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| {{Network Science}}
| | == New Balance Outlet Amsterdam ... == |
| ''Network topology'' is a arrangement of the various elements ([[Data link|links]], [[Node (networking)|nodes]], etc.) of a [[computer network]].<ref name="Groth">{{Cite book
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| |last =Groth
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| |first = David
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| |coauthors = Toby Skandier
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| |title = Network+ Study Guide, Fourth Edition'
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| |publisher = Sybex, Inc.
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| |year = 2005
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| |isbn = 0-7821-4406-3
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| }}</ref><ref name="atis">{{Cite web
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| |url=http://www.atis.org/glossary/definition.aspx?id=3516|title=mesh topology
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| |author=ATIS committee PRQC
| | Wanneer Malloy staarde onderzoeken, al zijn leads geliquideerd dood. Een indrukwekkende aandeel, ik heb net dit gegeven naar een collega die bezig was enigszins analyse op dit punt. KATHRYN BIGELOW, die won [http://www.gasgaugedirect.com/descriptions/library/pear.asp?a=62 New Balance Outlet Amsterdam] BESTE DIRECTEUR OSCAR VOOR DE "Hurt Locker" ZEGT DE FILM WAS DE EMOTIONELE [http://www.gasgaugedirect.com/descriptions/library/pear.asp?a=20 New Balance 574 Dames Rood] EN FYSIEK MOEILIJK OOIT. Hetzelfde met het schrijven. <br><br>Omgekeerd: "Als je niet wilt dat mensen kijken naar een specifieke plek, niet een badpak dat eventuele extra's in dat gebied heeft niet krijgen," zegt Finney. Gemiddeld slechts de helft van de vrouwen in de regio krijgen deskundige zorg tijdens de bevalling, "aldus het rapport. <br><br>De plaat werd gezet door de Maleisische studenten en twee van hen waren in de boot. Om meer informatie te krijgen over Early Steps Southernmost Kust in Miami Children's Hospital, kunt u bellen met (786) 2682611 (in MiamiDade County) of 888 MCHSTEPS (8886247837 in Monroe County).. <br><br>"We zullen blijven zorgen dat deze criminele activiteiten worden stopgezet en ontmanteld. Met mijn moestuin vol met sla bladeren, radijs, kruiden en erwt ranken, voel ik me schuldig niet met wat ik heb, die op hun beurt de krachten mij in de keuken te maken gebruik van wat ik heb.. <br><br>Ga naar buiten en wat frisse lucht. Ongeacht de zorgen en twijfels dat veel chirurgen in de Verenigde Staten uitdrukkelijk over patiënten naar het buitenland reizen voor een operatie, de AACS is een samenwerkingsverband aangegaan met Dubai Healthcare City in de Verenigde Arabische Emiraten aan de American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery Hospital te bouwen.. <br><br>Lijsten bestaan uit titels, beschrijvingen, uw website adres, trefwoorden, en het belangrijkst, een bod bedrag. Tour een beetje meer. Er zijn veel bedrijven die topresultaten met minder dan ethische methoden zal beloven. Wij bieden een betere manier om de website contacten zoeken. <br><br>De langharige katten zullen hun ogen te openen op een veel later schema dan een kortharige kat. De eerste verblijfsvergunning beveiligingstechnieken was veroorzaakt door de lozing van een knop aangebracht recht in een deur of raam lichaam. En als je toevallig een van de gratis Wordpress gehost blogs die er zijn, kunt u geen advertenties plaatsen of [http://www.gasgaugedirect.com/descriptions/library/pear.asp?a=50 New Balance Verkooppunten Apeldoorn] gebruik maken van Google AdSense zelf, dus dit kan een interessante optie voor je zijn .. Ik zou nooit hebben gekeken of hadden geen interesse in een film als dat voorafgaand aan LIFE.. <br><br>De Apollogroup gepromoot telecom merk, Aircel, is gestart met een spraakbericht applicatie op Facebook, die het mogelijk maakt vrienden met elkaar gesproken berichten in plaats van platte tekst berichten achterlaten. Ze zijn ofwel dieven en leugenaars, of [http://www.belgianpro.be/pictures/pictures/menu.asp?b=35 New Balance 574 Heren] zijn ze gewoon zo verkeerd geïnformeerd of slecht opgeleid als je (als je ooit geloofde elk van deze onzin in de eerste plaats, dat is) ...<ul> |
| |publisher=[[Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions]]
| | |
| |work=ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007
| | <li>[http://elec.newroomschat.com/spip.php?article30/ http://elec.newroomschat.com/spip.php?article30/]</li> |
| |accessdate=2008-10-10
| | |
| }}</ref> Essentially, it is the [[topological]]<ref name="Chiang04">{{cite journal | last1=Chiang | first1=Mung | last2=Yang | first2=Michael| title=Towards Network X-ities From a Topological Point of View: Evolvability and Scalability | journal=Proc. 42nd Allerton Conference | year=2004 | url=http://www.cs.unm.edu/~karlinjf/papers/allerton.pdf}}</ref> structure of a network, and may be depicted physically or logically. ''Physical'' topology refers to the placement of the network's various components, including device location and cable installation, while [[Logical topology|''logical'' topology]] shows how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be identical.
| | <li>[http://site.wisceo.com/news/html/?61017.html http://site.wisceo.com/news/html/?61017.html]</li> |
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| A good example is a [[local area network]] (LAN): Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network. Conversely, mapping the data flow between the components determines the logical topology of the network.
| | <li>[http://www.nar.ru/forum/activity http://www.nar.ru/forum/activity]</li> |
| | | |
| ==Topology==
| | <li>[http://www.sdzdty.com/news/html/?83284.html http://www.sdzdty.com/news/html/?83284.html]</li> |
| There are two basic categories of network topologies:<ref name="Inc, S. 2002">Inc, S., (2002). Networking Complete. Third Edition. San Francisco: Sybex</ref>
| | |
| # Physical topologies
| | <li>[http://www.dz-tattoo.com/news/html/?50641.html http://www.dz-tattoo.com/news/html/?50641.html]</li> |
| # Logical topologies
| | |
| | | </ul> |
| The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called the physical topology of the network. This refers to the layout of [[Structured cabling|cabling]], the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling.<ref name="Groth"/> The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunications circuits.
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| The logical topology in contrast, is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. For example, the original [[twisted pair Ethernet]] using [[repeater hub]]s was a logical bus topology with a physical star topology layout. [[Token Ring]] is a logical ring topology, but is wired a physical star from the [[Media Access Unit]].
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| The logical classification of network topologies generally follows the same classifications as those in the physical classifications of network topologies but describes the path that the ''data'' takes between nodes being used as opposed to the actual ''physical'' connections between nodes. The logical topologies are generally determined by network protocols as opposed to being determined by the physical layout of cables, wires, and network devices or by the flow of the electrical signals, although in many cases the paths that the electrical signals take between nodes may closely match the logical flow of data, hence the convention of using the terms ''logical topology'' and ''signal topology'' interchangeably.
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| Logical topologies are often closely associated with [[Media Access Control]] methods and protocols. Logical topologies are able to be dynamically reconfigured by special types of equipment such as [[Router (computing)|router]]s and switches.
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| [[File:NetworkTopologies.svg|right|thumb|300px|Diagram of different network topologies.]]
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| The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies:<ref name="Bicsi, B. 2002">Bicsi, B., (2002). Network Design Basics for Cabling Professionals. City: McGraw-Hill Professional</ref>
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| * Point-to-point
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| * Bus
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| * Star
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| * Ring or circular
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| * Mesh
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| * Tree
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| * Hybrid
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| * Daisy chain
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| ===Point-to-point===
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| The simplest topology is a permanent link between two endpoints. Switched [[Point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point]] topologies are the basic model of conventional [[telephony]]. The value of a permanent point-to-point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints. The value of an on-demand point-to-point connection is proportional to the number of potential pairs of subscribers, and has been expressed as [[Metcalfe's Law]].
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| :'''Permanent (dedicated)''' | |
| ::Easiest to understand, of the variations of point-to-point topology, is a point-to-point [[Channel (communications)|communications channel]] that appears, to the user, to be permanently associated with the two endpoints. A children's [[tin can telephone]] is one example of a ''physical dedicated'' channel.
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| ::Within many [[Circuit switching|switched telecommunications systems]], it is possible to establish a permanent circuit. One example might be a telephone in the lobby of a public building, which is programmed to ring only the number of a telephone dispatcher. "Nailing down" a switched connection saves the cost of running a physical circuit between the two points. The resources in such a connection can be released when no longer needed, for example, a television circuit from a parade route back to the studio.
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| :'''Switched:'''
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| ::Using [[circuit-switching]] or [[packet-switching]] technologies, a point-to-point circuit can be set up dynamically, and dropped when no longer needed. This is the basic mode of conventional telephony.
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| ===Bus===
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| {{Main|Bus network}}
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| [[File:BusNetwork.svg|thumb|Bus network topology]]
| |
| :In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable. Each computer or server is connected to the single bus cable. A signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address, the data is accepted. Since the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement when compared to other topologies. However, the low cost of implementing the technology is offset by the high cost of managing the network. Additionally, since only one cable is utilized, it can be the [[single point of failure]]. If the network cable is [[Electrical termination|terminated]] on both ends and when without termination data transfer stop and when cable breaks, the entire network will be down.
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| :'''Linear bus'''
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| ::The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly referred to as the [[Backbone network|backbone]], or [[trunk (telecommunications)|trunk]]) – all [[data]] that is [[transmitted]] between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be [[Receiver (Information Theory)|received]] by all nodes in the network simultaneously.<ref name="Groth"/>
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| ::'''Note:''' <span id="linear_bus_note"></span>When the electrical signal reaches the end of the bus, the signal "echoes" back down the line, causing unwanted interference. As a solution, the two endpoints of the bus are normally terminated with a device called a [[Electrical termination|terminator]] that prevents this echo.
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| :'''Distributed bus'''
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| ::The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has more than two endpoints that are created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium – the physical distributed bus topology functions in exactly the same fashion as the physical linear bus topology (i.e., all nodes share a common transmission medium).
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| ===Star===
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| {{Main|Star network}}
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| [[File:StarNetwork.svg|thumb|Star network topology]]
| |
| :In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. In Star topology every node (computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to central node called hub or switch. The switch is the server and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a [[Repeater|signal repeater]]. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure.
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| :'''Extended star'''
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| ::A type of network topology in which a network that is based upon the physical star topology has one or more repeaters between the central node (the 'hub' of the star) and the peripheral or 'spoke' nodes, the repeaters being used to extend the maximum transmission distance of the point-to-point links between the central node and the peripheral nodes beyond that which is supported by the transmitter power of the central node or beyond that which is supported by the standard upon which the physical layer of the physical star network is based.
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| | |
| ::If the repeaters in a network that is based upon the physical extended star topology are replaced with hubs or switches, then a hybrid network topology is created that is referred to as a physical hierarchical star topology, although some texts make no distinction between the two topologies.
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| :'''Distributed Star'''
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| ::A type of network topology that is composed of individual networks that are based upon the physical star topology connected in a linear fashion – i.e., 'daisy-chained' – with no central or top level connection point (e.g., two or more 'stacked' hubs, along with their associated star connected nodes or 'spokes').
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| ===Ring===
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| {{Main|Ring network}}
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| [[File:RingNetwork.svg|thumb|Ring network topology]]
| |
| :A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data travels around the ring in one direction and each device on the ring acts as a repeater to keep the signal strong as it travels. Each device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a transmitter to send the data on to the next device in the ring. The network is dependent on the ability of the signal to travel around the ring. When a device sends data, it must travel through each device on the ring until it reaches its destination. Every node is a critical link.<ref name="Inc, S. 2002"/>
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| ===Mesh===
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| {{Main|Mesh networking}}
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| The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints, is approximated by [[Reed's Law]].
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| :'''Fully connected network'''
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| [[File:NetworkTopology-FullyConnected.png|thumb|Fully connected mesh topology]]
| |
| ::A '''fully connected network''' is a [[communication network]] in which each of the [[node (networking)|node]]s is connected to each other. In [[graph theory]] it known as a [[complete graph]]. A fully connected network doesn't need to use [[Packet switching|switching]] nor [[broadcasting (networks)|broadcasting]]. However, its major disadvantage is that the number of connections grows quadratically with the number of nodes, per the formula
| |
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| ::<math>c= \frac{n(n-1)}{2}.\, </math> | |
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| ::and so it is extremely impractical for large networks. A two-node network is technically a fully connected network.
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| :'''Partially connected'''
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| [[File:NetworkTopology-Mesh.png|thumb|Partially connected mesh topology]]
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| ::The type of network topology in which some of the nodes of the network are connected to more than one other node in the network with a point-to-point link – this makes it possible to take advantage of some of the redundancy that is provided by a physical fully connected mesh topology without the expense and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network.
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| ===Tree===
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| [[File:TreeNetwork.svg|thumb|Tree network topology]]
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| {{Confusing section|date=June 2011}}
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| This particular type of network topology is based on a hierarchy of nodes. The highest level of any tree network consists of a single, 'root' node, this node connected either a single (or, more commonly, multiple) node(s) in the level below by (a) point-to-point link(s). These lower level nodes are also connected to a single or multiple nodes in the next level down. Tree networks are not constrained to any number of levels, but as tree networks are a variant of the bus network topology, they are prone to crippling network failures should a connection in a higher level of nodes fail/suffer damage. Each node in the network has a specific, fixed number of nodes connected to it at the next lower level in the hierarchy, this number referred to as the 'branching factor' of the tree. This tree has individual peripheral nodes.
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| :# A network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology must have at least three levels in the hierarchy of the tree, since a network with a central 'root' node and only one hierarchical level below it would exhibit the physical topology of a star.
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| :# A network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology and with a branching factor of 1 would be classified as a physical linear topology.
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| :# The branching factor, f, is independent of the total number of nodes in the network and, therefore, if the nodes in the network require ports for connection to other nodes the total number of ports per node may be kept low even though the total number of nodes is large – this makes the effect of the cost of adding ports to each node totally dependent upon the branching factor and may therefore be kept as low as required without any effect upon the total number of nodes that are possible.
| |
| :# The total number of point-to-point links in a network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology will be one less than the total number of nodes in the network.
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| :# If the nodes in a network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology are required to perform any processing upon the data that is transmitted between nodes in the network, the nodes that are at higher levels in the hierarchy will be required to perform more processing operations on behalf of other nodes than the nodes that are lower in the hierarchy. Such a type of network topology is very useful and highly recommended. | |
| | |
| ====Advantages====
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| *'''It is scalable.''' Secondary nodes allow more devices to be connected to a central node.
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| *Point to point connection of devices.
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| *Having different levels of the network makes it more manageable hence easier fault identification and isolation.
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| ====Disadvantages==== | |
| *Maintenance of the network may be an issue when the network spans a great area.
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| *Since it is a variation of bus topology, if the backbone fails, the entire network is crippled.
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| '''definition''': Tree topology is a combination of Bus and Star topology.
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| An example of this network could be cable TV technology. Other examples are in dynamic tree based wireless networks for military, mining and otherwise mobile applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meshdynamics : Highest performance Voice, Video and Data Outdoors|url=http://www.meshdynamics.com|publisher=meshdynamics.com|accessdate=2008-02-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref> The [[Naval Postgraduate School]], Monterey CA, demonstrated such tree based wireless networks for border security.<ref>{{citepaper|title=Optimum Antenna Configuration for Maximizing Access Point Range of an IEEE 802.11 Wireless Mesh Network in Support of Multimission Operations Relative to Hastily Formed Scalable Deployments|url=http://www.meshdynamics.com/documents/NPS_MD_FieldTest_1.pdf|format=PDF|author=Robert Lee Lounsbury, Jr.|date=September 2007|accessdate=2008-02-23}}</ref> In a pilot system, aerial cameras kept aloft by balloons relayed real time high resolution video to ground personnel via a dynamic self healing tree based network.
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| ===Hybrid===
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| Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example a tree network connected to a tree network is still a tree network topology. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: ''star ring network'' and ''star bus network''
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| * A Star ring network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a [[Media Access Unit|multistation access unit]] (MAU) as a centralized hub.
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| * A Star Bus network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a bus trunk (the bus trunk serves as the network's backbone).
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| While grid and torus networks have found popularity in [[high-performance computing]] applications, some systems have used [[genetic algorithm]]s to design custom networks that have the fewest possible hops in between different nodes. Some of the resulting layouts are nearly incomprehensible, although they function quite well.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
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| A Snowflake topology is really a "Star of Stars" network, so it exhibits characteristics of a hybrid network topology but is not composed of two different basic network topologies being connected.
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| '''Definition:''' Hybrid topology is a combination of Bus, Star and ring topology.
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| ===Daisy chain===
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| Except for star-based networks, the easiest way to add more computers into a network is by [[daisy chain (electrical engineering)|daisy-chaining]], or connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destination. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring.
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| * A '''[[Linear bus topology|linear topology]]''' puts a two-way link between one computer and the next. However, this was expensive in the early days of computing, since each computer (except for the ones at each end) required two receivers and two transmitters.
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| * By connecting the computers at each end, a '''[[ring topology]]''' can be formed. An advantage of the ring is that the number of transmitters and receivers can be cut in half, since a message will eventually loop all of the way around. When a [[Node (networking)|node]] sends a message, the message is processed by each computer in the ring. If the ring breaks at a particular link then the transmission can be sent via the reverse path thereby ensuring that all nodes are always connected in the case of a single failure.
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| ==Centralization==
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| The '''[[Star network|star topology]]''' reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the peripheral nodes (computers, etc.) to a central node. When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as [[Ethernet]], this central node (traditionally a [[network hub|hub]]) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The [[failure]] of a [[transmission line]] linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the remaining peripheral nodes will be unaffected. However, the disadvantage is that the failure of the central node will cause the failure of all of the peripheral nodes also,
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| If the central node is ''passive'', the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an [[echo (phenomenon)|echo]] of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way [[round-trip time|round trip]] [[transmission time]] (i.e. to and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node. An ''active'' star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems.
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| A '''[[tree topology]]''' (a.k.a. '''hierarchical topology''') can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a [[hierarchy]]. This [[tree (graph theory)|tree]] has individual peripheral nodes (e.g. leaves) which are required to transmit to and receive from one other node only and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike the star network, the functionality of the central node may be distributed.
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| As in the conventional star network, individual nodes may thus still be isolated from the network by a single-point failure of a transmission path to the node. If a link connecting a leaf fails, that leaf is isolated; if a connection to a non-leaf node fails, an entire section of the network becomes isolated from the rest.
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| To alleviate the amount of network traffic that comes from broadcasting all signals to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that are able to keep track of the identities of the nodes that are connected to the network. These [[network switch]]es will "learn" the layout of the network by "listening" on each port during normal data transmission, examining the [[data packets]] and recording the address/identifier of each connected node and which port it is connected to in a [[lookup table]] held in memory. This lookup table then allows future transmissions to be forwarded to the intended destination only.
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| ==Decentralization==
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| In a '''[[mesh networking|mesh]] topology''' (i.e., a [[#Partial mesh|partially connected mesh]] topology), there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them to provide redundant paths to be used in case the link providing one of the paths fails. This decentralization is often used to compensate for the single-point-failure disadvantage that is present when using a single device as a central node (e.g., in star and tree networks). A special kind of mesh, limiting the number of hops between two nodes, is a [[hypercube]]. The number of arbitrary [[fork (topology)|forks]] in mesh networks makes them more difficult to design and implement, but their decentralized nature makes them very useful. This is similar in some ways to a '''[[grid network]]''', where a linear or ring topology is used to connect systems in multiple directions. A multidimensional ring has a [[torus|toroidal]] topology, for instance.
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| A '''[[fully connected network]]''', '''complete topology''', or '''[[#Full mesh|full mesh topology]]''' is a network topology in which there is a direct link between all pairs of nodes. In a fully connected network with n nodes, there are n(n-1)/2 direct links. Networks designed with this topology are usually very expensive to set up, but provide a high degree of reliability due to the multiple paths for data that are provided by the large number of redundant links between nodes. This topology is mostly seen in [[military]] applications.
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| ==See also==
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| {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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| * [[Shared mesh]]
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| * [[Switched mesh]]
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| * [[Scale-free network]]
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| * [[Computer network diagram|Network diagram]]
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| * [[Computer network]]
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| * [[Relay network]]
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| * [[Tree structure]]
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| * [[Internet topology]]
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| * [[Network simulator]]
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| * [[Switched communication network]]
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| * [[Broadcast communication network]]
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| * [[Rhizome (philosophy)]]
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| {{div col end}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Commons|Topology (Network)}}
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| * [http://www.nyu.edu/its/pubs/connect/spring04/kyriannis_nyunet3.html Application of a tetrahedral structure to create resilient partial-mesh data network]
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| *[http://tetcos.com/lan_trainer.html Experimentation kit for different network topologies]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Network topology}}
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| [[Category:Network topology| ]]
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| [[Category:Decentralization]]
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| {{Network topologies}}
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