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| {{Distinguish|angular frequency}}
| | What are the best fad diets? It's a question I'm frequently asked. Unfortunately, I'm not really in favour of fad diets, so it's a difficult one to answer.<br><br>What to anticipate? Any diet that guarantees drastic results would usually be too harsh, inconvenient, plus uncomfortable to follow for any reasonable length of time. Sure you are able to lose a great deal of pounds swiftly, however, they'll be back because shortly as we get into a general routine. Those aren't [http://safedietsthatwork.buzznet.com/user/journal/ diet plans] for many people.<br><br>Choosing the correct food is efficient system in diet plans for fat loss. You should prioritize foods that are rich sources of Omega 3 fatty acids, rich inside proteins and have natural carbohydrates plus are superior sources of vitamins and the essential minerals. The food should consist such food. Complement a food always with all the fresh fruits and have more of green leafy veggies. Additionally it really is important to include food that has fiber content that might assist with better digestion. Effective diet plans for fat loss include fiber and foods which assist in increase inside the metabolism rate.<br><br>No. 3: Tips for following the Team Beachbody Insanity Diet/Elite Nutrition Plan: Focus on foods with a low glycemic index rather of candy and junk food that causes a fast rise plus then drop inside blood glucose.<br><br>The calories which are necessary by the human body are regarding 1200 calories per day. In truth, instead of any of the diets to lose weight promptly, I would recommend that you take the menu 1200 calorie diet. This type of diet includes a perfect measure of the suggested calories a day plus also includes a balance of nutrition. The balance of nutrition signifies which 75% of the diet includes foods conveniently digested and 25% involves foods which are not, plus are intended to be stored. These foods are stored because fat, several types of proteins plus carbohydrates, whenever consumed in excessive amounts (over 25%) lead to issues such as overweight plus weight.<br><br>No 1: Tips for following the Team Beachbody Insanity Diet/Elite Nutrition Plan: Eat five meals a day with approximately the same amount of calories. I liked the idea of eating five food a day as opposed to six. Jenny Craig suggests eating six occasions a day, however certain experts such as Jillian Michaels suggests grazing too often can backfire.<br><br>I eat a variety of food when I'm dieting to prevent things from getting boring. There are tons of healthy dishes available and I may try to add any healthy dishes whenever I will think of them. In the mean time here are my favorite healthy dishes that I like to consume at least a couple of times a week. |
| {{Classical mechanics|cTopic=Fundamental concepts}}
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| In [[physics]], the '''angular velocity''' is defined as the rate of change of [[angular displacement]] and is a [[vector (geometry)|vector]] quantity (more precisely, a [[pseudovector]]) which specifies the [[angular speed]] ([[rotational speed]]) of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating. The [[SI]] unit of angular velocity is [[radians per second]], although it may be measured in other units such as degrees per second, degrees per hour, etc. Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol [[omega]] ('''ω''', rarely '''Ω''').
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| The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction which is usually specified by the [[right-hand rule]].<ref name= EM1>{{cite book
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| | last = Hibbeler
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| | first = Russell C.
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| | title = Engineering Mechanics
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| | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
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| | year = 2009
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| | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
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| | pages = 314, 153
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| | url =http://books.google.com/?id=tOFRjXB-XvMC&pg=PA314&dq=angular+velocity
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| | doi =
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| | isbn = 978-0-13-607791-6}}(EM1)</ref>
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| == The angular velocity of a particle ==
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| === Particle in two dimensions ===
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| [[Image:Angular velocity1.svg|right|256 px|thumb|The angular velocity of the particle at P with respect to the origin O is determined by the [[perpendicular component]] of the velocity vector '''v'''.]]
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| [[Image:Angular velocity.svg|thumb|250px|The angular velocity describes the speed of [[rotation]] and the orientation of the instantaneous axis about which the rotation occurs. The direction of the angular velocity pseudovector will be along the axis of rotation; in this case (counter-clockwise rotation) the vector points up.]]
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| The angular velocity of a particle is measured around or relative to a point, called the origin. As shown in the diagram (with angles ''ɸ'' and ''θ'' in [[radian]]s), if a line is drawn from the origin (O) to the particle (P), then the velocity ('''v''') of the particle has a component along the radius (radial component, '''v'''<sub>‖</sub>) and a component perpendicular to the radius (cross-radial component, '''v'''<sub>⊥</sub>). If there is no radial component, then the particle moves in a circle. On the other hand, if there is no cross-radial component, then the particle moves along a straight line from the origin.
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| A radial motion produces no change in the direction of the particle relative to the origin, so for purposes of finding the angular velocity the radial component can be ignored. Therefore, the rotation is completely produced by the perpendicular motion around the origin, and the angular velocity is completely determined by this component.
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| In two dimensions the angular velocity ''ω'' is given by
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| : <math>\omega = \frac{d\phi}{dt}</math>
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| This is related to the cross-radial (tangential) velocity by:<ref name= EM1/>
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| : <math>\mathrm{v}_\perp=r\,\frac{d\phi}{dt}</math>
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| An explicit formula for '''v'''<sub>⊥</sub> in terms of '''v''' and ''θ'' is:
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| : <math>\mathrm{v}_\perp=|\mathrm{\mathbf{v}}|\,\sin(\theta).</math>
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| Combining the above equations gives a formula for ''ω'':
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| : <math>\omega=\frac{|\mathrm{\mathbf{v}}|\sin(\theta)}{|\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}|}.</math>
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| In two dimensions the angular velocity is a single number that has no direction, but it does have a sense or orientation. In two dimensions the angular velocity is a [[pseudoscalar]], a quantity that changes its sign under a [[parity (physics)|parity inversion]] (for example if one of the axes is inverted or if they are swapped). The positive direction of rotation is taken, by convention, to be in the direction towards the ''y'' axis from the ''x'' axis. If parity is inverted, but the sense of a rotation does not, then the sign of the angular velocity changes.
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| There are three types of angular velocity involved in the movement on an ellipse corresponding to the three anomalies (true, eccentric and mean).
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| === Particle in three dimensions ===
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| In three dimensions, the angular velocity becomes a bit more complicated. The angular velocity in this case is generally thought of as a vector, or more precisely, a [[pseudovector]]. It now has not only a magnitude, but a direction as well. The magnitude is the angular speed, and the direction describes the [[axis of rotation]]. The [[right-hand rule]] indicates the positive direction of the angular velocity pseudovector.
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| Being <math>\vec u</math> an unitary vector over the instantaneous rotation axis, so that from the top of the vector the rotation is counter-clock-wise the angular velocity vector <math>\vec \omega</math> can be defined as:
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| : <math>\vec\omega = \frac{d\phi}{dt}\vec u</math>
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| Just as in the two dimensional case, a particle will have a component of its velocity along the radius from the origin to the particle, and another component perpendicular to that radius. The combination of the origin point and the perpendicular component of the velocity defines a [[plane of rotation]] in which the behavior of the particle (for that instant) appears just as it does in the two dimensional case. The axis of rotation is then a line normal to this plane, and this axis defined the direction of the angular velocity pseudovector, while the magnitude is the same as the pseudoscalar value found in the 2-dimensional case. Using the unit vector <math>\vec u</math> defined before, the angular velocity vector may be written in a manner similar to that for two dimensions:
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| : <math>\vec\omega=\frac{|\mathrm{\mathbf{v}}|\sin(\theta)}{|\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}|}\,\vec u</math>
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| which, by the definition of the [[cross product]], can be written:
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| : <math>\vec\omega=\frac{\vec{r}\times\vec{v}}{|{\vec{r}}|^2}</math>
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| ==== Addition of angular velocity vectors ====
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| If a point rotates with <math>\omega_2</math> in a [[Frame of a vector space|frame]] <math>F_2</math> which rotates itself with angular speed <math>\omega_1</math> with respect to an external frame <math>F_1</math>, we can define the addition of <math>\omega_1 + \omega_2</math> as the angular velocity vector of the point with respect to <math>F_1</math>.
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| With this operation defined like this, angular velocity, which is a pseudovector, becomes also a real vector because it has two operations:
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| * An internal operation (addition) which is associative, commutative, distributive and with zero and unity elements
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| * An external operation (external product), with the normal properties for an external product.
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| This is the definition of a [[Vector space#Definition|vector space]]. The only property that presents difficulties to prove is the commutativity of the addition. This can be proven from the fact that the velocity tensor W (see below) is skew-symmetric. Therefore <math>R=e^{Wt}</math> is a rotation matrix and in a time dt is an infinitesimal rotation matrix. Therefore it can be expanded as <math>R = I + W\cdot dt + {1 \over 2} (W \cdot dt)^2 + ...</math>
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| The composition of rotations is not commutative, but when they are infinitesimal rotations the first order approximation of the previous series can be taken and <math>(I+W_1\cdot dt)(I+W_2 \cdot dt)=(I+W_2 \cdot dt)(I+W_1\cdot dt)</math>, and therefore <math>\omega_1 + \omega_2 = \omega_2 + \omega_1 </math>
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| == Rotating frames ==
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| Given a rotating frame composed by three unitary vectors, all the three must have the same angular speed in any instant. In such a frame each vector is a particular case of the previous case (moving particle), in which the module of the vector is constant.
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| Though it is just a particular case of the previous one, is a very important one for its relationship with the [[rigid body]] study, and special tools have been developed for this case. There are two possible ways to describe the angular velocity of a rotating frame: the angular velocity vector and the angular velocity tensor. Both entities are related and they can be calculated from each other.
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| === Angular velocity vector for a frame ===
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| It is defined as the angular velocity of each of the vectors of the frame, in a consistent way with the general definition.
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| It is known by the [[Euler's rotation theorem]] that for a rotating frame there exists an [[instantaneous axis of rotation]] in any instant. In the case of a frame, the angular velocity vector is over the instantaneous axis of rotation.
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| Any transversal section of a plane perpendicular to this axis has to behave as a two dimensional rotation. Thus, the magnitude of the angular velocity vector at a given time ''t'' is consistent with the two dimensions case.
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| Angular velocity is a vector defining an addition operation. Components can be calculated from the derivatives of the parameters defining the moving frame (Euler angles or rotation matrices)
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| ==== Addition of angular velocity vectors in frames ====
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| [[image:gimbaleuler.svg|thumb|Schematic construction for addition of angular velocity vectors for rotating frames]]
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| As in the general case, the addition operation for angular velocity vectors can be defined using movement composition. In the case of rotating frames, the movement composition is simpler than the general case because the final matrix is always a product of rotation matrices.
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| As in the general case, addition is commutative <math>\omega_1 + \omega_2 = \omega_2 + \omega_1 </math>
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| ==== Components from the vectors of the frame ====
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| Substituting in the expression
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| : <math>\boldsymbol\omega=\frac{\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{v}}{|\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}|^2}</math> | |
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| any vector e of the frame we obtain <math>\vec \omega=\frac{\vec {e}\times \dot{\vec{e}}}{|{\vec{e}}|^2}</math>, and therefore <math>\vec \omega = \vec {e}_1\times \dot{\vec{e}}_1 = \vec {e}_2\times \dot{\vec{e}}_2 = \vec {e}_3\times \dot{\vec{e}}_3.</math>
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| As the columns of the matrix of the frame are the components of its vectors, this allows also to calculate <math>\omega</math> from the matrix of the frame and its derivative.
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| ==== Components from Euler angles ====
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| [[Image:Eulerframe.svg|thumb|Diagram showing Euler frame in green]]
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| The components of the angular velocity pseudovector were first calculated by [[Leonhard Euler]] using his [[Euler angles]] and an intermediate frame made out of the intermediate frames of the construction:
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| * One axis of the reference frame (the precession axis)
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| * The line of nodes of the moving frame respect the reference frame (nutation axis)
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| * One axis of the moving frame (the intrinsic rotation axis)
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| Euler proved that the projections of the angular velocity pseudovector over these three axes was the derivative of its associated angle (which is equivalent to decompose the instant rotation in three instantaneous [[Euler rotations]]). Therefore:<ref>[http://www.vti.mod.gov.rs/ntp/rad2007/3-07/hedr/hedr.pdf K.S.HEDRIH: Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) and rigid body dynamics]</ref>
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| : <math>\vec \omega = \dot\alpha \bold u_1
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| +\dot\beta \bold u_2
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| +\dot\gamma \bold u_3</math>
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| This basis is not orthonormal and it is difficult to use, but now the velocity vector can be changed to the fixed frame or to the moving frame with just a change of bases. For example, changing to the mobile frame:
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| : <math>\vec \omega = (\dot\alpha\sin\beta\sin\gamma+\dot\beta\cos\gamma){\bold I}
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| +(\dot\alpha\sin\beta\cos\gamma-\dot\beta\sin\gamma){\bold J}
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| +(\dot\alpha\cos\beta+\dot\gamma){\bold K},</math>
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| where IJK are unit vectors for the frame fixed in the moving body. This example has been made using the Z-X-Z convention for Euler angles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroengineering.info/angspeedconventions.html |title=online tool to calculate angular speed vectors |publisher=Aeroengineering.info |date= |accessdate=2013-01-23}}</ref>
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| ==== Components from infinitesimal rotation matrices ====
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| The components of the angular velocity vector can be calculated from [[Skew-symmetric matrix#Infinitesimal rotations|infinitesimal rotations]] (if available) as follows:
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| * As any rotation matrix has a single real eigenvalue, which is +1, this eigenvalue shows the rotation axis.
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| * Its module can be deduced from the value of the infinitesimal rotation.
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| === Angular velocity tensor ===
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| {{see also|Skew-symmetric matrix}}
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| It can be introduced from rotation matrices. Any vector <math>\vec r</math> that rotates around an axis with an angular speed vector <math>\vec \omega</math> (as defined before) satisfies:
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| :<math>\frac {d \vec r(t)} {dt} = \vec{\omega} \times\vec{r}</math>
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| We can introduce here the '''angular velocity tensor''' associated to the angular speed <math>\omega</math>:
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| : <math>
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| W(t) =
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| \begin{pmatrix}
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| 0 & -\omega_z(t) & \omega_y(t) \\
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| \omega_z(t) & 0 & -\omega_x(t) \\
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| -\omega_y(t) & \omega_x(t) & 0 \\
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| \end{pmatrix}</math>
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| This tensor W(t) will act as if it were a <math>(\vec \omega \times)</math> operator :
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| : <math>\vec \omega(t) \times \vec{r}(t) = W(t) \vec{r}(t) </math>
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| Given the orientation matrix A(t) of a frame, we can obtain its instant '''angular velocity tensor''' W as follows. We know that:
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| : <math>\frac {d \vec r(t)} {dt} = W \cdot \vec{r}</math>
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| As angular speed must be the same for the three vectors of a rotating frame, if we have a matrix A(t) whose columns are the vectors of the frame, we can write for the three vectors as a whole:
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| : <math>\frac {dA(t)} {dt} = W \cdot A (t)</math>
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| And therefore the angular velocity tensor we are looking for is:
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| : <math>W = \frac {dA(t)} {dt} \cdot A^{-1}(t) </math>
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| === Properties of angular velocity tensors {{anchor|Angular velocity tensor}} ===
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| {{see also|Infinitesimal rotation}}
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| In general, the angular velocity in an n-dimensional space is the time derivative of the angular displacement tensor which is a second rank [[skew-symmetric]] tensor.
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| This tensor W will have n(n-1)/2 independent components and this number is the dimension of the [[Lie algebra]] of the [[Lie group]] of [[rotations]] of an ''n''-dimensional inner product space.<ref name="baez">[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/classical/galilei2.pdf Rotations and Angular Momentum] on the Classical Mechanics page of [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/README.html the website of John Baez], especially Questions 1 and 2.</ref>
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| ==== Exponential of W ====
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| In three dimensions angular velocity can be represented by a pseudovector because second rank tensors are [[dual space|dual]] to pseudovectors in three dimensions.
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| As <math>\frac {dA(t)} {dt} = W\cdot A(t)</math>. This can be read as a differential equation that defines A(t) knowing W(t).
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| :: <math>\frac {dA(t)} {A} = W \cdot {dt}</math>
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| And if the angular speed is constant then {{math|W}} is also constant and the equation can be integrated. The result is:
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| :: <math>A(t) = e^{W \cdot t}</math>
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| which shows a connection with the [[Lie group]] of rotations.
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| ==== W is skew-symmetric ====
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| It is possible to prove that angular velocity tensor are [[Skew-symmetric matrix|skew symmetric matrices]] which means that a <math>W = \frac {dR(t)}{dt}\cdot {R^t} </math> satisfies <math>W^t= -W</math>.
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| To prove it we start taking the time derivative of <math>\mathcal{R}\mathcal{R}^t</math> being R(t) a rotation matrix:
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| : <math>\mathcal{I}=\mathcal{R}\mathcal{R}^t</math>, because R(t) is a rotation matrix
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| : <math>0=\frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathcal{R}^t+\mathcal{R}\frac{d\mathcal{R}^t}{dt}</math>
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| Applying the formula ('''AB''')<sup>t</sup> = '''B'''<sup>t</sup>'''A'''<sup>t</sup>:
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| : <math>0 = \frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathcal{R}^t+\left(\frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathcal{R}^t\right)^t = W + W^t</math>
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| Thus, ''W'' is the negative of its transpose, which implies it is a skew symmetric matrix.
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| ==== Duality with respect to the velocity vector ====
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| The tensor is a matrix with this structure:
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| : <math>
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| W(t) =
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| \begin{pmatrix}
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| 0 & -\omega_z(t) & \omega_y(t) \\
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| \omega_z(t) & 0 & -\omega_x(t) \\
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| -\omega_y(t) & \omega_x(t) & 0 \\
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| \end{pmatrix}</math>
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| As it is a [[Skew-symmetric matrix|skew symmetric matrix]] it has a [[Hodge dual|Hodge dual vector]] which is precisely the previous angular velocity vector <math>\vec \omega</math>:
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| : <math>\boldsymbol\omega=[\omega_x,\omega_y,\omega_z]</math>
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| === Coordinate-free description ===
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| At any instant, <math>t</math>, the angular velocity tensor represents a linear map between the position vectors <math> \mathbf{r}(t) </math>
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| and their velocity vectors <math> \mathbf{v}(t) </math> of a rigid body rotating around the origin:
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| : <math> \mathbf{v} = W\mathbf{r} </math>
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| where we omitted the <math>t</math> parameter, and regard <math> \mathbf{v} </math> and <math> \mathbf{r} </math> as elements of the same 3-dimensional [[Euclidean vector space]] <math>V</math>.
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| The relation between this linear map and the angular velocity [[pseudovector]] <math>\omega</math> is the following.
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| Because of ''W'' is the derivative of an [[orthogonal transformation]], the
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| : <math>B(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{s}) = (W\mathbf{r}) \cdot \mathbf{s} </math> | |
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| [[bilinear form]] is [[skew-symmetric]]. (Here <math>\cdot</math> stands for the [[scalar product]]). So we can apply the fact of [[exterior algebra]] that there is a unique [[linear form]] <math>L</math> on <math>\Lambda^2 V </math> that
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| : <math>L(\mathbf{r}\wedge \mathbf{s}) = B(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{s})</math> , | |
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| where <math>\mathbf{r}\wedge \mathbf{s} \in \Lambda^2 V </math> is the [[wedge product]] of <math>\mathbf{r}</math> and <math>\mathbf{s}</math>.
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| Taking the [[dual vector]] ''L''* of ''L'' we get
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| : <math> (W\mathbf{r})\cdot \mathbf{s} = L^* \cdot (\mathbf{r}\wedge \mathbf{s}) </math>
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| Introducing <math> \omega := *L^* </math>, as the [[Hodge dual]] of ''L''*, and apply further Hodge dual identities we arrive at
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| : <math> (W\mathbf{r}) \cdot \mathbf{s} = * ( *L^* \wedge \mathbf{r} \wedge \mathbf{s}) = * (\omega \wedge \mathbf{r} \wedge \mathbf{s}) = *(\omega \wedge \mathbf{r}) \cdot \mathbf{s} = (\omega \times \mathbf{r}) \cdot \mathbf{s} </math>
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| where
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| : <math>\omega \times \mathbf{r} := *(\omega \wedge \mathbf{r}) </math>
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| by definition.
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| Because <math>\mathbf{s}</math> is an arbitrary vector, from nondegeneracy of [[scalar product]] follows
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| : <math> W\mathbf{r} = \omega \times \mathbf{r}</math>
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| === Angular velocity as a vector field ===
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| For angular velocity tensor maps velocities to positions, it is a [[vector field]]. In particular, this vector field is a [[Killing vector field]] belonging to an element of the [[Lie algebra]] so(3) of the 3-dimensional [[rotation group SO(3)]]. This element of so(3) can also be regarded as the angular velocity vector.
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| == Rigid body considerations ==
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| {{see also|axes conventions}}
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| [[Image:AngularVelocity02.svg|right|320 px|thumb|Position of point P located in the rigid body (shown in blue). '''R'''<sub>i</sub> is the position with respect to the lab frame, centered at ''O'' and '''r'''<sub>i</sub> is the position with respect to the rigid body frame, centered at ''O' '' . The origin of the rigid body frame is at vector position '''R''' from the lab frame.]]
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| The same equations for the angular speed can be obtained reasoning over a rotating [[rigid body]]. Here is not assumed that the rigid body rotates around the origin. Instead it can be supposed rotating around an arbitrary point which is moving with a linear velocity V(t) in each instant.
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| To obtain the equations it is convenient to imagine a rigid body attached to the frames and consider a coordinate system that is fixed with respect to the rigid body. Then we will study the coordinate transformations between this coordinate and the fixed "laboratory" system.
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| As shown in the figure on the right, the lab system's origin is at point O, the rigid body system origin is at O' and the vector from O to O' is '''R'''. A particle (''i'') in the rigid body is located at point P and the vector position of this particle is '''R'''<sub>i</sub> in the lab frame, and at position '''r'''<sub>i</sub> in the body frame. It is seen that the position of the particle can be written:
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| : <math>\mathbf{R}_i=\mathbf{R}+\mathbf{r}_i</math>
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| The defining characteristic of a rigid body is that the distance between any two points in a rigid body is unchanging in time. This means that the length of the vector <math>\mathbf{r}_i</math> is unchanging. By [[Euler's rotation theorem]], we may replace the vector <math>\mathbf{r}_i</math> with <math>\mathcal{R}\mathbf{r}_{io}</math> where <math>\mathcal{R}</math> is a 3x3 [[rotation matrix]] and <math>\mathbf{r}_{io}</math> is the position of the particle at some fixed point in time, say t=0. This replacement is useful, because now it is only the rotation matrix <math>\mathcal{R}</math> which is changing in time and not the reference vector <math>\mathbf{r}_{io}</math>, as the rigid body rotates about point O'. Also, since the three columns of the rotation matrix represent the three [[versor]]s of a reference frame rotating together with the rigid body, any rotation about any axis becomes now visible, while the vector <math>\mathbf{r}_i</math> would not rotate if the rotation axis were parallel to it, and hence it would only describe a rotation about an axis perpendicular to it (i.e., it would not see the component of the angular velocity pseudovector parallel to it, and would only allow the computation of the component perpendicular to it). The position of the particle is now written as:
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| : <math>\mathbf{R}_i=\mathbf{R}+\mathcal{R}\mathbf{r}_{io}</math>
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| Taking the time derivative yields the velocity of the particle:
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| : <math>\mathbf{V}_i=\mathbf{V}+\frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathbf{r}_{io}</math>
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| where '''V'''<sub>i</sub> is the velocity of the particle (in the lab frame) and '''V''' is the velocity of O' (the origin of the rigid body frame). Since <math>\mathcal{R}</math> is a rotation matrix its inverse is its transpose. So we substitute <math>\mathcal{I}=\mathcal{R}^T\mathcal{R}</math>:
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| : <math>\mathbf{V}_i = \mathbf{V}+\frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathcal{I}\mathbf{r}_{io}</math>
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| : <math>\mathbf{V}_i = \mathbf{V}+\frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathcal{R}^T\mathcal{R}\mathbf{r}_{io}</math>
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| : <math>\mathbf{V}_i = \mathbf{V}+\frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathcal{R}^T\mathbf{r}_{i}</math>
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| or
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| : <math>\mathbf{V}_i = \mathbf{V}+W\mathbf{r}_{i}</math>
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| where <math>W = \frac{d\mathcal{R}}{dt}\mathcal{R}^T</math> is the previous [[angular velocity tensor]].
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| It can be [[#W is skew-symmetric|proved]] that this is a [[Skew-symmetric matrix|skew symmetric matrix]], so we can take its [[dual space|dual]] to get a 3 dimensional pseudovector which is precisely the previous angular velocity vector <math>\vec \omega</math>:
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| : <math>\boldsymbol\omega=[\omega_x,\omega_y,\omega_z]</math>
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| Substituting ω for ''W'' into the above velocity expression, and replacing matrix multiplication by an equivalent cross product:
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| : <math>\mathbf{V}_i=\mathbf{V}+\boldsymbol\omega\times\mathbf{r}_i.</math>
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| It can be seen that the velocity of a point in a rigid body can be divided into two terms – the velocity of a reference point fixed in the rigid body plus the cross product term involving the angular velocity of the particle with respect to the reference point. This angular velocity is the "spin" angular velocity of the rigid body as opposed to the angular velocity of the reference point O' about the origin O.
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| === Consistency ===
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| We have supposed that the rigid body rotates around an arbitrary point. We should prove that the angular velocity previously defined is independent from the choice of origin, which means that the angular velocity is an intrinsic property of the spinning rigid body.
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| [[image:AngularVelocity03.svg|right| 320 px| thumb| Proving the independence of angular velocity from choice of origin]]
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| See the graph to the right: The origin of lab frame is O, while O<sub>1</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> are two fixed points on the rigid body, whose velocity is <math>\mathbf{v}_1</math> and <math>\mathbf{v}_2</math> respectively. Suppose the angular velocity with respect to O<sub>1</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> is <math>\boldsymbol{\omega}_1</math> and <math>\boldsymbol{\omega}_2</math> respectively. Since point P and O<sub>2</sub> have only one velocity,
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| : <math> \mathbf{v}_1 + \boldsymbol{\omega}_1\times\mathbf{r}_1 = \mathbf{v}_2 + \boldsymbol{\omega}_2\times\mathbf{r}_2 </math>
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| : <math> \mathbf{v}_2 = \mathbf{v}_1 + \boldsymbol{\omega}_1\times\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{v}_1 + \boldsymbol{\omega}_1\times (\mathbf{r}_1 - \mathbf{r}_2) .</math>
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| The above two yields that
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| : <math> (\boldsymbol{\omega}_1-\boldsymbol{\omega}_2) \times \mathbf{r}_2=0. </math>
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| Since the point P (and thus <math> \mathbf{r}_2 </math>) is arbitrary, it follows that
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| : <math> \boldsymbol{\omega}_1 = \boldsymbol{\omega}_2 .</math>
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| If the reference point is the [[instantaneous axis of rotation]] the expression of velocity of a point in the rigid body will have just the angular velocity term. This is because the velocity of instantaneous axis of rotation is zero. An example of instantaneous axis of rotation is the hinge of a door. Another example is the point of contact of a pure rolling spherical rigid body.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Angular acceleration]]
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| * [[Angular frequency]]
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| * [[Angular momentum]]
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| * [[Areal velocity]]
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| * [[Isometry]]
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| * [[Orthogonal group]]
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| * [[Rigid body dynamics]]
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| * [[Vorticity]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| * {{note_label|Symon1971||}}{{cite book|last=Symon | first=Keith |title=Mechanics|publisher=Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA|year=1971|isbn = 0-201-07392-7 }}
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| * {{note_label|LL||}}{{cite book |last=Landau |first=L.D. |authorlink=Lev Landau |author2=[[Evgeny Lifshitz|Lifshitz, E.M.]] |title= Mechanics|year=1997 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=0-7506-2896-0 }}
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| == External links ==
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| {{Wiktionary}}
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| {{Commons category}}
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| * [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBc5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88&dq=angular+velocity+of+a+particle&lr=&rview=1 A college text-book of physics] By Arthur Lalanne Kimball (''Angular Velocity of a particle'')
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| * {{cite web|last=Pickering|first=Steve|title=ω Speed of Rotation [Angular Velocity]|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/angularvelocity.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|year=2009}}
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| [[Category:Angle]]
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| [[Category:Physical quantities]]
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| [[Category:Rotational symmetry]]
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| [[Category:Tensors]]
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| [[fr:Vecteur vitesse angulaire]]
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