|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{About|financial options|call options in general|Option (law)}}
| | While there is no definite remedy for hemorrhoids, there are still hemorrhoid treatment [http://www.progressivehealth.com/catalog/Avatrol.htm] strategies accessible to you to avoid the painful onslaught of the illness. It is heavily suggested which you consult a doctor inside order to make sure which the hemorrhoids usually not get worse. It is also significant that we go through a treatment regime on the homes to counter the illness.<br><br>Try to apply petroleum jelly to the area where you have hemorrhoid. We usually feel better inside no time after applying some. We might feel the symptoms are almost gone. Well, utilize of petroleum jelly is considered as the most affordable and painless [http://hemorrhoidtreatmentfix.com/hemorrhoid-relief hemorrhoid relief].<br><br>Another treatment for hemorrhoids would be to use witch hazel. It's been shown to succeed at helping decrease swelling and helps with healing hemorrhoids that are bleeding. If your piles are very swollen, this will definitely assist you now.<br><br>Venapro is so ideal considering there is no need for awkward moments inside the toilet wherein we have to place cream on the anus. Just spritz it and you're done. In because brief as 3 days, positive effects are felt.<br><br>Well, he HAD heard about a hemorrhoids home treatment or two, he mentioned, but couldn't really remember any details regarding them. I told him I required time to consider the next step and got out of there and into the bright sunshine because rapidly as I may. Surgery for hemorrhoids certainly wasn't my initially choice.<br><br>Ice is regarded as the easiest nevertheless one of the most powerful hemorrhoid treatments you are able to employ to minimize swelling, inflammation, bleeding plus pain. Wrap it in chipped form inside a piece of cheese fabric plus apply it onto the hemorrhoid itself.<br><br>Depending found on the severerity of your symptom, several advertised their hemorrhoids were cure in 48 hours. I have tried it and they are quite safe and has no side effect as they employ natural ingredience. |
| {{refimprove|date=October 2011}}
| |
| | |
| A '''call option''', often simply labeled a "call", is a financial contract between two parties, the buyer and the seller of this type of [[Option (finance)|option]].<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Sullivan
| |
| | first = arthur
| |
| | authorlink = Arthur O' Sullivan
| |
| | coauthors = Steven M. Sheffrin
| |
| | title = Economics: Principles in action
| |
| | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
| |
| | year = 2003
| |
| | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
| |
| | pages = 288
| |
| | url = http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbCategoryId=&PMDbProgramId=12881&level=4
| |
| | doi =
| |
| | id =
| |
| | isbn = 0-13-063085-3}}</ref> The buyer of the call option has the ''right, but not the obligation'' to buy an agreed quantity of a particular [[commodity]] or [[financial instrument]] (the [[underlying]]) from the seller of the option at a certain time (the expiration date) for a certain price (the [[strike price]]). The seller (or "writer") is obligated to sell the commodity or financial instrument to the buyer if the buyer so decides. The buyer pays a fee (called a premium) for this right.
| |
| | |
| When you buy a call option, you are buying the right to buy a stock at the strike price, regardless of the stock price in the future before the expiration date. Conversely, you can short or "write" the call option, giving the buyer the right to buy that stock from you anytime before the option expires. To compensate you for that risk taken, the buyer pays you a premium, also known as the price of the call. The seller of the call is said to have shorted the call option, and keeps the premium (the amount the buyer pays to buy the option) whether or not the buyer ever exercises the option.
| |
| | |
| For example, if a stock trades at $50 right now and you buy its call option with a $50 strike price, you have the right to purchase that stock for $50 regardless of the current stock price as long as it has not expired. Even if the stock rises to $100, you still have the right to buy that stock for $50 as long as the call option has not expired. Since the payoff of purchased call options increases as the stock price rises, buying call options is considered bullish. When the price of the underlying instrument surpasses the strike price, the option is said to be "[[Moneyness#In the money|in the money]]". On the other hand, If the stock falls to below $50, the buyer will never exercise the option, since he would have to pay $50 per share when he can buy the same stock for less. If this occurs, the option expires worthless and the option seller keeps the premium as profit. Since the payoff for sold, or written call options increases as the stock price falls, selling call options is considered bearish.
| |
| | |
| All call options have the following three characteristics:
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| Strike price: this is the price at which you can buy the stock (if you have bought a call option) or the price at which you must sell your stock (if you have sold a call option).
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| Expiry date: this is the date on which the option expires, or becomes worthless, if the buyer doesn't exercise it.
| |
| | |
| 3
| |
| Premium: this is the price you pay when you buy an option and the price you receive when you sell an option.
| |
| | |
| The initial transaction in this context (buying/selling a call option) is ''not'' the supplying of a physical or financial asset (the [[underlying instrument]]). Rather it is the granting of the right to buy the underlying asset, in exchange for a fee — the option price or ''premium''.
| |
| | |
| Exact specifications may differ depending on [[option style]]. A [[European option|European call option]] allows the holder to exercise the option (i.e., to buy) only on the option expiration date. An [[American option|American call option]] allows exercise at any time during the life of the option.
| |
| | |
| Call options can be purchased on many financial instruments other than stock in a corporation. Options can be purchased on futures or [[interest rate]]s, for example (see [[interest rate cap]]), and on commodities like [[gold]] or [[crude oil]]. A tradeable call option should not be confused with either [[Incentive stock option]]s or with a [[Warrant (finance)|warrant]]. An incentive stock option, the option to buy [[stock]] in a particular company, is a right granted by a corporation to a particular person (typically executives) to purchase [[treasury stock]]. When an incentive stock option is exercised, new shares are issued. Incentive options are not traded on the open market. In contrast, when a call option is exercised, the underlying asset is transferred from one owner to another.
| |
| | |
| ==Example of a call option on a stock==
| |
| [[File:Long call option.svg|thumb|right|200px|Profits from buying a call.]]
| |
| [[File:Short call option.svg|thumb|right|200px|Profits from writing a call.]]
| |
| An investor typically 'buys a call' when she expects the price of the underlying instrument will go above the call's 'strike price,' hopefully significantly so, before the call expires. The investor pays a non-refundable premium for the legal right to exercise the call at the strike price, meaning she can purchase the underlying instrument at the strike price. Typically, if the price of the underlying instrument has surpassed the strike price, the buyer pays the strike price to actually purchase the underlying instrument, and then sells the instrument and pockets the profit. Of course, the investor can also hold onto the underlying instrument, if she feels it will continue to climb even higher.
| |
| | |
| An investor typically 'writes a call' when she expects the price of the underlying instrument to stay below the call's strike price. The writer (seller) receives the premium up front as her profit. However, if the call buyer decides to exercise her option to buy, then the writer has the obligation to sell the underlying instrument at the strike price. Often the writer of the call does not actually own the underlying instrument, and must purchase it on the open market in order to be able to sell it to the buyer of the call. The seller of the call will lose the difference between her purchase price of the underlying instrument and the strike price. This risk can be huge if the underlying instrument skyrockets unexpectedly in price.
| |
| | |
| * The current price of ABC Corp stock is $45 per share, and investor 'Christina' expects it will go up significantly. Christina buys a call contract for 100 shares of ABC Corp from 'Stacey,' who is the call writer/seller. The strike price for the contract is $50 per share, and Christina pays a premium up front of $5 per share, or $500 total. If ABC Corp does not go up, and Christina does not exercise the contract, then Christina has lost $500.
| |
| | |
| * ABC Corp stock subsequently goes up to $60 per share before the contract expires. Christina exercises the call option by buying 100 shares of ABC from Stacey for a total of $5,000. Christina then sells the stock on the market at market price for a total of $6,000. Christina has paid a $500 contract premium plus a stock cost of $5,000, for a total of $5,500. She has earned back $6,000, yielding a net profit of $500.
| |
| | |
| * If, however, the ABC stock price drops to $40 per share by the time the contract expires, Christina will not exercise the option (i.e., Christina will not buy a stock at $50 per share from Stacey when she can buy it on the open market at $40 per share). Christina loses her premium, a total of $500. Stacey, however, keeps the premium with no other out-of-pocket expenses, making a profit of $500.
| |
| | |
| * The break-even stock price for Christina is $55 per share, i.e., the $50 per share for the call option price plus the $5 per share premium she paid for the option. If the stock reaches $55 per share when the option expires, Christina can recover her investment by exercising the option and buying 100 shares of ABC Corp stock from Stacey at $50 per share, and then immediately selling those shares at the market price of $55. Her total costs are then the $5 per share premium for the call option, plus $50 per share to buy the shares from Stacey, for a total of $5,500. Her total earnings are $55 per share sold, or $5,500 for 100 shares, yielding her a net $0. (Note that this does not take into account broker fees or other transaction costs.)
| |
| | |
| ==Example of valuing a stock option==
| |
| | |
| A company issues an option for the right to buy their stock. An investor buys this option and hopes the stock goes higher so their option will increase in value.
| |
| : Theoretical option price = (current price + theoretical time/volatility premium) – strike price
| |
| | |
| Let's look at an actual example, PNC options for January 2012: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/op?s=PNC&m=2012-01.
| |
| * [[Strike price]] – the price the investor can buy the stock at through the option.
| |
| * Symbol – like a stock symbol but for options it incorporates the date.
| |
| * Last – like the last stock price, it is the last price traded between two parties.
| |
| * Change – how much it went up and down today.
| |
| * Bid – what a person is bidding for the option.
| |
| * Ask – what someone wants to sell the option for.
| |
| * Vol – how many options traded today.
| |
| * Open Int – how many options are available, i.e. the option float.
| |
| | |
| Notes:
| |
| # The bid/ask price is more relevant in ascertaining the value of the option than the last price since options are not frequently traded. Meaning the value is usually the Ask/Bid Price.
| |
| # An option usually covers 100 shares. So the bid/ask price is multiplied by 100 to get the total cost.
| |
| | |
| Let's say we bought 3 PNC strike $45, January 2012 options in August for $11.75. That means we paid $3,525 for the right to buy 300 (3*100) PNC shares between now and January 2012.
| |
| | |
| The stock at that time traded at $50.65 meaning the theoretical call premium was $6.1 as shown by our formula: (current price + theoretical time/volatility premium) – strike price, (50.65 + 6.1 – 45 = 11.75).
| |
| | |
| Today the option is worth $19.45, with a theoretical call premium now of 73 cents. The call premium tends to go down as the option gets closer to the call date. And it goes down as the option price rises relative to the stock price, i.e. the 19.45 the option is now worth is 30% (19.45/ $64) of the price per PNC shares. In August it was 23% (11.75/$50.65). The lower percentage of the option's price is based on the stock's price, the more upside the investor has, therefore the investor will pay a premium for it.
| |
| | |
| This option could be used to buy 300 PNC shares today at $45, it can be sold on the option market for $19.45 or for $5,835 (19.45 * 3 options for 100 shares each). Or it can be held as the investor bets that the price will continue to increase. The investor must make a decision by January 2012: he will either have to sell the option or buy the 300 shares. If the stock price drops below the strike price on this date the investor will not exercise his right since it will be worthless.
| |
| | |
| ==Value of a call==
| |
| This example leads to the following formal reasoning. Fix <math>\mathcal{O}</math> an underlying financial instrument.
| |
| Let <math>\Pi</math> be a call option for this instrument, purchased at time <math>0</math>, expiring at time <math>T\in\mathbb{R}^{+}</math>, with exercise (strike) price <math>K\in\mathbb{R}</math>; and let <math>S:[0,T]\to\mathbb{R}</math> be the price of the underlying instrument.
| |
| | |
| Assume the owner of the option <math>\Pi</math>, wants to make no loss, and does not want to actually possess the underlying instrument, <math>\mathcal{O}</math>.
| |
| Then either (i) the person will exercise the option and purchase <math>\mathcal{O}</math>, and then immediately sell it;
| |
| or (ii) the person will not exercise the option (which subsequently becomes worthless).
| |
| In (i), the pay-off would be <math>-K+S_{T}</math>; in (ii) the pay-off would be <math>0</math>. | |
| So if <math>S_{T}-K\geq 0</math> (i) or (ii) occurs; if <math>S_{T}-K<0</math> then (ii) occurs.
| |
| | |
| Hence the pay-off, ''i.e.'' the value of the call option at expiry, is
| |
| | |
| {{NumBlk|1=.|2=<math>\operatorname{max}\{S_{T} - K,0\}</math>|3=|RawN=.}}
| |
| | |
| which is also written <math>(S_{T}-K)\vee 0</math> or <math>(S_{T}-K)^{+}</math>.
| |
| | |
| ==Price of options==
| |
| Option values vary with the value of the underlying instrument over time. The price of the call contract must reflect the "likelihood" or chance of the call finishing [[in-the-money]]. The call contract price generally will be higher when the contract has more time to expire (except in cases when a significant [[dividend]] is present) and when the underlying financial instrument shows more [[Volatility (finance)|volatility]]. Determining this value is one of the central functions of [[financial mathematics]]. The most common method used is the [[Black–Scholes]] formula. Whatever the formula used, the buyer and seller must agree on the initial value (the premium or price of the call contract), otherwise the exchange (buy/sell) of the call will not take place.
| |
| Adjustment to Call Option:
| |
| When a call option is in-the-money i.e. when the buyer is making profit, she has many options. Some of them are as follows:
| |
| # She can sell the call and book her profit
| |
| # If she still feels that there is scope of making more money she can continue to hold the position.
| |
| # If she is interested in holding the position but at the same time would like to have some protection,she can buy a protective "put" of the strike that suits her.
| |
| # She can sell a call of higher strike price and convert the position into "call spread" and thus limiting her loss if the market reverses.
| |
| | |
| Similarly if the buyer is making loss on her position i.e. the call is [[out-of-the-money]], she can make several adjustments to limit her loss or even make some profit.
| |
| | |
| ==Options==
| |
| *[[Binary option]]
| |
| *[[Bond option]]
| |
| *[[Credit default option]]
| |
| *[[Exotic interest rate option]]
| |
| *[[Foreign exchange option]]
| |
| *[[Interest rate cap and floor]]
| |
| *[[Options on futures]]
| |
| *[[Stock option]]
| |
| *[[Swaption]]
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| {{col-begin}}
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| *[[Covered call]]
| |
| *[[Moneyness]]
| |
| *[[Naked call]]
| |
| *[[Naked put]]
| |
| *[[Option time value]]
| |
| *[[Pre-emption right]]
| |
| *[[Put option]]
| |
| *[[Put–call parity]]
| |
| *[[Right of first refusal]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
| | |
| {{Derivatives market}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Options (finance)]]
| |
| | |
| [[nl:Optie#Call-opties]]
| |
While there is no definite remedy for hemorrhoids, there are still hemorrhoid treatment [1] strategies accessible to you to avoid the painful onslaught of the illness. It is heavily suggested which you consult a doctor inside order to make sure which the hemorrhoids usually not get worse. It is also significant that we go through a treatment regime on the homes to counter the illness.
Try to apply petroleum jelly to the area where you have hemorrhoid. We usually feel better inside no time after applying some. We might feel the symptoms are almost gone. Well, utilize of petroleum jelly is considered as the most affordable and painless hemorrhoid relief.
Another treatment for hemorrhoids would be to use witch hazel. It's been shown to succeed at helping decrease swelling and helps with healing hemorrhoids that are bleeding. If your piles are very swollen, this will definitely assist you now.
Venapro is so ideal considering there is no need for awkward moments inside the toilet wherein we have to place cream on the anus. Just spritz it and you're done. In because brief as 3 days, positive effects are felt.
Well, he HAD heard about a hemorrhoids home treatment or two, he mentioned, but couldn't really remember any details regarding them. I told him I required time to consider the next step and got out of there and into the bright sunshine because rapidly as I may. Surgery for hemorrhoids certainly wasn't my initially choice.
Ice is regarded as the easiest nevertheless one of the most powerful hemorrhoid treatments you are able to employ to minimize swelling, inflammation, bleeding plus pain. Wrap it in chipped form inside a piece of cheese fabric plus apply it onto the hemorrhoid itself.
Depending found on the severerity of your symptom, several advertised their hemorrhoids were cure in 48 hours. I have tried it and they are quite safe and has no side effect as they employ natural ingredience.