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| {{about|amplitude in classical physics|quantum-mechanical amplitude|probability amplitude|the video game|Amplitude (video game)}}
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| {{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
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| The '''amplitude''' of a [[Periodic function|period]]ic [[Variable (mathematics)|variable]] is a measure of its change over a single [[Period (mathematics)|period]] (such as [[period (physics)|time]] or [[Wavelength|spatial period]]). There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all [[function (mathematics)|function]]s of the magnitude of the difference between the variable's [[Maxima and minima|extreme values]]. In older texts the [[Phase (waves)|phase]] is sometimes called the amplitude.<ref>{{Cite book | author1=Knopp, Konrad| author2= Bagemihl, Frederick | authorlink1=Konrad Knopp | title=Theory of Functions Parts I and II | year=1996 | publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=978-0-486-69219-7 | page=3}}</ref>
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| ==Definitions of the term==
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| [[File:Sine voltage.svg|thumb|A [[Sine wave|sinusoidal]] curve<br />1 = Peak amplitude (<math>\scriptstyle\hat U</math>),<br />2 = Peak-to-peak amplitude (<math>\scriptstyle2\hat U</math>),<br />3 = Root mean square amplitude (<math>\scriptstyle\hat U/\sqrt{2}</math>),<br />4 = [[Wave period]] (not an amplitude)]]
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| ===Peak-to-peak amplitude===
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| {{redirect|Peak to peak|the school|Peak to Peak Charter School}}
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| Peak-to-peak amplitude is the change between peak (highest amplitude value) and [[Crest (physics)|trough]] (lowest amplitude value, which can be negative). With appropriate circuitry, peak-to-peak amplitudes of electric oscillations can be measured by meters or by viewing the waveform on an [[oscilloscope]]. Peak-to-peak is a straightforward measurement on an oscilloscope, the peaks of the waveform being easily identified and measured against the [[Oscilloscope#Graticule|graticule]]. This remains a common way of specifying amplitude, but sometimes other measures of amplitude are more appropriate.
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| ===Peak amplitude===
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| In [[audio system measurements]], [[telecommunications]] and other areas where the [[wikt:measurand|measurand]] is a signal that swings above and below a zero value but is not [[Sine wave|sinusoidal]], peak amplitude is often used. This is the maximum [[absolute value]] of the signal.
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| ===Semi-amplitude===
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| <!-- This section is the target of [[Semi-amplitude]] -->
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| Semi-amplitude means half the peak-to-peak amplitude.<ref name="Tatum">Tatum, J. B. ''[http://orca.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs/celm18.pdf Physics – Celestial Mechanics].'' Paragraph 18.2.12. 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-22.</ref> It is the most widely used measure of orbital amplitude in [[astronomy]] and the measurement of small semi-amplitudes of nearby stars is important in the search for [[exoplanet]]s.<ref>Goldvais, Uriel A. [http://img2.tapuz.co.il/forums/1_109580628.pdf Exoplanets], pp. 2–3. Retrieved 2008-08-22.</ref> For a sine wave, peak amplitude and semi-amplitude are the same.
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| Some scientists<ref>Regents of the [[University of California]]. ''[http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/light/measure_amp.html#measure4 Universe of Light: What is the Amplitude of a Wave?]'' 1996. Retrieved 2008-08-22.</ref> use "amplitude" or "peak amplitude" to mean semi-amplitude, that is, half the peak-to-peak amplitude.
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| ===Root mean square amplitude===
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| [[Root mean square]] (RMS) amplitude is used especially in [[electrical engineering]]: the RMS is defined as the [[square root]] of the [[mean]] over time of the square of the vertical distance of the graph from the rest state.<ref>Department of Communicative Disorders [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]. ''[http://www.comdis.wisc.edu/vcd202/rms.html RMS Amplitude]''. Retrieved 2008-08-22.</ref>
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| For complex waveforms, especially non-repeating signals like noise, the RMS amplitude is usually used because it is both unambiguous and has physical significance. For example, the average [[power (physics)|power]] transmitted by an acoustic or [[electromagnetic wave]] or by an electrical signal is proportional to the square of the RMS amplitude (and not, in general, to the square of the peak amplitude).<ref>Ward, ''Electrical Engineering Science'', pp. 141–142, McGraw-Hill, 1971.</ref>
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| For [[alternating current]] [[electric power]], the universal practice is to specify RMS values of a sinusoidal waveform. One property of root mean square voltages and currents is that they produce the same heating effect as DC in a given resistance.
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| The peak-to-peak voltage of a sine wave is about 2.8 times the RMS value. The peak-to-peak value is used, for example, when choosing rectifiers for power supplies, or when estimating the maximum voltage insulation must withstand. Some common [[voltmeter]]s are calibrated for RMS amplitude, but respond to the average value of a rectified waveform. Many digital voltmeters and all moving coil meters are in this category. The RMS calibration is only correct for a sine wave input since the ratio between peak, average and RMS values is dependent on [[waveform]]. If the wave shape being measured is greatly different from a sine wave, the relationship between RMS and average value changes. True RMS-responding meters were used in [[radio frequency]] measurements, where instruments measured the heating effect in a resistor to measure current. The advent of [[microprocessor]] controlled meters capable of calculating RMS by [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampling]] the waveform has made true RMS measurement commonplace.
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| ===Ambiguity===
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| In general, the use of peak amplitude is simple and unambiguous only for symmetric periodic waves, like a sine wave, a [[square wave]], or a triangular wave. For an asymmetric wave (periodic pulses in one direction, for example), the peak amplitude becomes ambiguous. This is because the value is different depending on whether the maximum positive signal is measured relative to the mean, the maximum negative signal is measured relative to the mean, or the maximum positive signal is measured relative to the maximum negative signal (the ''peak-to-peak amplitude'') and then divided by two. In electrical engineering, the usual solution to this ambiguity is to measure the amplitude from a defined reference potential (such as [[Ground (electricity)|ground]] or 0 V). Strictly speaking, this is no longer amplitude since there is the possibility that a constant (DC component) is included in the measurement.
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| ===Pulse amplitude===
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| In [[telecommunication]], ''pulse amplitude'' is the magnitude of a [[pulse (signal processing)|pulse]] parameter, such as the [[voltage]] level, [[Electric current|current]] level, [[field intensity]], or [[Power (physics)|power]] level.
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| Pulse amplitude is measured with respect to a specified reference and therefore should be modified by qualifiers, such as "average", "instantaneous", "peak", or "root-mean-square".
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| Pulse amplitude also applies to the amplitude of [[frequency]]- and [[phase (waves)|phase]]-modulated [[waveform]] envelopes.<ref>{{FS1037C}}</ref>
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| ==Formal representation==
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| In this simple [[wave equation]]
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| :<math> | |
| x = A \sin(t - K) + b \ ,
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| </math>
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| ''A'' is the peak amplitude of the wave,<br />
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| ''x'' is the oscillating variable,<br />
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| ''t'' is time,<br />
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| ''K'' and ''b'' are arbitrary constants representing time and displacement offsets respectively.
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| The units of the amplitude depend on the type of wave, but are always in the same units as the oscillating variable. A more general representation of the wave equation is more complex, but the role of amplitude remains analogous to this simple case.
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| For waves on a [[vibrating string|string]], or in medium such as [[water]], the amplitude is a [[Displacement (vector)|displacement]].
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| The amplitude of sound waves and audio signals (which relates to the volume) conventionally refers to the amplitude of the [[Sound#Sound pressure|air pressure]] in the wave, but sometimes the amplitude of the [[Particle displacement|displacement]] (movements of the air or the diaphragm of a [[loudspeaker|speaker]]) is described. The [[logarithm]] of the amplitude squared is usually quoted in [[decibel|dB]], so a null amplitude corresponds to −[[infinity|∞]] dB. [[Loudness]] is related to amplitude and [[Sound intensity|intensity]] and is one of most salient qualities of a sound, although in general sounds can be recognized [[Amplitude scaling invariance|independently of amplitude]]. The square of the amplitude is proportional to the intensity of the wave.
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| For [[electromagnetic radiation]], the amplitude of a photon corresponds to the changes in the [[electric field]] of the wave. However radio signals may be carried by electromagnetic radiation; the intensity of the radiation ([[amplitude modulation]]) or the frequency of the radiation ([[frequency modulation]]) is oscillated and then the individual oscillations are varied (modulated) to produce the signal.
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| ==Waveform and envelope==
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| The amplitude may be constant (in which case the wave is a [[continuous wave]]) or may vary with time and/or position. The form of the variation of amplitude is called the [[envelope (waves)|envelope]] of the wave.
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| If the [[waveform]] is a pure [[sine wave]], the relationships between peak-to-peak, peak, mean, and [[Root mean square|RMS]] amplitudes are fixed and known, as they are for any continuous [[Period (physics)|periodic]] wave. However, this is not true for an arbitrary waveform which may or may not be periodic or continuous.
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| For a sine wave the relationship between RMS and peak-to-peak amplitude is:
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| :<math>
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| \mbox{Peak-to-peak} = 2 \sqrt{2} \times \mbox{RMS} \approx 2.8 \times \mbox{RMS} \,
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| </math>.
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| For other waveforms the relationships are not (necessarily) arithmetically the same as they are for sine waves.
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| ==See also==
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| {{wiktionary|amplitude}}
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| *[[Wave]]s and their properties:
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| **[[Frequency]]
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| **[[Period (physics)|Period]]
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| **[[Wavelength]]
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| **[[Crest factor]]
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| *[[Amplitude modulation]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| [[Category:Physical quantities]]
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| [[Category:Sound]]
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| [[Category:Concepts in physics]]
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| [[Category:Wave mechanics]]
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