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| | name = Ludwig von Bertalanffy
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| | birth_date = {{birth date|1901|09|19|mf=yes}}
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| | birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
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| | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|06|12|1901|09|19|mf=yes}}
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| | death_place = [[Buffalo, New York]], [[United States|USA]]
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| | alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]
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| | fields = [[Biology]] and [[systems theory]]
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| | influences = [[Rudolf Carnap]], [[Gustav Theodor Fechner]], [[Nicolai Hartmann]], [[Otto Neurath]], [[Moritz Schlick]]
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| | influenced = [[Russell L. Ackoff]], [[Kenneth E. Boulding]], [[Peter Checkland]], [[C. West Churchman]], [[Jay Wright Forrester]], [[Ervin László]], [[James Grier Miller]], [[Anatol Rapoport]]
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| | known_for = [[General System Theory]]
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| }}
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| '''Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy''' (September 19, 1901, [[Atzgersdorf]] near [[Vienna]] – June 12, 1972, [[Buffalo, New York]]) was an [[Austria]]n-born [[biology|biologist]] known as one of the founders of [[systems theory|general systems theory]] (GST). GST is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to [[biology]], [[cybernetics]], and other fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the classical laws of thermodynamics applied to closed systems, but not necessarily to "open systems," such as living things. His mathematical model of an organism's growth over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.
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| Von Bertalanffy grew up in Austria and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada and the USA.
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| == Biography ==
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| Ludwig von Bertalanffy was born and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf (now [[Liesing]]) near [[Vienna]]. The Bertalanffy family had roots in the 16th century nobility of [[Hungary]] which included several scholars and court officials.<ref name="TEW89">T.E. Weckowicz (1989). ''[http://www.richardjung.cz/bert1.pdf Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory]''. Working paper Feb 1989. p.2</ref> His grandfather Charles Joseph von Bertalanffy (1833–1912) had settled in Austria and was a state theatre director in [[Klagenfurt]], [[Graz]], and [[Vienna]], which were important positions in imperial Austria. Ludwig's father Gustav von Bertalanffy (1861–1919) was a prominent [[railway]] [[Administration (business)|administrator]]. On his mother's side Ludwig's grandfather Joseph Vogel was an imperial counsellor and a wealthy Vienna publisher. Ludwig's mother Charlotte Vogel was seventeen when she married the thirty-four-year-old Gustav. They divorced when Ludwig was ten, and both remarried outside the Catholic Church in civil ceremonies.<ref>Mark Davidson (1983). ''Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy''. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher. p.49</ref>
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| Ludwig von Bertalanffy grew up as an only child educated at home by private tutors until he was ten. When he went to the gymnasium/grammar school he was already well trained in self study, and kept studying on his own. His neighbour, the famous biologist [[Paul Kammerer]], became a mentor and an example to the young Ludwig.<ref name="bertalanffy.org">[http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_71.html Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science, page: His Life - Bertalanffy's Origins and his First Education]. Retrieved 2009-04-27{{dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> In 1918 he started his studies at the university level with philosophy and art history, first at the [[University of Innsbruck]] and then at the University of Vienna. Ultimately, Bertalanffy had to make a choice between studying [[philosophy of science]] and [[biology]], and chose the latter because, according to him, one could always become a philosopher later, but not a biologist. In 1926 he finished his PhD thesis (translated title: Fechner and the problem of integration of higher order) on the psychologist and philosopher [[Gustav Theodor Fechner]].<ref name="bertalanffy.org"/>
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| Von Bertalanffy met his future wife Maria in April 1924 in the Austrian Alps, and were almost never apart for the next forty-eight years.<ref>Davidson p.51</ref> She wanted to finish studying but never did, instead devoting her life to Bertalanffy's career. Later in Canada she would work both for him and with him in his career, and after his death she compiled two of Bertalanffy's last works. They had one child, who would follow in his father's footsteps by making his profession in the field of cancer research.
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| Von Bertalanffy was a professor at the [[University of Vienna]] from 1934–48, [[University of London]] (1948–49), [[Université de Montréal]] (1949), [[University of Ottawa]] (1950–54), [[University of Southern California]] (1955–58), the [[Menninger Foundation]] (1958–60), [[University of Alberta]] (1961–68), and [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|State University of New York at Buffalo]] (SUNY) (1969–72). In 1972, he died from a sudden [[heart attack]].
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| == Work ==
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| Today, Bertalanffy is considered to be a founder and one of the principal authors of the interdisciplinary school of thought known as [[general systems theory]]. According to [[Thaddus E. Weckowicz|Weckowicz]] (1989), he "occupies an important position in the intellectual history of the twentieth century. His contributions went beyond [[biology]], and extended into [[cybernetics]], [[education]], [[history]], [[philosophy]], [[psychiatry]], [[psychology]] and [[sociology]]. Some of his admirers even believe that this theory will one day provide a conceptual framework for all these disciplines".<ref name="TEW89"/> Spending most of his life in semi-obscurity, Ludwig von Bertalanffy may well be the least known intellectual titan of the twentieth century.<ref>Davidson, p.9.</ref>
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| === The individual growth model ===
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| The [[cell growth|individual growth]] [[model (abstract)|model]] published by von Bertalanffy in 1934 is widely used in biological models and exists in a number of permutations.
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| In its simplest version the so-called von Bertalanffy growth equation is expressed as a [[differential equation]] of length (''L'') over time (''t''):
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| <math>L'(t) = r_B \left( L_\infty - L(t) \right)</math>
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| when <math>r_B</math> is the von Bertalanffy growth rate and <math>L_\infty</math> the ultimate length of the individual. This model was proposed earlier by August Friedrich Robert Pūtter (1879-1929)<ref>August Friedrich Robert Pūtter (April 6, 1879 - March 11, 1929) - Wrote a textbook on comparative physiology titled ''Vergleichende Physiologie'' (Jena: G. Fischer, 1911) and many other notable works.</ref> in 1920 ("Studien ūber physiologische Ähnlichkeit. VI. Wachstumsähnlichkeiten"<ref>"Studies on Physiological Similarity. VI. Analogies of Growth" - For a translation of this article see: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/147555.pdf</ref> in ''Pflūgers Archiv fūr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere'', '''180''': 298-340). | |
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| The '''[[Dynamic Energy Budget]] theory''' provides a mechanistic explanation of this model in the case of [[isomorph]]s that experience a constant food availability. The inverse of the von Bertalanffy growth rate appears to depend linearly on the ultimate length, when different food levels are compared. The intercept relates to the maintenance costs, the slope to the rate at which reserve is mobilized for use by metabolism. The ultimate length equals the maximum length at high food availabilities.<ref>Bertalanffy, L. von, (1934). ''Untersuchungen über die Gesetzlichkeit des Wachstums''. I. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Theorie; mathematische und physiologische Gesetzlichkeiten des Wachstums bei Wassertieren. Arch. Entwicklungsmech., 131:613-652.</ref>
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| [[Image:PassiveAnalog.jpg|thumb|right|Passive electrical schematic of the Bertalanffy module together with equivalent expression in the [[Energy Systems Language]]]]
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| ===Bertalanffy Module===
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| To honor Bertalanffy, ecological systems engineer and scientist [[Howard T. Odum]] named the storage symbol of his [[Energy Systems Language|General Systems Language]] as the Bertalanffy module (see image right).<ref>Nicholas D. Rizzo William Gray (Editor), Nicholas D. Rizzo (Editor), (1973) ''Unity Through Diversity. A Festschrift for Ludwig von Bertalanffy''. Gordon & Breach Science Pub</ref>
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| === General System Theory (GST) ===
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| The biologist is widely recognized for his contributions to science as a systems theorist; specifically, for the development of a theory known as [[Systems theory|General System Theory]] (GST). The theory attempted to provide alternatives to conventional models of [[organization]]. GST defined new foundations and developments as a generalized theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of study, emphasizing [[holism]] over reductionism, [[organism]] over mechanism.
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| Foundational to GST are the inter-relationships between elements which all together form the whole
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| === Open systems ===
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| {{main|Open system (systems theory)}}
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| Bertalanffy's contribution to systems theory is best known for his theory of open systems. The system theorist argued that traditional [[closed system]] models based on classical science and the [[second law of thermodynamics]] were inadequate for explaining large classes of phenomena. Bertalanffy maintained that “the conventional formulation of physics are, in principle, inapplicable to the living organism being open system having [[steady state]]. We may well suspect that many characteristics of living systems which are paradoxical in view of the laws of physics are a consequence of this fact.” <ref>Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969). ''General System Theory''. New York: George Braziller, pp. 39-40</ref> However, while closed [[physical system]]s were questioned, questions equally remained over whether or not open physical systems could justifiably lead to a definitive science for the application of an open systems view to a general theory of systems.
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| In Bertalanffy’s model, the theorist defined general principles of open systems and the limitations of conventional models. He ascribed applications to biology, [[information theory]] and [[cybernetics]]. Concerning [[biology]], examples from the open systems view suggested they “may suffice to indicate briefly the large fields of [[Applied science|application]]” that could be the “outlines of a wider [[generalization]];” <ref>Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969). ''General System Theory''. New York: George Braziller, pp. 139-1540</ref> from which, a [[hypothesis]] for cybernetics. Although potential applications exist in other areas, the theorist developed only the implications for biology and cybernetics. Bertalanffy also noted unsolved problems, which included continued questions over thermodynamics, thus the unsubstantiated claim that there are [[physical law]]s to support generalizations (particularly for information theory), and the need for further research into the problems and potential with the applications of the open system view from physics.
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| === Systems in the social sciences ===
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| In the [[social science]]s, Bertalanffy did believe that general systems concepts were applicable, e.g. theories that had been introduced into the field of [[sociology]] from a modern systems approach that included “the concept of general system, of [[feedback]], [[information]], [[communication]], etc.” <ref>Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969). ''General System Theory''. New York: George Braziller, pp. 196</ref> The theorist critiqued classical “atomistic” conceptions of social systems and ideation “such as ‘social physics’ as was often attempted in a reductionist spirit.” <ref>Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969). ''General System Theory''. New York: George Braziller, pp. 194-197</ref> Bertalanffy also recognized difficulties with the application of a new general theory to social science due to the complexity of the intersections between natural sciences and human social systems. However, the theory still encouraged for new developments from sociology, to [[anthropology]], [[economics]], [[political science]], and [[psychology]] among other areas. Today, Bertalanffy's GST remains a bridge for interdisciplinary study of systems in the social sciences.
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| == See also ==
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| {{Portal|Systems science}}
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| * [[Population dynamics]]
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| * [[Systems theory]]
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| == Publications ==
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| === By Bertalanffy ===
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| * 1928, ''Kritische Theorie der Formbildung'', Borntraeger. In English: ''Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology'', Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933
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| * 1928, ''Nikolaus von Kues'', G. Müller, München 1928.
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| * 1930, ''Lebenswissenschaft und Bildung'', Stenger, Erfurt 1930
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| * 1937, ''Das Gefüge des Lebens'', Leipzig: Teubner.
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| * 1940, ''Vom Molekül zur Organismenwelt'', Potsdam: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion.
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| * 1949, ''Das biologische Weltbild'', Bern: Europäische Rundschau. In English: ''Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological and Scientific Thought'', New York: Harper, 1952.
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| * 1953, ''Biophysik des Fliessgleichgewichts'', Braunschweig: Vieweg. 2nd rev. ed. by W. Beier and R. Laue, East Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1977
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| * 1953, "Die Evolution der Organismen", in ''Schöpfungsglaube und Evolutionstheorie'', Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, pp 53–66
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| * 1955, "An Essay on the Relativity of Categories." ''Philosophy of Science'', Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 243–263.
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| * 1959, ''Stammesgeschichte, Umwelt und Menschenbild'', Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltorientierung Vol 5. Berlin: Lüttke
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| * 1962, ''Modern Theories of Development'', New York: Harper
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| * 1967, ''Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World'', New York: George Braziller, 1969 hardcover: ISBN 0-8076-0428-3, paperback: ISBN 0-8076-0530-1
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| * 1968, ''General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications'', New York: George Braziller, revised edition 1976: ISBN 0-8076-0453-4
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| * 1968, ''The Organismic Psychology and Systems Theory'', Heinz Werner lectures, Worcester: Clark University Press.
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| * 1975, ''Perspectives on General Systems Theory. Scientific-Philosophical Studies'', E. Taschdjian (eds.), New York: George Braziller, ISBN 0-8076-0797-5
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| * 1981, ''A Systems View of Man: Collected Essays'', editor Paul A. LaViolette, Boulder: Westview Press, ISBN 0-86531-094-7
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| The first '''articles''' from Bertalanffy on [[General Systems Theory]]:
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| * 1945, ''Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre,'' Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, 3/4. (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139-164.
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| * 1950, ''An Outline of General System Theory'', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 1, p. 114-129.
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| * 1951, ''General system theory - A new approach to unity of science'' (Symposium), Human Biology, Dec 1951, Vol. 23, p. 303-361.
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| === About Bertalanffy ===
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| * Sabine Brauckmann (1999). [http://isss.org/projects/ludwig_von_bertalanffy ''Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901--1972)''], ISSS Luminaries of the Systemics Movement, January 1999.
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| * [[Peter Corning]] (2001). [http://www.complexsystems.org/abstracts/vonbert.html ''Fulfilling von Bertalanffy's Vision'': The Synergism Hypothesis as a General Theory of Biological and Social Systems], ISCS 2001.
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| * Mark Davidson (1983). ''Uncommon Sense: The Life and Thought of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy'', Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.
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| * [[Debora Hammond]] (2005). [http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/viewFile/20/19 ''Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Systems Thinking''], tripleC 3(2): pp. 20–27.
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| * [[Ervin László]] eds. (1972). ''The Relevance of General Systems Theory: Papers Presented to Ludwig Von Bertalanffy on His Seventieth Birthday'', New York: George Braziller, 1972.
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| * David Pouvreau (2013). "Une histoire de la 'systémologie générale' de Ludwig von Bertalanffy - Généalogie, genèse, actualisation et postérité d'un projet herméneutique", Doctoral Thesis (1138 pages), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris : http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157
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| * [[Thaddus E. Weckowicz]] (1989). [http://www.richardjung.cz/bert1.pdf Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory], Center for Systems Research Working Paper No. 89-2. Edmonton AB: University of Alberta, February 1989.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{wikiquote}}
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| * [http://www.isss.org/lumLVB.htm International Society for the Systems Sciences'] biography of Ludwig von Bertalanffy.
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| * http://isss.org/projects/primer International Society for the Systems Sciences' THE PRIMER PROJECT: INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMICS (organismics)
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| * [http://www.bertalanffy.org/ Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science] BCSSS in Vienna.
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| * [http://www.richardjung.cz/bert1.pdf Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972): A Pioneer of General Systems Theory] working paper by T.E. Weckowicz, University of Alberta Center for Systems Research.
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| {{Systems}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=59078916}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Bertalanffy, Ludwig Von
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION =
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = September 19, 1901
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH = June 12, 1972
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = Buffalo, [[New York]], [[United States|USA]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Bertalanffy, Ludwig Von}}
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| [[Category:1901 births]]
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| [[Category:1972 deaths]]
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| [[Category:Austrian scientists]]
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| [[Category:Austro-Hungarian scientists]]
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| [[Category:Systems biologists]]
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| [[Category:Systems scientists]]
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| [[Category:Theoretical biologists]]
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| [[Category:Austrian emigrants to the United States]]
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| [[Category:University of Alberta faculty]]
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| [[Category:Université de Montréal faculty]]
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| [[Category:University of Ottawa faculty]]
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| [[Category:Austrian people of Hungarian descent]]
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| [[Category:Austrian untitled nobility]]
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| [[Category:Scientists from Vienna]]
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| [[Category:People from Liesing]]
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