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| {{About||Latin {{IPA|ɣ}}|Latin gamma|other uses|}}
| | Friends call him Royal Cummins. After being out of my job for years I grew to become a production and distribution officer but I plan on altering it. Her spouse and her selected to reside in Alabama. One of his preferred hobbies is playing crochet but he hasn't made a dime with it.<br><br>Also visit my homepage [http://Cricandy.com/xe/dddda/388834 Cricandy.com] |
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| {{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
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| {{Wiktionary|Γ|γ}}
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| {{Greek Alphabet|letter=gamma}}
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| '''Gamma''' (uppercase '''{{lang|el|Γ}}''', lowercase '''{{lang|el|γ}}'''; {{Lang-el|Γάμμα}} ''Gámma'') is the third letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 3. It was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician letter]] [[Gimel]] [[Image:phoenician gimel.png|20px|gimel]]. Letters that arose from gamma include the Roman [[C]] and [[G]] and the Cyrillic letters [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]] and [[Ge with upturn|Ґ]].
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| ==Uses==
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| ===Greek===
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| [[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The alphabet on a [[black figure]] vessel, with a [[Λ]]-shaped gamma]]
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| In [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]], gamma represented a [[voiced velar stop]] {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. In [[Modern Greek]], it represents a [[voiced consonant|voiced]] [[fricative]]. It is realized either as a [[voiced palatal fricative|palatal]] {{IPA|/ʝ/}} (before a [[front vowel]], /e, i/), or as a [[voiced velar fricative|velar]] {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (in all other environments).
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| Both in Ancient and in Modern Greek, before other [[velars]] (κ, χ, ξ ''k, kh, ks''), gamma represents a [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. A double gamma γγ represents the sequence {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} (phonetically varying {{IPA|[ŋɡ~ɡ]}}) or {{IPA|/ŋɣ/}}.
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| ===International Phonetic Alphabet===
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| In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], lowercase gamma ({{IPA|ɣ}}) represents the [[voiced velar fricative]]. A lowercase gamma that lies above the [[baseline (typography)|baseline]] rather than crossing it ({{IPA|ɤ}}) represents the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]].
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| ===Math and science===
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| ====Lower case====
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| The lower-case letter <math>\gamma</math> is used as a symbol for:
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| *[[Chromatic number]] of a [[Graph theory|graph]], sometimes <math>\chi</math> (Chi) is used, which is also used for the [[Euler characteristic]]
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| *[[Gamma radiation]] in [[nuclear physics]]
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| *[[Surface energy]] in [[materials science]]
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| *The [[Lorentz factor]] in [[theory of relativity]]
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| *The [[heat capacity ratio]] Cp/Cv in [[thermodynamics]]
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| *The [[activity coefficient]] in [[thermodynamics]]
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| *The [[gyromagnetic ratio]] in [[electromagnetism]]
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| *[[gamma waves|Gamma oscillation]] in [[neuroscience]]
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| *[[Gamma motoneuron]]s in [[neuroscience]]
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| *Gamma is a non-[[International System of Units|SI]] [[metric system|metric]] [[units of measurement|unit of measure]] of [[mass]] equal to one [[micro-|micro]][[gram]] (1 μg). This always-rare use is currently deprecated.
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| *Gamma is also a non-[[International System of Units|SI]] [[units of measurement|unit of measure]] of [[magnetic field|magnetic flux density]], sometimes used in [[geophysics]], equal to 1 [[nano-|nano]][[tesla (unit)|tesla]] (nT).
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| *The power by which the luminance of an image is increased in [[gamma correction]]
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| *The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]]
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| *In mechanical engineering:
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| **[[Specific weight]]
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| **The [[shear rate]] of a fluid is represented by a lower case gamma with a dot above it: <math> \dot \gamma </math>
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| **[[Austenite]] (also known as γ-iron), a metallic non-magnetic allotrope or solid solution of iron.
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| ====Upper case====
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| The upper-case letter <math>\Gamma</math> is used as a symbol for:
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| *In mathematics, the [[gamma function]] (usually written as <math>\Gamma </math>-function) is an extension of the [[factorial]] to [[complex number]]s
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| *In probability theory and statistics, the [[gamma distribution]] is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.
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| *[[circulation (fluid dynamics)|Circulation]] in [[fluid mechanics]]
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| *As [[reflection coefficient]] in physics and electrical engineering
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| *The tape alphabet of a [[Turing machine]]
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| ====Meteorology====
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| *Gamma was one of the names used in the [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]] as [[Tropical Storm Gamma]].
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| ==Technical notes==
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| ===HTML===
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| The [[List of XML and HTML character entity references#Character entity references in HTML|HTML entities]] for uppercase and lowercase gamma are <code>&Gamma;</code> and <code>&gamma;</code>.
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| ===Unicode===
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| * Greek Gamma
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| {{charmap
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| |0393|name1=Greek Capital Letter Gamma
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| |03B3|name2=Greek Small Letter Gamma
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| |1D26|name3=Greek Letter Small Capital Gamma
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| |1D5E|name4=Modifier Letter Small Greek Gamma
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| |1D67|name5=Greek Subscript Small Letter Gamma
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| }}
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| * Coptic Gamma
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| {{charmap
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| |2C84|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Gamma
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| |2C85|name2=Coptic Small Letter Gamma
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| }}
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| * Latin / [[International Phonetic Alphabet|phonetic]] Gamma
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| {{charmap
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| |0194|name1=Latin Capital Letter Gamma
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| |0263|name2=Latin Small Letter Gamma
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| |02E0|name3=Modifier Letter Small Gamma
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| |0264|name4=Latin Small Letter Rams Horn
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| }}
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| * CJK Square Gamma
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| {{charmap
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| |330F|name1=Square Gamma
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| }}
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| * Technical / Mathematical Gamma
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| {{charmap
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| |213E|name1=Double-Struck<br />Capital Gamma
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| |213D|name2=Double-Struck<br />Small Gamma
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| |1D6AA|name3=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Gamma
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| |1D6C4|name4=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Gamma
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| |1D6E4|name5=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Gamma
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| |1D6FE|name6=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Gamma
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| }}
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| {{charmap
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| |1D71E|name1=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Gamma
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| |1D738|name2=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Gamma
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| |1D758|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Gamma
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| |1D772|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Gamma
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| |1D792|name5=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Gamma
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| |1D7AC|name6=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Gamma
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| }}
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| These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г, г - Ge (Cyrillic)]]
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| *[[G|G, g - Latin]]
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| *[[Photon]]
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| [[Category:Greek letters]]
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Friends call him Royal Cummins. After being out of my job for years I grew to become a production and distribution officer but I plan on altering it. Her spouse and her selected to reside in Alabama. One of his preferred hobbies is playing crochet but he hasn't made a dime with it.
Also visit my homepage Cricandy.com