.html Indian Moons, Days & Other Calendar Stuff American Indian Moons]</ref> also "Old Moon"
| |
| *February: "Snow Moon", also "Hunger Moon"
| |
| *March: "Worm Moon", "Crow Moon", "Sap Moon", "Lenten Moon"
| |
| *April: "Seed Moon", "Pink Moon", "Sprouting Grass Moon", "Egg Moon" (c.f. "Goose-Egg" in Beard 1918), "Fish Moon"
| |
| *May: "Milk Moon", "Flower Moon", "Corn Planting Moon"
| |
| *June: "Mead Moon", "Strawberry Moon" (c.f. Beard 1918), "Rose Moon", "Thunder Moon"
| |
| *July: "Hay Moon", "Buck Moon", "Thunder Moon"
| |
| *August: "Corn Moon", "Sturgeon Moon", "Red Moon", "Green Corn Moon", "Grain Moon"
| |
| *September: "Harvest Moon", "Full Corn Moon",
| |
| *October: "[[Hunter's moon|Hunter's Moon]]", "Blood Moon"/"Sanguine Moon"
| |
| *November: "Beaver Moon", "Frosty Moon"
| |
| *December: "Oak Moon", "Cold Moon", "Long Nights Moon"
| |
| | |
| ==Lunar and lunisolar calendars==
| |
| {{Main|Lunar calendar}}
| |
| {{see|blue moon}}
| |
| Most pre-modern calendars the world over were [[lunisolar]], combining the solar year with the lunation by means of [[intercalary month]]s.
| |
| <ref>see e.g. {{Cite book| first = Bonnie | last = Blackburn | coauthors = et al.| year= 1999 | title = The Oxford Companion to the Year | isbn = 0-19-214231-3| publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| first = Edward M. | last = Reingold | coauthors = et al. | year= 2001 | title = Calendrical Calculations: The Millennium Edition | isbn = 0-521-77752-6 | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
| |
| The [[Julian calendar]] abandoned this method in favour of a purely solar reckoning while conversely the 7th-century [[Islamic calendar]] opted for a purely lunar one.
| |
| | |
| A remnant of the lunisolar calendar is found in certain religious calendars, most notably the date of [[Passover]] and [[Easter]] in Judaism and Christianity, respectively.
| |
| The date of the Jewish [[Sukkot]] festival is also dependent on the date of a full moon.<ref>[[Leviticus]] 23:4-7, 33-35.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Intercalary months===
| |
| {{main|Intercalary month}}
| |
| In lunisolar calendars, an intercalary month occurs 7 times in the 19 years of the [[Metonic cycle]], or on average every 2.7 years (19/7).
| |
| | |
| In the modern system of "traditional" full moon names tied to the [[solstice]] and [[equinox]] points, a supernumerary full moon in such a period is called a [[blue moon]]. The term "blue moon" used in this sense may date to as early as the 16th century, but it became well known in the United States due to the ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' (published since 1818).<ref>
| |
| The saying "once in a blue moon" meaning "very rarely" is recorded since the 1820s.
| |
| The term "blue moon" is recorded in 1528, in the couplet ''O churche men are wyly foxes [...] Yf they say the mone is blewe / We must beleve that it is true / Admittynge their interpretacion.'' ([[Thomas Wolsey]], ''Rede me and be nott wrothe, for I say no thynge but trothe'' ed. 1871 [http://archive.org/stream/redemeandbenottw00roywuoft#page/n121/mode/2up p. 114]); it isn't clear however if this refers to intercalation.</ref>
| |
| | |
| According to the ''Farmers' Almanac'', a "blue moon" is the third full moon in any period between either solstice and equinox, or between equinox and solstice, which contains four full moons.
| |
| Due to a misinterpretation of this definition in the March 1946 ''[[Sky & Telescope]]'' magazine, "blue moon" has also been used in the sense of "the second full moon in any month which contains two full moons (this usage has been noted as "erroneous" by ''Sky & Telescope'' in 1999).<ref>[http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/moon/3304131.html ''Sky and Telescope'' "What's a blue moon?"]</ref>
| |
| According to either definition, "blue moons" occur with the average frequency of intercalary months, seven times in 19 years, the ''Farmers' Almanac'' system of "full moon names" effectively defining a lunisolar calendar.
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| {{Portal|Moon}}
| |
| * [[Lunar phase]]
| |
| * [[Lunar eclipse]]
| |
| * [[Month]]
| |
| * [[Near side of the Moon]]
| |
| * [[New moon]]
| |
| * [[Orbit of the Moon]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Commons category|Full moon}}
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://moonphases.info/full_moon_calendar_dates.html#Next_Full_Moon_Calendar_Dates Full moon dates and resources]
| |
| * [http://stardate.org/nightsky/moon/ Moon phase calculator]
| |
| * [http://www.isthemoonfull.com/ Is the Moon Full?]
| |
| * [http://holyindia.org/moon/full_moon FULL MOON NEW MOON calendar]
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Full Moon}}
| |
| [[Category:Full moon| ]]
| |