Pulse-position modulation: Difference between revisions

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{{Wiktionary|Χ|χ}}
{{Greek Alphabet|letter=chi}}
'''Chi''' ([[uppercase]] '''Χ''', [[lowercase]] '''χ'''; {{lang-el|χῖ}}) is the 22nd letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|k|aɪ}} or {{IPAc-en|'|k|i:}} in English.
 
==Greek==
[[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The Greek alphabet on a [[black figure]] vessel, with a cross-shaped chi.]]
 
===Pronunciation===
 
====Ancient Greek====
Its value in [[Ancient Greek]] was an aspirated [[voiceless velar plosive|velar stop]] {{IPA|/kʰ/}} (in the [[Western Greek alphabet]]: /ks/).
 
====Koine Greek====
In [[Koine Greek]] and later dialects it became a [[Fricative consonant|fricative]] ({{IPA|[x]}} / {{IPA|[ç]}}) along with [[Theta (letter)|Θ]] and [[Phi (letter)|Φ]].
 
====Modern Greek====
In [[Modern Greek]], it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of [[close vowel|high]] or [[front vowel]]s ({{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/i/}}) it is pronounced as a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{IPA|[ç]}}, as in [[German language|German]] ''ich'' or like the ''h'' in some pronunciations of the [[English language|English]] words ''hew'' and ''human''. In front of [[open vowel|low]] or [[back vowel]]s ({{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/u/}}) and [[consonants]], it is pronounced as a [[voiceless velar fricative]] ({{IPA|[x]}}), as in German ''ach''.
 
===Transliteration===
Chi is [[Romanization of Greek|Romanized]] as {{angle bracket|ch}} in most systematic transliteration conventions, but sometimes {{angle bracket|kh}} is used.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/3390/Achaea Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref> In addition, in Modern Greek, it is often also Romanized as {{angle bracket|h}} or {{angle bracket|x}} in informal practice.
 
===Greek numeral===
In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 600.
 
===Xi===
In ancient times, some [[History of the Greek alphabet#Epichoric alphabets|local forms]] of the [[Greek alphabet]] used the chi instead of [[Xi (letter)|xi]] to represent the /ks/ sound. This was borrowed into the early [[Latin]] language, which led to the use of the letter X for the same sound in Latin, and many modern languages that use the [[Latin alphabet]].
 
==Cyrillic==
Chi was also included in the [[Cyrillic script]] as the letter [[kha|Х]], with the phonetic value /x/ or /h/.
 
==International Phonetic Alphabet==
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], the minuscule chi is the symbol for the [[voiceless uvular fricative]].
 
==Chiasmus==
Chi is the basis for the name [[Chiastic structure]] and the name of [[Chiasmus]].
 
==Symbolism==
In [[Plato]]'s [[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]], it is explained that the two bands that form the [[Anima mundi (spirit)|soul of the world]] cross each other like the letter Χ.
 
Chi or [[X]] is often used to abbreviate the name [[Christ#.CE.A7|Christ]], as in the holiday [[Christmas]] ([[Xmas]]). When fused within a single typespace with the Greek letter [[Rho]], it is called the [[labarum]] and used to represent the person of Jesus Christ.
 
==Character Encodings==
 
* Greek Chi
 
{{charmap
|03A7|name1=Greek Capital Letter Chi
|03C7|name2=Greek Small Letter Chi
|1D61|name3=Modifier Letter Small Chi
|1D6A|name4=Greek Subscript Small Letter Chi
|2627|name5=Chi Rho
|map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=94|map2char2=AD
|map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=D2|map3char2=F3
|map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=D6|map4char2=F6
|namedref1=[[TeX]]|ref1char2=\chi
}}
<ref>Unicode Code Charts: [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)]</ref>
 
* Coptic Khi
 
{{charmap
|2CAC|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Khi
|2CAD|name2=Coptic Small Letter Khi
|2CE9|name3=Coptic Symbol Khi Rho
}}
 
* Mathematical Chi
 
{{charmap
|1D6BE|name1=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Chi
|1D6D8|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Chi
|1D6F8|name3=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Chi
|1D712|name4=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Chi
|1D732|name5=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Chi
|1D74C|name6=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Chi
}}
 
{{charmap
|1D76C|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Chi
|1D786|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Chi
|1D7A6|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Chi
|1D7C0|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Chi
}}
 
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
 
==Math and science==
In [[statistics]], the term chi-squared or <math alt="χ²">\chi^2</math> has [[Chi-squared (disambiguation)|various uses]], including the [[chi-squared distribution]], the [[chi-squared test]], and [[chi-squared target models]].
 
In [[algebraic topology]], Chi is used to represent the [[Euler characteristic]] of a surface.
 
In [[neurology]], the [[optic chiasm]] is named for the letter Chi because of its Χ-shape.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Human Brain |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |authorlink= Isaac Asimov |year=1963 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston}}</ref>  
 
In [[chemistry]], the [[mole fraction]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Zumdahl|first=Steven S.|title=Chemistry|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0547125321|edition=8th|page=201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rickard|first=James N. Spencer, George M. Bodner, Lyman H.|title=Chemistry : structure and dynamics.|year=2010|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9780470587119|edition=5th|page=357}}</ref> and [[electronegativity]]<ref>{{GoldBookRef|file=E01990|title=Electronegativity}}</ref> may be denoted by the lowercase <math alt="χ">\chi</math>.
 
In [[rhetoric]], both [[chiastic structure]] (a [[literary device]]) and the [[figure of speech]] [[Chiasmus]] derive from their names from the shape of the letter Chi.
 
In [[engineering]], chi is used as a symbol for the [[reduction factor]] of relevant [[buckling]] loads in the [[EN 1993]], a [[European Standard]] for the design of steel structures.
 
==See also==
*[[Chi (disambiguation)]]
*[[Kha|Х, х - Kha (Cyrillic)]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
[[Category:Greek letters]]
[[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols]]

Latest revision as of 17:24, 17 November 2014

In piece 2 we will discover how to lose fat rapidly by transitioning from the life-style we are currently living to a brand-new life of lean muscle and healthy fat through behavioral change.

Ditch the Soda. Colas are loaded with glucose that leads to excess weight gain. Just one cup of soda has about 180 calories whilst contributing no nutritional value to a diet, so imagine how numerous clear calories are inside a Big Gulp. Try flipping a soda for water if you need to lose weight fast.

Trick the body. A mistake persons usually create is striving to learn how to lose weight solely by dieting. This is tough, because because the calories lessen, the body may try and keep itself safe in case the calories dry up altogether in the future - and it does this by turning the fat storage about maximum - making more food than ever be turned into fat. Counteract this by exercising first, which will get the body into the mode of burning fat, not storing it.

Have you any idea how much of the fat derives from fat, plus how much stems from muscle? If not, you have to use calipers or an electronic body fat calculator to obtain out. If you need guidance, talk with an expert inside nutrition, fitness instructor, or a healthcare provider.

3 Never eat anything at least 2 hours before bedtime, or eat any food after lose weight fast 8pm. This keeps the body from storing fat plus calories during a state of rest.

Many persons mistakenly hide their weight reduction goals from others. These persons are a excellent source of encouragement and aid when they are aware of what you're doing. They can equally be more watchful of what they give you to eat or drink.

Many practitioners and neighbors will tell we that we need to eat less plus exercise more to lose fat yet everyone know which you'll give into temptation sooner or later!