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| {{distinguish|Collective noun}}
| | You can become included in an online Cell Phone Directory if you so desire. It could make your exclusive daily life quick, as effectively it could make your organization remain ahead of other people in a lot of techniques. Though nowadays, because of the world wide web, you can find someone straight away by searching in web sites offering people search. If the number is listed in a public forum, like the white pages or the yellow pages, the name of the individual or business that owns the number is typically returned. So to reflect if you do find that you are in need of some help your first phone call should be to your local Community Care Access Center (found in the white pages). <br><br>Marketing and advertising by video can be a very prolific means of driving traffic to your small [http://browse.Deviantart.com/?qh=§ion=&global=1&q=company company]. Addresses and contact numbers of people across the country are readily available for public access these days with online white pages providers. Choose a background that goes with your site, instead of one that goes against it, so the viewers will be able to understand what you wish to convey. It is best to leave this process to the professionals. There are some instances that search engines may actually redirect you to a website that would charge you some fees before showing you the results but there are websites that show you the results of the phone reverse lookup for free. <br><br>What other ideas do you have to find someone using their cell phone number. Improve your information page website by using a collection of interesting topics regarding your church or particular person associates. If I need to know who a phone number belongs to, paying someone to do the work would be an easy option. An email is then sent to these email ids stating that they have been included in our database. Visit the Canon Australia website for more information. <br><br>You - Tube could be as strong a promoting venue as Google itself; many searchers only search videos. This old phone number can then be used to locate a person's new address. Or maybe you'll just want to locate an old friend from high school or college and all you have is an old phone number. Wool has always been the principal yarn for knitting and it has been prepared and treated in many ways. These sites will not assure you that they will be able to find the address that you need, because some of them are not yet listed. <br><br>Adapted from the recently-released third edition of the Barry Maher’s classic book, “Getting the Most from Your Yellow Pages Advertising,” Copyright 2006, 2007, Barry Maher, Maher is the author of the completely updated third edtion of the book, "Getting the Most from Your Yellow Pages Advertising,"considered the bible on the subject. Few readers would not want to read writing that is positive in stance. But until this issue is fully resolved, the hope is that the options outlined in this article will aid you in your cell phone white search. Always remember that an effective linkwheel strategy strives to answer all the demands of popular search engines while reacting to the latest marketing number trends. Have your sales rep show you where the size you're considering would fall in this [http://www.Twitpic.com/tag/year%27s+directory year's directory].<br><br>When you beloved this informative article and also you desire to receive more details regarding [http://mausspiele.net/profile/jeengland.html white pages phone directory] generously stop by our own page. |
| {{ExamplesSidebar|10em|
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| <!-- OK, there are enough examples now. There is no pedagogical benefit in adding any more. -->
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| * [[advice (disambiguation)|advice]]
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| * [[air]]
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| * [[art]]
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| * [[blood]]
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| * [[butter]]
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| * [[data]]
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| * [[deodorant]]
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| * [[equipment (disambiguation)|equipment]]
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| * [[evidence]]
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| * [[food]]
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| * [[furniture]]
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| * [[waste|garbage]]
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| * [[graffiti]]
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| * [[grass]]
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| * [[homework]]
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| * [[housework]]
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| * [[information]]
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| * [[knowledge]]
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| * [[luggage]]
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| * [[mathematics]]
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| * [[meat]]
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| * [[milk]]
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| * [[money]]
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| * [[music]]
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| * [[notation]]
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| * [[paper]]
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| * [[pollution]]
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| * [[wikt:progress|progress]]
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| * [[sand]]
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| * [[soap]]
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| * [[software]]
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| * [[sugar]]
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| * [[traffic]]
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| * [[transportation]]
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| * [[travel]]
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| * [[Waste|trash]]
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| * [[water]]
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| }}
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| In [[linguistics]], a '''mass noun''' or '''uncountable noun''' is a [[noun]] with the syntactic property that ''any'' quantity of it is treated as an undifferentiated unit, rather than as something with discrete subsets. Non-count nouns are distinguished from [[count noun]]s.
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| Given that different languages have different grammatical features, the actual test for which nouns are mass nouns may vary between languages. In English, mass nouns are characterized by the fact that they cannot be directly modified by a [[Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]] without specifying a unit of measurement, and that they cannot combine with an indefinite article (''a'' or ''an''). Thus, the mass noun "water" is quantified as "20 litres of water" while the count noun "chair" is quantified as "20 chairs". However, both mass and count nouns can be quantified in relative terms without unit specification (e.g., "much water," "so many chairs").
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| Some mass nouns can be used in English in the plural to mean "more than one instance (or example) of a certain sort of entity"—for example, "''Many cleaning agents today are technically not soaps, but detergents.''" In such cases they no longer play the role of mass nouns, but (syntactically) they are treated as count nouns.
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| Some nouns have both a mass [[word sense|sense]] and a count sense (for example, ''paper'').
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| ==Relating grammatical number to physical discreteness==
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| In English (and in many other languages), there is a tendency for nouns referring to liquids (''water'', ''juice''), powders (''sugar'', ''sand''), or substances (''metal'', ''wood'') to be used in mass syntax, and for nouns referring to objects or people to be count nouns. This is not a hard-and-fast rule; however, mass nouns such as ''furniture'' and ''cutlery'', which represent more easily quantified objects, show that the mass/count distinction should be thought of as a property of the terms themselves, rather than as a property of their referents. For example, the same set of chairs can be referred to as "seven chairs" and as "furniture"; although both ''chair'' and ''furniture'' are referring to the same thing, the former is a count noun and the latter a mass noun. The Middle English mass noun ''pease'' has become the count noun ''pea'' by [[morphological reanalysis]].
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| For another illustration of the principle that the count/non-count distinction lies not in an object but rather in the expression that refers to it, consider the English words "fruit" and "vegetables". The objects that these words describe are, objectively speaking, similar (that is, they're all edible plant parts); yet the word "fruit" is (usually) non-count, whereas "vegetables" is a plural count form. One can see that the difference is in the language, not in the reality of the objects. Meanwhile, [[German language|German]] has a general word for "vegetables" that, like English "fruit", is (usually) non-count: ''das Gemüse''. British English has a slang word for "vegetables" that acts the same way: "veg" [rhymes with "edge"].
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| In languages that have a [[partitive case]], the distinction is explicit and mandatory. For example, in [[Finnish language|Finnish]], ''join vettä'', "I drank (some) water", the word ''vesi'', "water", is in the partitive case. The related sentence ''join veden'', "I drank (the) water", using the [[accusative case]] instead, assumes that there was a specific countable portion of water that was completely drunk.
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| The work of logicians like [[Godehard Link]] and [[Manfred Krifka]] established that the mass/count distinction can be given a precise, mathematical definition in terms of [[quantization (linguistics)|quantization]] and [[cumulativity]].
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| ==Cumulativity and mass nouns==
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| An expression ''P'' has [[cumulativity|cumulative reference]] if and only if<ref>Krifka, Manfred 1989. Nominal reference, temporal constitution and quantification in event semantics. In Renate Bartsch, Johan van Benthem and Peter van Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expressions 75-115. Dordrecht: Foris.</ref><ref>Nicolas, David (2008) Mass nouns and plural logic. Linguistics and Philosophy 31.2, pp.211-244 http://d.a.nicolas.free.fr/Nicolas-Mass-nouns-and-plural-logic-Revised-2.pdf</ref> for any ''X'' and ''Y'':
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| *If ''X'' can be described as ''P'' and ''Y'' can be described as ''P'', as well, then the sum of ''X'' and ''Y'' can also be described as ''P''.
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| In more formal terms (Krifka 1998):
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| <math>\forall X \subseteq U_p [CUM_p (X) \Leftrightarrow \exists x,y [ X(x) \,\wedge\, X(y) \,\wedge\, \neg (x=y)] \;\wedge\; \forall x,y [X(x) \,\wedge\, X(y) \Rightarrow X(x \,\oplus\, y)]]</math>
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| which may be read as: ''X'' is cumulative if there exists at least one pair'' x,y'', where ''x'' and ''y'' are distinct, and both have the property ''X'', and if for all possible pairs ''x'' and ''y'' fitting that description, ''X'' is a property of the sum of ''x'' and ''y''.<ref>Borer, Hagit. (2005) ''Structuring Sense: In Name Only''. Volume 1. Oxford: OUP. (p. 124)</ref>
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| Consider, for example ''cutlery'': If one collection of cutlery is combined with another, we still have "cutlery." Similarly, if water is added to water, we still have "water." But if a chair is added to another, we don't have "a chair," but rather two chairs. Thus the nouns "cutlery" and "water" have cumulative reference, while the expression "a chair" does not. The expression "chairs", however, does, suggesting that the generalization is not actually specific to the mass-count distinction. As many have noted, it is possible to provide an alternative analysis, by which mass nouns and plural count nouns are assigned a similar semantics, as distinct from that of singular count nouns.<ref name=Gillon>Brendan S. Gillon (1992) Towards a common semantics for English count and mass nouns. Linguistics and Philosophy 15: 597–639</ref>
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| An expression ''P'' has [[quantization (linguistics)|quantized reference]] if and only if, for any X:
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| *If ''X'' can be described as ''P'', then no proper part of ''X'' can be described as ''P''.
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| This can be seen to hold in the case of the noun ''house'': no proper part of ''a house'', for example the bathroom, or the entrance door, is itself a house. Similarly, no proper part of ''a man'', say his index finger, or his knee, can be described as ''a man''. Hence, ''house'' and ''man'' have quantized reference. However, collections of ''cutlery'' do have proper parts that can themselves be described as ''cutlery''. Hence ''cutlery'' does not have quantized reference. Notice again that this is probably not a fact about mass-count syntax, but about prototypical examples, since many singular count nouns have referents whose proper parts can be described by the same term. Examples include divisible count nouns like "rope", "string", "stone", "tile", etc.<ref name=Gillon/>
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| Some expressions are neither quantized nor cumulative. Examples of this include [[collective noun]]s like ''committee''. A committee may well contain a proper part which is itself a committee. Hence this expression isn't quantized. It isn't cumulative, either: the sum of two separate committees isn't necessarily a ''committee''. In terms of the mass/count distinction, ''committee'' behaves like a count noun. By some accounts, these examples are taken to indicate that the best characterization of mass nouns is that they are ''cumulative nouns''. On such accounts, count nouns should then be characterized as ''non-cumulative'' nouns: this characterization correctly groups ''committee'' together with the count nouns. If, instead, we had chosen to characterize count nouns as ''quantized nouns'', and mass nouns as ''non-quantized'' ones, then we would (incorrectly) be led to expect ''committee'' to be a mass noun. However, as noted above, such a characterization fails to explain many central phenomena of the mass-count distinction.
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| ==Multiple senses for one noun==
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| Many English [[noun]]s can be used in either mass or count syntax, and in these cases, they take on cumulative reference when used as mass nouns. For example, one may say that "there's ''apple'' in this sauce," and then ''apple'' has cumulative reference, and, hence, is used as a mass noun. The names of animals, such as "chicken", "fox" or "lamb" are count when referring to the animals themselves, but are mass when referring to their meat, fur, or other substances produced by them. (e.g., "I'm cooking chicken tonight" or "This coat is made of fox.") Conversely, "[[fire]]" is frequently used as a mass noun, but "a fire" refers to a discrete entity. Interestingly, "fire" as a count noun does allow cumulative reference, since if two fires join in a forest, they are referred to as one fire.{{dubious|reason=joining things often makes a bigger thing, that's not what is meant by cumulative reference.|date=January 2011}} Substance terms like "water" which are frequently used as mass nouns, can be used as count nouns to denote arbitrary units of a substance ("Two ''waters'' please") or of several types/varieties ("''waters'' of the world").<ref>Tsoulas, George (2006). Plurality of mass nouns and the grammar of number. [[Generative Linguistics in the Old World]].</ref> One may say that mass nouns that are used as count nouns are "[[wikt:countify|countified]]" and that count ones that are used as mass nouns are "[[wikt:massify|massified]]". However, this may confuse syntax and semantics, by presupposing that words which denote substances are mass nouns by default. According to many accounts, nouns do not have a lexical specification for mass-count status, and instead are specified as such only when used in a sentence.<ref>Keith Allan. 1980. Nouns and Countability. Language, 56(3):41-67.</ref> Nouns differ in the extent to which they can be used flexibly, depending largely on their meanings and the context of use. For example the count noun "house" is difficult to use as mass (though clearly possible), and the mass noun "cutlery" is most frequently used as mass, despite the fact that it denotes objects, and has count equivalents in other languages:
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| * Bad: *There is house on the road. (Bad even if the situation of war is considered)
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| * Bad: *There is a cutlery on the table. (Bad even if just one fork is on the table)
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| * Good: You get a lot of house for your money since the recession.
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| * Good: Spanish cutlery is my favorite. (type / kind reading)
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| In some languages, such as [[Chinese (language)|Chinese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], it has been claimed by some that all nouns are effectively mass nouns, requiring a [[measure word]] to be quantified.<ref>{{cite journal |last=[[Gennaro Chierchia|Chierchia]] |first=Gennaro |year=1998 |title=Reference to Kinds across Languages |journal=[[Natural Language Semantics]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=339–405 |doi=10.1023/A:1008324218506}}</ref>
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| ==Quantification==
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| Some [[Quantification|quantifiers]] are specific to mass nouns (e.g., ''an amount of'') or count nouns (e.g., ''a number of'', ''every''). Others can be used with both types (e.g., ''a lot of'', ''some'').
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| ===The words ''fewer'' and ''less''===
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| {{main|Fewer vs. less}}
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| Where ''much'' and ''little'' qualify mass nouns, ''many'' and ''few'' have an analogous function for count nouns:
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| * How much damage? —Very little.
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| * How many mistakes? —Very few.
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| Whereas ''more'' and ''most'' are the [[comparative]] and [[superlative]] of both ''much'' and ''many'', ''few'' and ''little'' have differing comparative and superlative (''fewer'', ''fewest'' and ''less'', ''least''). However, [[suppletion|suppletive]] use of ''less'' and ''least'' with count nouns is common in many contexts, some of which attract criticism as [[nonstandard dialect|nonstandard]] or low-[[prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]].<ref name="mwdeu-less-fewer">{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage |publisher=Merriam-Webster |year=1995 |edition=2nd |page=592 |chapter=less, fewer|isbn=0-87779-132-5 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=2yJusP0vrdgC&pg=PA592|author1=Merriam-Webster,|author2=Inc,}}</ref> This criticism dates back to at least 1770; the usage dates back to [[Old English]].<ref name="mwdeu-less-fewer" /> In 2008, [[Tesco]] changed supermarket [[Point of sale|checkout]] signs reading "Ten items or less" after complaints that it was bad grammar; it switched to "Up to ten items" rather than "Ten items or fewer" at the suggestion of the [[Plain English Campaign]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2659948/Tesco-to-ditch-ten-items-or-less-sign-after-good-grammar-campaign.html |title=Tesco to ditch 'ten items or less' sign after good grammar campaign |accessdate=16 April 2010 |first=Tom |last=Peterkin |work=Daily Telegraph |date=1 September 2008}}</ref>
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| ==Conflation of collective noun and mass noun==
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| There is often confusion about the two different concepts of ''[[collective noun]]'' and ''mass noun''. Generally, collective nouns are not mass nouns, but rather are a special subset of [[count noun]]s. However, the term "collective noun" is often used to mean "mass noun" (even in some dictionaries), because users conflate two different kinds of verb number invariability: (a) that seen with mass nouns such as "water" or "furniture", with which only singular verb forms are used because the constituent matter is ''grammatically'' nondiscrete (although it may ["water"] or may not ["furniture"] be ''[[etic]]ally'' nondiscrete); and (b) that seen with collective nouns, which is the result of the [[English collective nouns#Metonymic merging of grammatical number|metonymical shift]] between the group and its (both grammatically and etically) discrete constituents.
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| Some words, including "[[mathematics]]" and "[[physics]]", have developed true mass-noun senses despite having grown from count-noun roots.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Plurale tantum]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}10. Laycock, Henry (2010). "Mass Nouns, Count Nouns and Non-Count Nouns: Philosophical Aspects".
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| http://www.scribd.com/doc/53696109/0080965008-Concise-Encyclopedia-of-Philosophy-of-Language, Elsevier, London, p. 417 | |
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19970221 The Mavens Word of the Day: less/fewer]
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| * [http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/jRiNmJkM/ Semantic Archives: Mass nouns, count nouns and non-count nouns]
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| * [http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/papers/PellSch.pdf F.J. Pelletier L.K. Schubert (2001) Mass Expressions in D. Gabbay & F. Guenthner (eds) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 10]
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| * [http://d.a.nicolas.free.fr/Nicolas-Mass-nouns-and-plural-logic-Revised-2.pdf D. Nicolas (2008) Mass nouns and plural logic. Linguistics and Philosophy 31.2, pp.211–244]
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| {{lexical categories|state=collapsed}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Mass Noun}}
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| [[Category:Grammar]]
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| [[Category:Grammatical number]]
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You can become included in an online Cell Phone Directory if you so desire. It could make your exclusive daily life quick, as effectively it could make your organization remain ahead of other people in a lot of techniques. Though nowadays, because of the world wide web, you can find someone straight away by searching in web sites offering people search. If the number is listed in a public forum, like the white pages or the yellow pages, the name of the individual or business that owns the number is typically returned. So to reflect if you do find that you are in need of some help your first phone call should be to your local Community Care Access Center (found in the white pages).
Marketing and advertising by video can be a very prolific means of driving traffic to your small company. Addresses and contact numbers of people across the country are readily available for public access these days with online white pages providers. Choose a background that goes with your site, instead of one that goes against it, so the viewers will be able to understand what you wish to convey. It is best to leave this process to the professionals. There are some instances that search engines may actually redirect you to a website that would charge you some fees before showing you the results but there are websites that show you the results of the phone reverse lookup for free.
What other ideas do you have to find someone using their cell phone number. Improve your information page website by using a collection of interesting topics regarding your church or particular person associates. If I need to know who a phone number belongs to, paying someone to do the work would be an easy option. An email is then sent to these email ids stating that they have been included in our database. Visit the Canon Australia website for more information.
You - Tube could be as strong a promoting venue as Google itself; many searchers only search videos. This old phone number can then be used to locate a person's new address. Or maybe you'll just want to locate an old friend from high school or college and all you have is an old phone number. Wool has always been the principal yarn for knitting and it has been prepared and treated in many ways. These sites will not assure you that they will be able to find the address that you need, because some of them are not yet listed.
Adapted from the recently-released third edition of the Barry Maher’s classic book, “Getting the Most from Your Yellow Pages Advertising,” Copyright 2006, 2007, Barry Maher, Maher is the author of the completely updated third edtion of the book, "Getting the Most from Your Yellow Pages Advertising,"considered the bible on the subject. Few readers would not want to read writing that is positive in stance. But until this issue is fully resolved, the hope is that the options outlined in this article will aid you in your cell phone white search. Always remember that an effective linkwheel strategy strives to answer all the demands of popular search engines while reacting to the latest marketing number trends. Have your sales rep show you where the size you're considering would fall in this year's directory.
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