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| {{hatnote|This page is about the physical concept. In law, commerce, and in colloquial usage ''weight'' may also refer to [[mass]]. For other uses see [[weight (disambiguation)]].}}
| | I am Oscar and I totally dig that title. Years ago we moved to North Dakota. Hiring is her working day occupation now but she's usually wanted her own company. Doing ceramics is what adore doing.<br><br>Have a look at my web blog: healthy food delivery ([https://tomjones1190.wordpress.com/ have a peek at these guys]) |
| {{Infobox physical quantity
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| |image = [[File:Weeghaak.JPG|x200px]]
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| |caption = A [[spring scale]] measures the weight of an object.
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| |unit = [[newton (unit)|newton]] (N)
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| |derivations = ''W'' = ''[[mass|m]]'' · ''[[Gravity of Earth|g]]''
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| }}
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| In science and engineering, the '''weight''' of an object is usually taken to be the [[force]] on the object due to [[gravitation|gravity]].<ref name="Morrison">{{cite journal
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| |title=Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions
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| |author=Richard C. Morrison
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| |journal=[[The Physics Teacher]]
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| |volume=37 |page=51 |year=1999 |doi=10.1119/1.880152
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| |bibcode = 1999PhTea..37...51M }}</ref><ref name="Galili">{{cite journal
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| |title=Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives
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| |author=Igal Galili
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| |journal=International Journal of Science Education
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| |volume=23 |page=1073 |year=2001 |doi=10.1080/09500690110038585
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| |bibcode = 2001IJSEd..23.1073G }}</ref> Its magnitude (a [[scalar (physics)|scalar]] quantity), often denoted by an italic letter ''W'', is the product of the [[mass]] ''m'' of the object and the magnitude of the local [[gravitational acceleration]] ''g'';<ref name="Gat">{{cite book |title=Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – ''second volume'' |editor=Richard Alan Strehlow |year=1988 |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |isbn=978-0-8031-1183-7 |chapter=The weight of mass and the mess of weight |last=Gat |first=Uri |pages=45–48 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CoB5w9Km0mUC&pg=PA45}}</ref> thus: {{nowrap|1=''W'' = ''mg''}}. The [[unit of measurement]] for weight is that of [[force]], which in the [[International System of Units]] (SI) is the [[newton (unit)|newton]]. For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, and about one-sixth as much on the [[Moon]]. In this sense of weight, a body can be weightless only if it is far away from any gravitating mass.
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| The term weight and mass are often confused with each other in everyday discourse but they are distinct quantities.<ref name="Canada">The National Standard of Canada, CAN/CSA-Z234.1-89 Canadian Metric Practice Guide, January 1989:
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| *'''5.7.3''' Considerable confusion exists in the use of the term "weight." In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" nearly always means mass. In science and technology "weight" has primarily meant a force due to gravity. In scientific and technical work, the term "weight" should be replaced by the term "mass" or "force," depending on the application.
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| *'''5.7.4''' The use of the verb "to weigh" meaning "to determine the mass of," e.g., "I weighed this object and determined its mass to be 5 kg," is correct.</ref> There is also a rival tradition within [[Classical mechanics|Newtonian physics]] and engineering which sees weight as that which is measured when one uses scales. There the weight is a measure of the magnitude of the reaction force exerted on a body. Typically, in measuring someone's weight, the person is placed on scales at rest with respect to the earth but the definition can be extended to other states of motion. Thus in a state of free fall, the weight would be zero. In this second sense of weight, terrestrial objects can be weightless. Ignoring [[Drag (physics)|air resistance]], the famous apple on its way to meet [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s head is weightless.
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| Further complications in elucidating the various concepts of weight have to do with the [[theory of relativity]] according to which gravity becomes reduced to a [[Spacetime in general relativity|space-time curvature]]. In the teaching community, a considerable debate has existed for over half a century on how to define weight for their students. The current situation is that a multiple set of concepts co-exist and find use in their various contexts. <ref name="Galili"/>
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| ==History==
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| [[File:3199 - Athens - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Bronze weights - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] official bronze weights dating from around the 6th centtuy BC, exhibited in the [[Ancient Agora Museum]] in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]].]]
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| [[File:Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah.jpg|thumb|170px|Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah<ref>{{cite web|last=Sur Das |url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Baburnama/Weighing_Grain.htm |title=Weighing Grain |date=1590s |work=Baburnama}}</ref>]]
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| Discussion of the concepts of heaviness (weight) and lightness (levity) date back to the [[ancient Greek philosophy|ancient Greek philosophers]]. These were typically viewed as inherent properties of objects. [[Plato]] described weight as the natural tendency of objects to seek their kin. To [[Aristotle]] weight and levity represented the tendency to restore the natural order of the basic elements: air, earth, fire and water. He ascribed absolute weight to earth and absolute levity to fire. [[Archimedes]] saw weight as a quality opposed to [[buoyancy]], with the conflict between the two determining if an object sinks or floats. The first operational definition of weight was given by [[Euclid]], who defined weight as: "weight is the heaviness or lightness of one thing, compared to another, as measured by a balance."<ref name="Galili"/> Operational balances (rather than definitions) had, however, been around much longer.<ref>http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/museum accessed 29 March 2013.</ref>
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| According to Aristotle, weight was the direct cause of the falling motion of an object, the speed of the falling object was supposed to be directly proportionate to the weight of the object. As medieval scholars discovered that in practice the speed of a falling object increased with time, this prompted a change to the concept of weight to maintain this cause effect relationship. Weight was split into a "still weight" or ''pondus'', which remained constant, and the actual gravity or ''gravitas'', which changed as the object fell. The concept of ''gravitas'' was eventually replaced by [[Jean Buridan]]'s [[theory of impetus|impetus]], a precursor to [[momentum]].<ref name="Galili"/>
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| The rise of the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican view of the world]] led to the resurgence of the Platonic idea that like objects attract but in the context of heavenly bodies. In the 17th century, [[Galileo]] made significant advances in the concept of weight. He proposed a way to measure the difference between the weight of a moving object and an object at rest. Ultimately, he concluded weight was proportionate to the amount of matter of an object, and not the speed of motion as supposed by the Aristotelean view of physics.<ref name="Galili"/>
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| ===Newton===
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| The introduction of [[Newton's laws of motion]] and the development of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] led to considerable further development of the concept of weight. Weight became fundamentally separate from [[mass]]. Mass was identified as a fundamental property of objects connected to their [[inertia]], while weight became identified with the force of gravity on an object and therefore dependent on the context of the object. In particular, Newton considered weight to be relative to another object causing the gravitational pull, e.g. the weight of the Earth towards the Sun.<ref name="Galili"/>
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| Newton considered time and space to be absolute. This allowed him to consider concepts as true position and true velocity.{{Clarify| reason = broken sentence; not sure if it should say "*such* concepts as", or if there is something else missing|date=June 2011}} Newton also recognized that weight as measured by the action of weighing was affected by environmental factors such as buoyancy. He considered this a false weight induced by imperfect measurement conditions, for which he introduced the term ''apparent weight'' as compared to the ''true weight'' defined by gravity.<ref name="Galili"/>
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| Although Newtonian physics made a clear distinction between weight and mass, the term weight continued to be commonly used when people meant mass. This led the 3rd [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) of 1901 to officially declare "The word ''weight'' denotes a quantity of the same nature as a ''force'': the weight of a body is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity", thus distinguishing it from mass for official usage.
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| ===Relativity===
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| In the 20th century, the Newtonian concepts of absolute time and space were challenged by relativity. Einstein's [[principle of equivalence]] put all observers, moving or accelerating, on the same footing. This led to an ambiguity as to what exactly is meant by the force of gravity and weight. A scale in an accelerating elevator cannot be distinguished from a scale in a gravitational field. Gravitational force and weight thereby became essentially frame-dependent quantities. This prompted the abandonment of the concept as superfluous in the fundamental sciences such as physics and chemistry. Nonetheless, the concept remained important in the teaching of physics. The ambiguities introduced by relativity led, starting in the 1960s, to considerable debate in the teaching community as how to define weight for their students, choosing between a nominal definition of weight as the force due to gravity or an operational definition defined by the act of weighing.<ref name="Galili"/>
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| ==Definitions==
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| [[File:Nitrolympics TopFuel 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300px|This [[top fuel|top-fuel dragster]] can accelerate from zero to {{convert|160|km/h|0}} in 0.86 seconds. This is a horizontal acceleration of 5.3 g. Combined with the vertical g-force in the stationary case the [[Pythagorean theorem]] yields a g-force of 5.4 g. It is this g-force that causes the driver's weight if one uses the operational definition. If one uses the gravitational definition, the driver's weight is unchanged by the motion of the car.]]
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| Several definitions exist for ''weight'', not all of which are equivalent.<ref name="Gat"/><ref name="King">{{cite journal
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| |title=Weight and weightlessness
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| |author=Allen L. King
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| |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=30 |page=387 |year=1963 |doi=10.1119/1.1942032
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| |bibcode = 1962AmJPh..30..387K }}</ref><ref name="French">{{cite journal |title=On weightlessness |author=A. P. French |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=63 |pages=105–106 |year=1995 |doi=10.1119/1.17990|bibcode = 1995AmJPh..63..105F }}</ref><ref name="Galili-Lehavi">{{cite journal |last1=Galili |first1=I. |last2=Lehavi |first2=Y. |year=2003 |title=The importance of weightlessness and tides in teaching gravitation |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=1127–1135 |url=http://sites.huji.ac.il/science/stc/staff_h/Igal/Research%20Articles/Weight-AJP.pdf |doi=10.1119/1.1607336|bibcode = 2003AmJPh..71.1127G }}</ref>
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| ===Gravitational definition===
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| The most common definition of weight found in introductory physics textbooks defines weight as the force exerted on a body by gravity.<ref name="Morrison"/><ref name="Galili-Lehavi"/> This is often expressed in the formula {{nowrap|1=''W'' = ''mg''}}, where ''W'' is the weight, ''m'' the mass of the object, and ''g'' [[gravitational acceleration]].
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| In 1901, the 3rd [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) established this as their official definition of ''weight'':
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| {{quotation|"The word ''weight'' denotes a quantity of the same nature{{#tag:ref
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| |The phrase "quantity of the same nature" is a literal translation of the [[French (language)|French]] phrase ''grandeur de la même nature''. Although this is an authorized translation, VIM 3 of the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] recommends translating ''grandeurs de même nature'' as ''quantities of the same kind''.<ref>{{cite book
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| |author=Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM/WG 2)
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| |title=International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) — Vocabulaire international de métrologie — Concepts fondamentaux et généraux et termes associés (VIM)
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| |url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf
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| |year=2008 |edition=3rd |type=JCGM 200:2008 |publisher=[[BIPM]]
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| |at=Note 3 to Section 1.2
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| |language=English and French
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| }}</ref>|group=Note
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| }} as a ''force'': the weight of a body is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity."
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| |Resolution 2 of the 3rd General Conference on Weights and Measures<ref name="3rdCGPM"/><ref name=taylor>{{cite book |editors=Barry N. Taylor and Ambler Thompson |title=The International System of Units (SI) |publisher=[[NIST]] |year=2008 |series=NIST Special Publication 330 |edition=2008 |page=52 |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf}}</ref>}}
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| This resolution defines weight as a vector, since force is a vector quantity. However, some textbooks also take weight to be a scalar by defining:
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| {{quotation|"The weight ''W'' of a body is equal to the magnitude ''F<sub>g</sub>'' of the gravitational force on the body."<ref name="Halliday 2007 95">{{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Physics, Volume 1 |first=David |last=Halliday |first2=Robert |last2=Resnick |first3=Jearl |last3=Walker |publisher= Wiley |year=2007 |edition=8th |page=95 |isbn= 978-0-470-04473-5}}</ref>}}
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| The gravitational acceleration varies from place to place. Sometimes, it is simply taken to a have a [[standard gravity|standard value]] of {{nowrap|9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup>}}, which gives the [[standard weight]].<ref name="3rdCGPM">{{cite web
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| |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/3/2/
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| |title=Resolution of the 3rd meeting of the CGPM (1901)
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| |publisher=BIPM
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| }}</ref>
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| The force whose magnitude is equal to ''mg'' newtons is also known as the '''m kilogram weight''' (which term is abbreviated to '''kg-wt''')<ref>Chester, W. Mechanics. George Allen & Unwin. London. 1979. ISBN 0-04-510059-4. Section 3.2 at page 83.</ref>
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| {{multiple image
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| | align = right
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| | direction = horizontal
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| | header = Measuring weight versus mass
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| | image1 = Weegschaal1.jpg
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| | width1 = 125
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| | image2 = Bascula_9.jpg
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| | width2 = 220
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| | footer = Left: A [[Weighing scale|spring scale]] measures weight, by seeing how much the object pushes on a spring (inside the device). On the Moon, an object would give a lower reading. Right: A [[weighing scale|balance scale]] measures mass,{{dubious|date=January 2013}}<!-- Actually, it compares weights. It has the secondary effect of comparing masses only because weight is proportional to mass. --> by comparing an object to references. On the Moon, an object would give the same reading, because the object and references would ''both'' become lighter.}}
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| ===Operational definition===
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| In the operational definition, the weight of an object is the [[force]] measured by the operation of weighing it, which is the force it exerts on its support.<ref name="King"/> This can make a considerable difference, depending on the details; for example, an object in [[free fall]] exerts little if any force on its support, a situation that is commonly referred to as [[weightlessness]]. However, being in free fall does not affect the weight according to the gravitational definition. Therefore, the operational definition is sometimes refined by requiring that the object be at rest.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} However, this raises the issue of defining "at rest" (usually being at rest with respect to the Earth is implied by using [[standard gravity]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}). In the operational definition, the weight of an object at rest on the surface of the Earth is lessened by the effect of the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation.
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| The operational definition, as usually given, does not explicitly exclude the effects of [[buoyancy]], which reduces the measured weight of an object when it is immersed in a fluid such as air or water. As a result, a floating balloon or an object floating in water might be said to have zero weight.
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| ===ISO definition===
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| In the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] International standard ISO 80000-4(2006),<ref>ISO 80000-4:2006, Quantities and units - Part 4: Mechanics</ref> describing the basic physical quantities and units in mechanics as a part of the International standard [[ISO/IEC 80000]], the definition of ''weight'' is given as:
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| {{quotation|
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| '''Definition'''
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| :<math>F_g = m g \, </math>,
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| :where ''m'' is mass and ''g'' is local acceleration of free fall.
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| '''Remarks'''
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| *It should be noted that, when the reference frame is Earth, this quantity comprises not only the local gravitational force, but also the local centrifugal force due to the rotation of the Earth, a force which varies with latitude.
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| *The effect of atmospheric buoyancy is excluded in the weight.
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| *In common parlance, the name "weight" continues to be used where "mass" is meant, but this practice is deprecated.
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| |ISO 80000-4 (2006)}}
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| The definition is dependent on the chosen [[frame of reference]]. When the chosen frame is co-moving with the object in question then this definition precisely agrees with the operational definition.<ref name="French"/> If the specified frame is the surface of the Earth, the weight according to the ISO and gravitational definitions differ only by the centrifugal effects due to the rotation of the Earth.
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| === Apparent weight ===
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| {{Main|Apparent weight}}
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| In many real world situations the act of weighing may produce a result that differs from the ideal value provided by the definition used. This is usually referred to as the apparent weight of the object. A common example of this is the effect of [[buoyancy]], when an object is immersed in a [[fluid]] the displacement of the fluid will cause an upward force on the object, making it appear lighter when weighed on a scale.<ref>{{cite book
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| |title=Principles of mechanics and biomechanics
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| |author=Bell, F.
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| |isbn=978-0-7487-3332-3
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| |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bPcPnZQ36KwC&pg=PA174
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| |pages=174–176
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| |year=1998
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| |publisher=Stanley Thornes Ltd
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| }}</ref> The apparent weight may be similarly affected by [[levitation]] and mechanical suspension. When the gravitational definition of weight is used, the operational weight measured by an accelerating scale is often also referred to as the apparent weight.<ref>{{cite journal
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| |author = Galili, Igal
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| |title = Weight and gravity: teachers’ ambiguity and students’ confusion about the concepts
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| |journal = International Journal of Science Education
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| |volume = 15
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| |number = 2
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| |pages = 149–162
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| |year = 1993
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| |doi = 10.1080/0950069930150204
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| |bibcode = 1993IJSEd..15..149G }}</ref>
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| ==Weight and mass==
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| [[File:WeightNormal.svg|thumb|250px|A force diagram showing the [[force]]s acting on an object at rest on a surface. Notice that the amount of force that the table is pushing upward on the object (the N vector) is equal to the downward force of the object's weight (shown here as ''mg'', as weight is equal to the object's mass multiplied with the acceleration due to gravity): because these forces are equal, the object is in a state of [[mechanical equilibrium|equilibrium]] (all the forces acting on it balance to zero).]]
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| {{Main|Mass versus weight}}
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| In modern scientific usage, weight and [[mass]] are fundamentally different quantities: mass is an "extrinsic" ([[Intensive and extensive properties|extensive]]) property of [[matter]], whereas weight is a ''force'' that results from the action of [[gravity]] on matter: it measures how strongly the force of gravity pulls on that matter. However, in most practical everyday situations the word "weight" is used when, strictly, "mass" is meant.<ref name="Canada"/><ref name="NIST811wt">{{cite web |author=A. Thompson and B. N. Taylor |title=The NIST Guide for the use of the International System of Units, Section 8: Comments on Some Quantities and Their Units |work=Special Publication 811 |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec08.html#8.3 |publisher=[[NIST]] |date=July 2, 2009 (last updated: March 3, 2010) |accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref> For example, most people would say that an object "weighs one kilogram", even though the kilogram is a unit of mass.
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| The scientific distinction between mass and weight is unimportant for many practical purposes because the strength of gravity is almost the same everywhere on the surface of the Earth. In a uniform gravitational field, the gravitational force exerted on an object (its weight) is [[Proportionality (mathematics)|directly proportional]] to its mass. For example, object A weighs 10 times as much as object B, so therefore the mass of object A is 10 times greater than that of object B. This means that an object's mass can be measured indirectly by its weight, and so, for everyday purposes, [[weighing]] (using a [[weighing scale]]) is an entirely acceptable way of measuring mass. Similarly, a [[Weighing scale#Balance|balance]] measures mass indirectly by comparing the weight of the measured item to that of an object(s) of known mass. Since the measured item and the comparison mass are in virtually the same location, so experiencing the same [[gravity|gravitational field]], the effect of varying gravity does not affect the comparison or the resulting measurement.
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| The Earth's [[gravity|gravitational field]] is not uniform but can vary by as much as 0.5%<ref>{{cite book
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| | last = Hodgeman
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| | first = Charles, Ed.
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| | authorlink =
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| | coauthors =
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| | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th Ed.
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| | publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
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| | year = 1961
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| | location = Cleveland, USA
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| | pages =
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| | url =
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| | doi =
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| | isbn = }} p.3480-3485</ref> at different locations on Earth (see [[Earth's gravity]]). These variations alter the relationship between weight and mass, and must be taken into account in high precision weight measurements that are intended to indirectly measure mass. [[Spring scale]]s, which measure local weight, must be calibrated at the location at which the objects will be used to show this standard weight, to be legal for commerce.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=Doesn't this depend on the jurisdiction?}}
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| This table shows the variation of acceleration due to gravity (and hence the variation of weight) at various locations on the Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite book
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| |first = John B
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| |last = Clark
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| |title = Physical and Mathematical Tables
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| |publisher = Oliver and Boyd
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| |year = 1964}}</ref>
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| {| class="wikitable" border="2"
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| |-
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| ! Location
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| ! Latitude
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| ! m/s<sup>2</sup>
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| |-
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| | [[Equator]]
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| | 0°
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| | 9.7803
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| |-
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| | [[Sydney]]
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| | 33°52′ S
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| | 9.7968
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| |-
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| | [[Aberdeen]]
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| | 57°9′ N
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| | 9.8168
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| |-
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| |-
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| | [[North Pole]]
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| | 90° N
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| | 9.8322
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| |-
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| |}
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| The historic use of "weight" for "mass" also persists in some scientific terminology – for example, the [[chemistry|chemical]] terms "atomic weight", "molecular weight", and "formula weight", can still be found rather than the preferred "[[atomic mass]]" etc.
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| In a different gravitational field, for example, on the surface of the [[Moon]], an object can have a significantly different weight than on Earth. The gravity on the surface of the Moon is only about one-sixth as strong as on the surface of the Earth. A one-kilogram mass is still a one-kilogram mass (as mass is an extrinsic property of the object) but the downward force due to gravity, and therefore its weight, is only one-sixth of what the object would have on Earth. So a man of mass 180 [[Pound (mass)|pounds]] weighs only about 30 [[pound-force|pounds-force]] when visiting the Moon.
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| ===SI units===
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| In most modern scientific work, physical quantities are measured in [[International System of Units|SI]] units. The SI unit of weight is the same as that of force: the [[newton (unit)|newton]] (N) – a derived unit which can also be expressed in [[SI base unit]]s as kg·m/s<sup>2</sup> (kilograms times meters per second squared).<ref name=NIST811wt/>
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| In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" is usually used to mean mass, and the verb "to weigh" means "to determine the mass of" or "to have a mass of". Used in this sense, the proper SI unit is the [[kilogram]] (kg).<ref name=NIST811wt/>
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| ===Pound and other non-SI units===
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| In [[United States customary units]], the pound can be either a unit of force or a unit of mass.<ref>{{cite web
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| | url = http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/common-conversion-b.cfm
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| | title = Common Conversion Factors, Approximate Conversions from U.S. Customary Measures to Metric
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| | publisher = [[ National Institute of Standards and Technology]]
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| | accessdate = 2013-09-03}}</ref> Related units used in some distinct, separate subsystems of units include the [[poundal]] and the [[slug (mass)|slug]]. The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate an object of one-pound <em>mass</em> at 1 ft/s<sup>2</sup>, and is equivalent to about 1/32.2 of a pound-<em>force</em>. The slug is defined as the amount of mass that accelerates at 1 ft/s<sup>2</sup> when one pound-force is exerted on it, and is equivalent to about 32.2 pounds (mass).
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| The [[kilogram-force]] is a non-SI unit of force, defined as the force exerted by a one kilogram mass in standard Earth gravity (equal to 9.80665 newtons exactly). The [[dyne]] is the [[centimetre-gram-second|cgs]] unit of force and is not a part of SI, while weights measured in the cgs unit of mass, the gram, remain a part of SI.
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| ==Sensation of weight==
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| {{See also|Apparent weight}}
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| The sensation of weight is caused by the force exerted by fluids in the [[vestibular system]], a three-dimensional set of tubes in the inner [[ear]].{{Dubious|Sensation of Weight|date=June 2010}} It is actually the sensation of [[g-force]], regardless of whether this is due to being stationary in the presence of gravity, or, if the person is in motion, the result of any other forces acting on the body such as in the case of acceleration or deceleration of a lift, or centrifugal forces when turning sharply.
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| ==Measuring weight==
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| {{Main|Weighing scale}}
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| [[File:Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg|thumb|A [[weighbridge]], used for weighing trucks]]
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| Weight is commonly measured using one of two methods. A [[Weighing scale#Spring scales|spring scale]] or [[Weighing scale#Hydraulic or pneumatic scale|hydraulic or pneumatic scale]] measures local weight, the local [[force]] of [[gravity]] on the object (strictly [[apparent weight|''apparent'' weight force]]). Since the local force of gravity can vary by up to 0.5% at different locations, spring scales will measure slightly different weights for the same object (the same mass) at different locations. To standardize weights, scales are always calibrated to read the weight an object would have at a nominal [[standard gravity]] of 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup> (approx. 32.174 ft/s<sup>2</sup>). However, this calibration is done at the factory. When the scale is moved to another location on Earth, the force of gravity will be different, causing a slight error. So to be highly accurate, and legal for commerce, [[spring scale]]s must be re-calibrated at the location at which they will be used.
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| A ''[[Weighing scale#Balance|balance]]'' on the other hand, compares the weight of an unknown object in one scale pan to the weight of standard masses in the other, using a [[lever]] mechanism – a lever-balance. The standard masses are often referred to, non-technically, as <em>"weights"<em>. Since any variations in gravity will act equally on the unknown and the known weights, a lever-balance will indicate the same value at any location on Earth. Therefore, balance <em>"weights"<em> are usually calibrated and marked in [[mass]] units, so the lever-balance measures mass by comparing the Earth's attraction on the unknown object and standard masses in the scale pans. In the absence of a gravitational field, away from planetary bodies (e.g. space), a lever-balance would not work, but on the Moon, for example, it would give the same reading as on Earth. Some balances can be marked in weight units, but since the weights are calibrated at the factory for standard gravity, the balance will measure standard weight, i.e. what the object would weigh at standard gravity, not the actual local force of gravity on the object.
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| If the actual force of gravity on the object is needed, this can be calculated by multiplying the mass measured by the balance by the acceleration due to gravity – either standard gravity (for everyday work) or the precise local gravity (for precision work). Tables of the gravitational acceleration at different locations can be found on the web.
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| '''Gross weight''' is a term that is generally found in commerce or trade applications, and refers to the total weight of a product and its packaging. Conversely, '''net weight''' refers to the weight of the product alone, discounting the weight of its container or packaging; and '''[[tare weight]]''' is the weight of the packaging alone.
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| ==Relative weights on the Earth and other celestial bodies==
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| {{Main|Earth's gravity|Surface gravity}}
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| The table below shows comparative [[Surface gravity|gravitational accelerations at the surface]] of the Sun, the Earth's moon, each of the planets in the solar system. The “surface” is taken to mean the cloud tops of the [[gas giants]] (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). For the Sun, the surface is taken to mean the [[photosphere]]. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal effect of planet rotation (and cloud-top wind speeds for the gas giants) and therefore, generally speaking, are similar to the actual gravity that would be experienced near the poles.
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1"
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| ! Body
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| ! Multiple of<br>Earth gravity
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| ! [[Surface gravity]]<br>m/s<sup>2</sup>
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| |-
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| | [[Sun]]
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| | 27.90
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| | 274.1
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| |-
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| | [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
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| | 0.3770
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| | 3.703
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| |-
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| | [[Venus]]
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| | 0.9032
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| | 8.872
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| |-
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| | [[Earth (planet)|Earth]]
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| | 1 (by definition)
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| | 9.8226<span style="margin-left:0.2em"><ref></span>This value excludes the adjustment for centrifugal force due to Earth’s rotation and is therefore greater than the 9.806<span style="margin-left:0.25em">65 m/s<sup>2</sup><span> value of [[standard gravity]].</ref>
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| |-
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| | [[Moon]]
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| | 0.1655
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| | 1.625
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| |-
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| | [[Mars]]
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| | 0.3895
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| | 3.728
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| |-
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| | [[Jupiter]]
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| | 2.640
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| | 25.93
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| |-
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| | [[Saturn]]
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| | 1.139
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| | 11.19
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| |-
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| | [[Uranus]]
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| | 0.917
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| | 9.01
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| |-
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| | [[Neptune]]
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| | 1.148
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| | 11.28
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Body weight]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|group=Note}}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| [[Category:Commerce]]
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| [[Category:Mass]]
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| [[Category:Force]]
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| [[Category:Physiology]]
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