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| {{Infobox religious building
| | A fast abdomen is the think of all menopausal females. One of the many distressing effects of menopause is what appears to be the sudden appearance of unsightly and perhaps flabby abdomen fat. If you look in the mirror, you lengthy for the days when a stomach was flat and fast. Not just does that stomach fat change how you look and feel inside your dresses, it moreover puts you at risk for certain serious wellness challenges.<br><br>These are always a hit and might bring a smile each time. You can cut nappy-squares from the choice of paper or flannel. Decorate them because we want and write all the details neatly with a felt-tip pen. Next fold them into triangles and further because you'd a diaper. The finishing touch is a small diaper pin. A variation on this theme is to use real, disposable diapers. This can not be thus cute, yet could additionally do the job. You are able to then write all details found on the nappy.<br><br>When you've performed which, plus before you actually buy any fabric, keep in mind which it is going to have to accomodate your waist hip ratio calculator kilt length. If you have a kilt length of 30", you can't purchase fabric that's only 20" broad. It won't function. So, be careful.<br><br>Why why a man swimmer's body is really sexy is because they have low body fat ratio thus that their perfectly toned muscles is seen and not covered by too much body fat. Although low in body fat, swimmers body fat ratio are not as low because pro bodybuilders throughout competition whose bodies have veins popping out with ripped railway track definitions. The swimmer's body is defined by Wisegeek as a excellent amount of muscle tone with a lack of bulk and is a universally attractive body form.<br><br>Design the invitation on standard paper. Roll it up plus tie a colourful ribbon around it. You can even cut out bottle-shaped invites for this purpose. Pop this into a baby bottle. Ask the guest to bring the bottle to the shower, thus that the mother can collect them. If real bottles are too expensive for we, buy little doll-sized bottles, create a hole inside the invitation and tie it with a ribbon to the bottle. For variations on this theme, utilize pacifiers or bibs. If you utilize a bottle, baby shower favors and alternative interesting goodies can be added.<br><br>How do you go about inside measuring body fat index? The idea is to measure the circumference of your calves, thighs, hips, waist, forearm and wrist. What you require for this measuring is a pair of electronic or digital scales, along with a measuring tape. Some folks can also employ calipers. To calculate the [http://safedietplansforwomen.com/waist-to-hip-ratio waist hip ratio], we measure the waist at the now or less point plus the hips at the widest points. A pear shaped body is ideal. The WHR ratio ought to be less than.8 for females plus.95 for men. Be sure that you do not drink any liquids about 2 to 3 hours before we do the measuring plus do clear out your bladder.<br><br>This logic is clearly self-contradictory, as many persons absolutely know and as a growing amount are coming to realise; not every girl above a size zero has curvy hips or breasts. Case inside point, Beth Ditto (singer in the band Gossip), Beth is clearly a greater woman and due to her short stature is presumably clinically obese; when we were to assume which all ladies above a zero are Real then Beth would fit into this category, be enjoyed as a positive part model and be praised for her figure internationally. But it you were to utilize the more recent definition, Beth isnt Real at all as her waist-hip ratio appears to be quite high.<br><br>And that's where I realize that I should exercise a bit more plus eat better foods. I constantly coast along at my nice BMI of regarding 22. But the new WTHR indicator doesn't look so nice. And there is 1 formula that never fails: eat lower than we use. That will take care of BMI, WTHR and any fresh fat indicators only showing up. |
| | building_name =St. Stephen's Cathedral
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| | infobox_width =
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| | image =Wien Stefansdom DSC02656.JPG
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| | image_size =
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| | alt =
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| | caption =St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, Austria
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| | map_type =
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| | map_size =
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| | map_caption =
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| | location =[[Vienna]], Austria
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| | geo =
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| | latitude =48.2085
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| | longitude =16.373
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| | coord_region =
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| | religious_affiliation =[[Catholic Church]]
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| | rite =
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| | region =
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| | state =Vienna
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| | province =
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| | territory =
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| | prefecture =
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| | sector =
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| | district =
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| | cercle =
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| | municipality =
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| | consecration_year =1147
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| | status =
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| | functional_status =
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| | heritage_designation =
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| | leadership =[[Christoph Cardinal Schönborn|Archbishop Christoph Cardinal Schönborn]], [[Ordo Praedicatorum|OP]]
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| | website ={{url|www.stephansdom.at/}}
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| | architecture =yes
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| | architect =
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| | architecture_type =Church
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| | architecture_style =[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]
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| | founded_by =
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| | funded_by =
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| | general_contractor =
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| | facade_direction =NWbW
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| | groundbreaking =1137
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| | year_completed =1160
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| | construction_cost =
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| | specifications =yes
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| | capacity =
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| | length ={{convert|107|m|ft}}
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| | width ={{convert|70|m|ft}}
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| | width_nave ={{convert|38.9|m|ft}}
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| | height_max ={{convert|136.7|m|ft}}
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| | dome_dia_outer =
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| | materials =
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| }}
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| [[File:Pummerin, St. Stephan, Vienna - October 26, 2013.ogg|thumb|right|150px|The Pummerin bell]]
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| '''St. Stephen's Cathedral''' ({{lang-de|Stephansdom}}) is the [[Mother Church#Cathedral|mother church]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna]] and the seat of the [[Archbishop of Vienna]], [[Christoph Cardinal Schönborn]], [[Ordo Praedicatorum|OP]]. The current [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] form of the cathedral, seen today in the [[Stephansplatz, Vienna|Stephansplatz]], was largely initiated by [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Duke Rudolf IV]] (1339–1365) and stands on the ruins of two earlier churches, the first a parish church consecrated in 1147. The most important religious building in Austria's capital, St. Stephen's Cathedral has borne witness to many important events in that nation's history and has, with its multi-coloured tile roof, become one of the city's most recognizable symbols.<ref name="ArchDiocese">{{cite web |url=http://stephanscom.at |accessdate=2001-12-20-01 2007 |language=German |title= Erzdiözese Wien Website}}</ref> | |
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| {{TOC limit|limit=2}}
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| ==History==
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| By the middle of the 12th century, Vienna had become an important centre of German civilisation in eastern Europe, and the four existing churches, including only one parish church, no longer met the town's religious needs. In 1137, [[Bishop of Passau]] Reginmar and [[Leopold, Duke of Bavaria|Margrave Leopold IV]] signed the Treaty of Mautern, which referred to Vienna as a ''[[civitas]]'' for the first time and transferred the [[St. Peter's Church, Vienna|St. Peter's Church]] to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau|Diocese of Passau]]. Under the treaty, [[Leopold IV of Austria (Babenberg)|Margrave Leopold IV]] also received from the bishop extended stretches of land beyond the city walls, with the notable exception of the territory allocated for the new parish church, which would eventually become St. Stephen's Cathedral. Although previously believed to have been built in an open field outside the city walls, the new parish church was in actuality likely built on an ancient cemetery dating back to [[Roman Empire|Ancient Roman]] times; excavations for a heating system in 2000 revealed graves 2.5 metres below the surface, which were [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon-dated]] to the 4th century. {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} This discovery suggests that an even older religious building on this site predated the [[St. Rupert's Church, Vienna|St. Rupert's Church]], which is considered today to be the oldest church in Vienna.
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| [[Image:StephansdomBauHistorie.svg|thumb|left|Growth of the cathedral, showing the <span style="color:#228B22;">'''Roman towers and Giant's Door''' </span> from the burned-out first church (1137), the <span style="color:#FF9966;">'''Romanesque second church'''</span> (1263), the <span style="color:#FF91AF;">'''Gothic Albertine Choir'''</span> (1340), and the <span style="color:#002395;">'''Duke Rudolf IV additions'''</span> (1359), which removed the second church, leaving Stephansdom as it appears today]]
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| Founded in 1137 following the Treaty of Mautern, the partially constructed Romanesque church was solemnly dedicated in 1147 to [[Saint Stephen]] in the presence of [[Conrad III of Germany]], [[Otto of Freising|Bishop Otto of Freising]], and other German nobles who were about to embark on the [[Second Crusade]].<ref name="ce1">{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29/Vienna |title=The City Of Vienna |accessdate=11–26 2007 |coauthors= |work=Catholic Encyclopedia |quote= }}</ref> Although the first structure was completed in 1160,<ref name="aeiou1"/> major reconstruction and expansion lasted until 1511, and repair and restoration projects continue to the present day. From 1230 to 1245, the initial Romanesque structure was extended westward; the present-day west wall and Romanesque towers date from this period. In 1258, however, a great fire destroyed much of the original building, and a larger replacement structure, also Romanesque in style and reusing the two towers, was constructed over the ruins of the old church and consecrated on 23 April 1263. The anniversary of this second consecration is commemorated each year by a rare ringing of the [[Pummerin]] bell for three minutes in the evening.
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| In 1304, [[Albert I of Germany|King Albert I]] ordered a Gothic three-[[nave]] [[choir (architecture)|choir]] to be constructed east of the church, wide enough to meet the tips of the old [[transept]]s. Under his son [[Albert II, Duke of Austria|Duke Albert II]], work continued on the Albertine choir, which was consecrated in 1340 on the 77th anniversary of the previous consecration. The middle nave is largely dedicated to St. Stephen and All [[Saints]], while the north and south nave, are dedicated to [[St. Mary]] and the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] respectively. The choir was again expanded under the reign of Albert II's son, [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Duke Rudolf IV, ''the Founder'']], to increase the religious clout of Vienna. On 7 April 1359, Rudolf IV laid in the vicinity of the present south tower the cornerstone for a westward Gothic extension of the Albertine choir. This expansion would eventually encapsulate the entirety of the old church, and in 1430, the edifice of the old church was removed from within as work progressed on the new cathedral. The south tower was completed in 1433, and the vaulting of the nave—begun in 1446—was complete in 1474. The foundation for a north tower was laid in 1450, and construction began under master [[Lorenz Spenning]], but its construction was abandoned when major work on the cathedral ceased in 1511.
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| [[File:Jakob Alt 001.jpg|thumb|Watercolor by [[Jakob Alt]], 1847]]
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| In 1365, just six years after beginning the Gothic extension of the Albertine choir, Rudolf IV disregarded St. Stephen's status as a mere parish church and presumptuously established a [[Chapter (religion)|chapter]] of [[Canon (priest)|canons]] befitting a large cathedral. This move was only the first step in fulfilling Vienna's long-held desire to obtain its own [[diocese]]; in 1469, [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick III]] prevailed upon [[Pope Paul II]] to grant Vienna its own bishop, to be appointed by the emperor. Despite long-standing resistance by the Bishops of Passau, who did not wish to lose control of the area, the Diocese of Vienna was canonically established on 18 January 1469, with St. Stephen's Cathedral as its mother church. In 1722 during the reign of [[Karl VI]], the [[Episcopal see|see]] was elevated to an archbishopric by [[Pope Innocent XIII]].<ref name="aeiou1">{{cite web |url=http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.s/s838794.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en |title=Stephansdom |accessdate=11–26 2007 |coauthors= |work='Österreich-Lexikon''' |quote= (...) History of Construction: First (?) construction 1137, consecrated 1147, completed as parish church (in possession of the bishopric of Passau) in 1160 (lower floors of the eastern "Heidentürme" and lower parts of the wall divisions are still extant). The various princes subsequently tried to found an independent diocese at St. Stephen's. Vienna was finally granted the status of a diocese in 1469 and St. Stephen's became a cathedral; metropolitan church of the archdiocese since 1723. (...)''}}
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| </ref>
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| During World War II, St. Stephen's Cathedral was saved from intentional destruction at the hands of retreating [[Wehrmacht|German forces]] when Captain Gerhard Klinkicht disregarded orders from the city commandant, [[Josef Dietrich]], to "fire a hundred shells and leave it in just debris and ashes.<ref>http://austria-forum.org/af/Wissenssammlungen/Symbole/Stephansdom</ref>" On 12 April 1945, however, fires from nearby shops—started by civilian looters as [[Russia]]n troops entered the city—were carried to the cathedral by wind, severely damaging the roof and causing it to collapse. Fortunately, protective brick shells built around the pulpit, Frederick III's tomb, and other treasures, minimized damage to the most valuable artworks. The beautifully carved 1487
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| Rollinger choir stalls, however, could not be saved. Rebuilding began immediately, with a limited reopening on 12 December 1948 and a full reopening on 23 April 1952.
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| ==Exterior==
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| The church was dedicated to St. Stephen, who was also the patron of the bishop's [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Passau|cathedral]] in [[Passau]], and so was oriented toward the sunrise on his [[feast day]] of 26 December, as the position stood in the year that construction began. Built of [[limestone]], the cathedral is 107 metres (350 ft) long, 40 metres (131 ft) wide, and 136 metres (445 ft) tall at its highest point. Over the centuries, soot and other forms of air pollution accumulating on the church have given it a black colour, but recent restoration projects have again returned some portions of the building to its original white.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| ===Towers===
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| [[Image:Stephansdom Vienna June 2006 030.jpg|thumb|upright|Romanesque Towers on the west front, with the Giant's Door]]
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| Standing at 136 metres tall (445 ft) and affectionately referred to by the city's inhabitants as "Steffl" (a [[diminutive#German|diminutive]] form of "Stephen"), St. Stephen's Cathedral's massive south tower is its highest point and a dominant feature of the Vienna skyline. Its construction lasted 65 years, from 1368 to 1433. During the [[Siege of Vienna]] in 1529 and again during the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683, it served as the main observation and command post for the defence of the walled city, and it even contains an apartment for the watchmen who, until 1955, manned the tower at night and rang the bells if a fire was spotted in the city. At the tip of the tower stands the double-eagle imperial emblem with the [[Habsburg-Lorraine]] [[coat of arms]] on its chest, surmounted by a double-armed [[Patriarchal cross|apostolic cross]], which refers to ''Apostolic Majesty'', the imperial [[style (manner of address)|style]] of kings of [[Hungary]].{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| The north tower was originally intended to mirror the south tower, but the design proved too ambitious, considering the era of Gothic cathedrals was nearing its end, and construction was halted in 1511. In 1578 the tower-stump was augmented with a [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] cap, nicknamed the "water tower top" by the Viennese. The tower now stands at 68 metres tall (223 ft), roughly half the height of the south tower.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| The main entrance to the church is named the Giant's Door, or ''Riesentor'', referring to the [[femur|thighbone]] of a [[mastodon]] that hung over it for decades after being unearthed in 1443 while digging the foundations for the north tower. The [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] above the Giant's Door depicts [[Christ Pantocrator]] flanked by two winged [[angel]]s, while on the left and right are the two Roman Towers, or ''Heidentürme'', that each stand at approximately 65 metres (215 ft) tall. The name for the towers derives from the fact that they were constructed from the rubble of old structures built by the Romans (German ''Heiden'' meaning heathens or [[pagan]]s) during their occupation of the area. Square at the base and octagonal above the roofline, the ''Heidentürme'' originally housed bells; those in the south tower were lost during World War II, but the north tower remains an operational bell tower. The Roman Towers, together with the Giant's Door, are the oldest parts of the church.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| ===Roof===
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| [[Image:Wien Stefansdom DSC02656.JPG|thumb|upright|South tower and the shorter north tower, along with the roof tiles mosaic.]]
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| The glory of St. Stephen's Cathedral is its ornately patterned, richly coloured roof, 111 metres (361 ft) long, and covered by 230,000 glazed [[tile]]s. Above the [[choir]] on the south side of the building the tiles form a [[mosaic]] of the double-headed eagle that is symbolic of the empire ruled from Vienna by the [[Habsburg]] dynasty. On the north side the [[coats of arms]] of the [http://www.wien.gv.at/english/ City of Vienna] and of the [http://www.austria.gv.at/site/3327/Default.aspx Republic of Austria] are depicted. In 1945, fire caused by World War II damage to nearby buildings leapt to the north tower of the cathedral and went on to destroy the wooden framework of the roof. Replicating the original bracing for so large a roof (it rises 38 metres above the floor) would have been cost prohibitive, so over 600 [[metric ton]]s of steel bracing were used instead. The roof is so steep that it is sufficiently cleaned by the rain alone and is seldom covered by snow.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| ===Bells===
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| The composer [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] discovered the totality of his deafness when he saw birds flying out of the bell tower as a result of the bells' tolling but could not hear the bells. St. Stephen's Cathedral has 23 [[bell (instrument)|bells]] in total. The largest is officially named for [[St. Mary]], but usually called ''[[Pummerin]]'' ("Boomer") and hangs in the north tower. At 20,130 kilograms (44,380 [[pound (mass)|pound]]s), it is the largest in Austria and the second largest swinging bell in Europe (after the 23,500-kilogram (51,800-pound) ''Peter'' in [[Cologne Cathedral]]).
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| Originally cast in 1711 from cannons captured from the Muslim invaders, it was recast (partly from its original metal) in 1951 after crashing onto the floor when its wooden cradle burned during the 1945 fire. The new bell has a diameter of 3.14 metres (9.6 ft) and was a gift from the province of [[Upper Austria]]. It sounds on only a few special occasions each year, including the arrival of the new year. Also in this tower are three older bells that are no longer used:
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| ''Kleine Glocke'' ("small bell") (62 kg) cast around 1280;
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| ''Speisglocke'' ("dinner bell") (240 kg) cast in 1746;
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| and ''Zügenglocke'' ("processions bell") (65 kg) cast in 1830.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| [[File:Stephansdom Christ with a Toothache.jpg|thumb|left|"Christ with a toothache"]]
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| A peal of eleven electrically operated bells, cast in 1960, hangs in the soaring south tower. Replacements for other ancient bells also lost in the 1945 fire, they are used during Masses at the cathedral: four are used for an ordinary Mass; the quantity increases to as many as ten for a major holiday Mass; and the eleventh and largest is added when the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Archbishop of Vienna]] himself is present. From the largest to the smallest, they are named the ''[[Saint Stephen|St. Stephen]]'' (5,700 kg); ''[[Leopold III of Austria (Babenberg)|St. Leopold]]'' (2,300 kg); ''[[Saint Christopher|St. Christopher]]'' (1,350 kg); ''[[Saint Leonhard|St. Leonhard]]'' (950 kg); ''[[Saint Joseph|St. Josef]]'' (700 kg); ''[[Petrus Canisius|St. Peter Canisius]]'' (400 kg); ''[[Pope Pius X|St. Pius X]]'' (280 kg); ''[[Saint|All Saints]]'' (200 kg); ''[[Clemens Maria Hofbauer|St. Clement Maria Hofbauer]]'' (120 kg); ''[[Michael (archangel)|St. Michael]]'' (60 kg); and ''[[Saint Tarsicius|St. Tarsicius]]'' (35 kg). Also in this tallest tower are the ''Primglocke'' (recast in 1772) and the ''Uhrschälle'' (cast in 1449), which mark the passing of the hours.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| The north Roman Tower contains six bells, five of which were cast in 1772, that ring for evening prayers and toll for funerals. They are working bells of the cathedral and their names usually recall their original uses: ''Feuerin'' ("fire alarm" but now used as a call to evening prayers) cast in 1859; ''Kantnerin'' (calling the cantors (musicians) to Mass); ''Feringerin'' (used for High Mass on Sundays); ''Bieringerin'' ("beer ringer" for last call at taverns); ''Poor Souls'' (the funeral bell); and ''Churpötsch'' (donated by the local [[curia]] in honor of the Maria Pötsch icon in the cathedral).{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| The 1945 fire destroyed the bells that hung in the south Roman Tower.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| ===Fixtures on the outside walls===
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| [[File:Stephansdom Capistran Chancel.jpg|thumb|upright|Capistran Chancel]]
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| During the Middle Ages, major cities had their own set of measures and the public availability of these standards allowed visiting merchants to comply with local regulations. The official Viennese [[ell]] length standards for verifying the measure of different types of cloth sold are embedded in the cathedral wall, to the left of the main entrance. The linen [[w:Ell|ell]], also called [[Viennese yard]], (89,6 cm) and the drapery [[w:Ell|ell]] (77,6 cm) length standards consist of two iron bars. According to Franz Twaroch, the ratio between the linen ell and the drapery ell is exactly <math> \sqrt{3}/2</math>.<ref name="ell2">{{cite web |url=http://hexadecimal.florencetime.net/Viennese_ells.htm |title=Viennese Ells |accessdate=14 November 2007 |date=July 2007}}</ref><ref name="ell3">{{cite journal |last=Twaroch |first=Franz |year=2002 |title=Die Maßstäbe am Wiener Stephansdom |journal=Wiener Geschichtsbiatter |volume=57 |language=German|location=Vienna}}</ref> The Viennese ells are mentioned for the first time in 1685 by the [[Canon (priest)|Canon]] [[Testarello della Massa]] in his book ''Beschreibung der ansehnlichen und berühmten St. Stephans-Domkirchen''.<ref name="ell1">{{cite web |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/kunstgeschichte-tutorium/stephansplatz/01regelungen.ppt |title=Normen und Regelungen – Übung "St. Stephan im Mittelalter |format=[[Powerpoint|Ms Powerpoint]]|first=Susanne |last=Haiden |coauthors= Pastner, Ingrid |language=German |accessdate=14 November 2007 |date=July 2007}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
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| [[Image:Wien Stephansdom Maßeinheiten.jpg|thumb|left|Official Viennese linen [[w:Ell|ell]] and drapery [[w:Ell|ell]] length standards embedded in the cathedral wall]]
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| A memorial tablet (near location '''SJC''' on the Plan below) gives a detailed account of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s relationship with the cathedral, including the fact that he had been appointed an adjunct music director here shortly before his death. This was his parish church when he lived at the "Figaro House" and he was married here, two of his children were baptised here, and his funeral was held in the Chapel of the Cross (at location '''PES''') inside.<ref>It is often mistakenly stated that Mozart died poor and so was buried in an unmarked pauper's grave. The truth is that under burial laws decreed in 1784, all – rich or poor – were required to be buried unembalmed and without coffins in communal graves. These laws were still in effect when Mozart died in 1791.</ref>
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| Next to the entrace to the catacombs is the Capistran Chancel, the pulpit (now outdoors at location '''SJC''') from which [[Giovanni da Capistrano|St. John Capistrano]] and Hungarian general [[John Hunyadi]] preached a crusade in 1456 to hold back Muslim invasions of Christian Europe. (See: [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|Siege of Belgrade]]).<ref>The Muslims invaded in 1529 and again in 1683, but were turned back from Europe both times by the resistance of Vienna to the [[siege]]s it endured.</ref> The 18th century [[Baroque]] statue shows St. Francis under an extravagant sunburst, trampling on a beaten Turk. This was the original cathedral's main pulpit inside until it was replaced by Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden's pulpit in 1515.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| A figure of Christ (at location '''CT''') affectionately known to the Viennese as "Christ with a toothache", from the agonized expression of his face, various memorials from the time the area outside the cathedral was a cemetery and a recently restored 15th-century [[sundial]], on a [[flying buttress]] at the southwest corner (location '''S''') can be seen.{{citation needed|date = October 2013}}
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| ==Interior==
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| [[Image:StephansdomAnnotated.png|thumb|Plan of St. Stephen's Cathedral.
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| '''CT''' "Christ with a toothache";
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| '''Fr3''' Tomb of Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]];
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| '''G''' Giant's Door
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| '''HA''' High Altar;
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| '''MP''' Maria Pötsch icon;
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| '''NT''' North Tower;
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| '''P''' Pulpit;
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| '''PES''' [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] burial chapel;
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| '''RT''' Roman Towers;
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| '''S''' Sundial;
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| '''SJC''' St. John of Capistrano pulpit;
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| '''ST''' South Tower;
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| '''WNA''' Wiener Neustädter Altar]]
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| ===Altars===
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| There are 18 [[altar]]s in the main part of the church, and more in the various chapels. The High Altar ('''HA''') and the Wiener Neustadt Altar ({{lang-de|Wiener Neustädter Altar}}) ('''WNA''') are the most famous.
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| The first focal point of any visitor is the distant High Altar, built over seven years from 1641 to 1647 as part of the first refurbishment of the cathedral in the [[baroque]] style. The altar was built by [[Tobias Pock]] at the direction of Vienna's Bishop [[Philipp Friedrich Graf Breuner]] with marble from [[Poland]], [[Styria]] and [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]]. The High Altar represents the stoning of the church's patron [[St. Stephen]]. It is framed by figures of patron saints from the surrounding areas – Saints [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold]], [[Saint Florian|Florian]], [[Saint Sebastian|Sebastian]] and [[Saint Roch|Rochus]] – and surmounted with a statue of [[St. Mary]] which draws the beholder's eye to a glimpse of heaven where Christ waits for Stephen (the first [[martyr]]) to ascend from below.
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| [[File:Stephansdom Wiener Neustädter Altar.jpg|thumb|left|Wiener Neustädter Altar]]
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| The Wiener Neustädter Altar at the head of the north nave was ordered in 1447 by Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], whose tomb is located in the opposite direction. On the [[predella]] is his famous [[A.E.I.O.U.]] device. Frederick ordered it for the [[Cistercian]] [[Viktring Abbey]] (near [[Klagenfurt]]) where it remained until the abbey was closed in 1786 as part of Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II's]] [[anti-clerical]] reforms. It was then sent to the Cistercian monastery of [[Bernard of Clairvaux|St. Bernard of Clairvaux]] (founded by Emperor Frederick III) in the city of [[Wiener Neustadt]], and finally sold in 1885 to St. Stephen's Cathedral when the Wiener Neustadt monastery was closed after merging with [[Heiligenkreuz Abbey]].
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| The Wiener Neustädter Altar is composed of two [[triptych]]s, the upper being four times taller than the lower one. When the lower panels are opened, the Gothic grate of the former [[reliquary]] depot above the altar is revealed. On weekdays, the four panels are closed and display a drab painted scene involving 72 saints. On Sundays, the panels are opened showing [[gilded]] wooden figures depicting events in the life of the [[Virgin Mary]]. Its restoration begun on its 100th anniversary, in 1985 and took 20 years, 10 art restorers, 40,000 man-hours, and €1.3 million to complete, primarily because its large surface (100 m<sup>2</sup>).
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| ===Maria Pötsch Icon===
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| [[File:Stephansdom Pötscher Madonna.jpg|thumb|upright|Pötscher Madonna]]
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| The Maria Pötsch Icon ('''MP''') is a [[Byzantine art|Byzantine style]] [[icon]] of [[St. Mary]] with the child Jesus. The icon takes its name from the [[Hungarian Greek Catholic Church|Hungarian Byzantine Catholic]] shrine of [[Máriapócs]] (pronounced ''Poach''), from where it was transferred to Vienna. The picture shows the [[Virgin Mary]] pointing to the child (signifying "He is the way") and the child holding a three-stemmed rose (symbolizing the [[Holy Trinity]]) and wearing a prescient cross from his neck. The 50 x 70 cm icon was commissioned in 1676 from painter [[István Papp]] by [[László Csigri]] upon his release as a [[prisoner of war]] from the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] who were invading [[Hungary]] at the time. As Csigri was unable to pay the 6-[[forint]] fee the icon was bought by [[Lőrinc Hurta]] who donated it to the church of Pócs.
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| After two [[miracle|miraculous]] incidents in 1696 with the mother in the picture shedding real tears, Emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]] ordered it brought to St. Stephen's Cathedral, where it would be safe from the Muslim armies that still controlled much of Hungary. Upon its arrival after a triumphal 5-month journey in 1697, Empress [[Eleonora Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg|Eleonora Magdalena]] commissioned the splendid ''Rosa Mystica'' [[oklad]] and framework (now one of several) for it, and the Emperor personally ordered the icon placed near the High Altar in the front of the church, where it stood prominently from 1697 until 1945. Since then, it has been in a different framework, above an altar under a medieval stone [[baldachin]] near the southwest corner of the [[nave]] – where the many burning candles indicate the extent of its [[veneration]], especially by Hungarians. Since its arrival the picture has not been seen weeping again but other miracles and answered prayers have been attributed to it, including [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]'s victory over the Turks at [[Senta|Zenta]] few weeks after the icon's installation in the Stephansdom.
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| The residents of Pócs wanted their holy miracle-working painting returned, but the emperor sent them a copy instead. Since then, the copy has been reported to weep real tears and work miracles, so the village changed its name from merely ''Pócs'' to ''[[Máriapócs]]'' and has become an important pilgrimage site.
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| ===Pulpit===
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| [[File:DSCN2717-pulpit.jpg|thumb|upright|Pulpit]]
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| The stone [[pulpit]] is a masterwork of late [[Gothic art|Gothic]] sculpture. Long attributed to [[Anton Pilgram]], today [[Nikolaus Gerhaert|Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden]] is thought more likely to be the carver. So that the local language [[sermon]] could be better heard by the worshipers in the days before microphones and loud speakers, the pulpit stands against a [[column|pillar]] out in the [[nave]], instead of in the [[chancel]] at the front of the church.
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| The sides of the pulpit erupt like stylized petals from the stem supporting it. On those Gothic petals are [[relief]] portraits of the four original [[Doctors of the Church]] (St. [[Augustine of Hippo]], St. [[Ambrose]], St. [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory the Great]] and St. [[Jerome]]), each of them in one of four different temperaments and in one of four different stages of life. The handrail of the stairway curving its way around the pillar from ground level to the pulpit has fantastic decorations of [[toad]]s and [[lizard]]s biting each other, symbolizing the fight of good against evil. At the top of the stairs, a stone [[dog|puppy]] protects the preacher from intruders.
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| Beneath the stairs is one of the most beloved symbols of the cathedral: a stone self-portrait of the unknown sculptor gawking (German: ''gucken'') out of a window (German: ''fenster'') and thus famously known as the ''Fenstergucker''. The [[chisel]] in the subject's hand, and the [[stonemason]]'s signature [[Mason's mark|mark]] on the shield above the window let to the speculation that it could be a self-portrait of the sculptor.
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| ===Chapels===
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| [[Image:Wien.Stephansdom69.jpg|thumb|upright|St. Catherine's Chapel]]
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| There are several formal chapels in St. Stephen's Cathedral:
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| * [[Catherine of Alexandria|St. Katherine's]] Chapel, in the base of the south tower, is the baptismal chapel. The 14-sided baptismal font was completed in 1481, and its cover was formerly the sound board above the famed pulpit in the main church. Its marble base shows the four Evangelists, while the niches of the basin feature the twelve apostles, Christ and St. Stephan.
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| * [[Saint Barbara|St. Barbara's]] Chapel, in the base of the north tower, is used for meditation and prayer.
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| * [[Saint Eligius|St. Eligius's]] Chapel, in the southeast corner, is open for prayer. The altar is dedicated to [[St. Valentine]] whose body (one of three, held by various churches) is in another chapel, upstairs.
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| * [[Bartholomew|St. Bartholomew's]] Chapel, above St. Eligius' Chapel, has recently been restored.
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| * The Chapel of the Cross ('''PES'''), in the northeast corner, contains the burial place of [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] in the vault containing 3 coffins and a heart urn, under a massive stone slab with iron rings. It is also where the funeral of [[Mozart]] was held on 6 December 1791. The beard on the crucified Christ above the altar is of real hair. The chapel is not open to the public.
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| * [[Saint Valentine|St. Valentine's]] Chapel, above the Chapel of the Cross, is the current depository of the hundreds of [[relic]]s belonging to the ''Stephansdom'', including a piece of the tablecloth from the [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]]. A large chest holds the bones of St. Valentine. They were moved here about a century ago, from what is now the Chapter House to the south of the High Altar.
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| ===Tombs, catacombs, and crypts===
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| [[Image:StephansdomKatacombsLabeledPlan.png|thumb|Plan of St. Stephen's Cathedral basement]]
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| Since its earliest days, St. Stephen's Cathedral has been surrounded by [[cemetery|cemeteries]] dating back to Roman times, and has sheltered the bodies of notables and commoners. It has always been an honour to be buried inside a church, close to the physical presence of the [[saint]]s whose [[relic]]s are preserved there. Those less honoured were buried near (but outside) the church.
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| Inside the cathedral, we find the tombs of [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] ('''PES'''), commander of the Imperial forces during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in the ''Chapel of The Cross'' (northwest corner of the cathedral) and of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]] ('''Fr3'''), under whose reign the Diocese of Vienna was canonically erected on 18 January 1469, in the Apostles' Choir (southeast corner of the cathedral).
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| [[Image:Wien.Stephansdom61.jpg|thumb|left|Tomb of Emperor Frederick III]]
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| The construction of Emperor Frederick's tomb spanned over 45 years, starting 25 years before his death. This impressive [[sarcophagus]] is made of the unusually dense red [[marble]]-like stone found at the [[Adnet]] quarry. Carved by [[Nikolaus Gerhaert|Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden]], the tomb lid shows Emperor Frederick in his [[coronation]] [[regalia]] surrounded by the [[coats of arms]] of all of his dominions. The body of the tomb has 240 statues and is a glory of medieval sculptural art.
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| When the [[charnel house]] and eight cemeteries against St. Stephen's Cathedral's side and back walls were closed due to an outbreak of [[bubonic plague]] in 1735, the bones within them were moved to the [[catacomb]]s below the church. Burials directly in the catacombs occurred until 1783, when a new law forbade most burials within the city. The remains of over 11,000 persons are in the catacombs (which may be toured).
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| The basement of the cathedral also hosts the Bishops, Provosts and Ducal crypts. The most recent interment in the Bishop's crypt completed in 1952 under the south [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] was that of 98-year-old Cardinal [[Franz König]] in 2004. [[Provost (religion)|Provosts]] of the cathedral are buried in another chamber. Other members of the cathedral chapter are now buried in a special section at the [[Zentralfriedhof]].
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| The [[Ducal Crypt (Vienna)|Ducal Crypt]] located under the [[chancel]] holds 78 bronze containers with the bodies, hearts, or [[viscera]] of 72 members of the [[Habsburg]] dynasty. Before his death in 1365, Duke [[Rudolf IV of Austria|Rudolf IV]] had ordered such a crypt to be built for his remains in the new cathedral he commissioned. By 1754 the small rectangular chamber was overcrowded with 12 sarcophagi and 39 urns, so the area was expanded with an oval chamber being added adjacent to the east end of the rectangular one. In 1956 the two chambers were renovated and their contents] were rearranged. The [[sarcophagi]] of Duke Rudolf IV and his wife were placed upon a pedestal and the 62 urns containing organs were moved from the two rows of shelves around the new chamber to cabinets in the original one.
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| {{details|Ducal Crypt (Vienna)}}
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| ===Organs===
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| St Stephen's Cathedral has an old [[pipe organ|organ]] tradition. The first [[pipe organ|organ]] is mentioned in 1334.<ref name="O4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.stephansdom.at/data/derdom/details/orgel.php |title= Die Orgel im Stephansdom|accessdate=1 January 2013<!-- 2007 -->|language=German |publisher= "Rettet den Stephansdom" – Verein zur Erhaltung des Stephansdoms}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="O1">{{Cite book |first = Günter | last = Lade| isbn = 3-9500017-0-0| pages = 295| title = Orgeln in Wien| year = 1990 |publisher = Selbstverl. |location = Wien}}</ref> After the fire of 1945, Michael Kauffmann finished in 1960 a large electric organ with 125 voices and 4 manuals, financed with public donations.<ref name="O2">{{Cite web |url=http://iof.pipechat.org//ldshow.php?file=04300100022 |title=St Stephan's Church: Main organ |accessdate=1 January 2013<!-- 2007 -->|work=Catalogue entry |publisher=International Organ Foundation}}</ref> In 1991, the Choir organ was built by the [[Austria]]n firm [[Rieger Orgelbau|Rieger]]. It is a mechanical organ, with 56 voices and 4 manuals.<ref name="O3">{{Cite web|url=http://iof.pipechat.org//ldshow.php?file=04300100023 |title=St Stephan's Church: Choir organ |accessdate=1 January 2013<!-- 2007 -->|work=Catalogue entry |publisher=International Organ Foundation}}</ref>
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| ==Conservation and restoration==
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| [[Image:0181-0183a - Wien - Stephansdom.jpg|thumb|St. Stephen's Cathedral under renovation, 2007]]
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| [[File:St Stephan IMG 6049.JPG|thumb|Interior after innovation. 2011]]
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| Preservation and repair of the fabric of the medieval cathedral has been a continuous process at St. Stephen's Cathedral since its original construction in 1147.
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| The porous [[limestone]] is subject to weathering, but coating it with a sealer like silicone would simply trap moisture inside the stone and cause it to crack faster when the water freezes.
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| The permanent ''Dombauhütte'' (Construction Department) uses the latest scientific techniques (including [[laser]] cleaning of delicate features on stonework), and is investigating a process that would impregnate the cavities within the stone with something that would keep water from having a place to infiltrate.
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| The most visible current repair project is a multi-year renovation of the tall south tower, for which scaffolding has been installed. Fees from advertising on the netting around the scaffolding were defraying some of the costs of the work, but the concept of such advertising was controversial and has been discontinued. As of December 2008, the majority of the restoration on the south tower has been finished, and most of the scaffolding removed.
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| [[File:Stephansdom Christ in Gethsemane.jpg|thumb|left|''Christ in Gethsemane'' after restoration]]
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| Systematic cleaning of the interior is gradually proceeding around the walls, and an outdoor [[relief]] of Christ in [[Gethsemane]] is being restored.
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| Recently completed is a giant project for which visitors and worshippers in St. Stephen's Cathedral had been waiting since 1147: better heating of the church during the winter. Previous systems, including fireplaces, just deposited soot and grease on the artwork, but the new system uses apparatus in many different locations so that there is little moving airflow to carry damaging particles. The church is now heated to around 10 °C (50 °F).
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| Some of the architectural drawings date from the Middle Ages and are on paper 15 ft long and too fragile to handle. Laser measurements of the ancient cathedral have now been made so that a digital 3-dimensional virtual model of the cathedral now exists in its computers, and detailed modern plans can be output at will. When weathered stonework needs to be repaired or replaced, the computerized system can create life-sized models to guide the nine full-time stonemasons on staff in the on-site workshops against the north wall of the cathedral.
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| ==Stephansdom in popular culture==
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| As Vienna's landmark, the St. Stephen's Cathedral is featured in media including films, video games, and television shows. These include [[The Third Man]], [[Burnout 3]]. The cathedral is also depicted on the Austrian [[10 cent euro coins]] and on the packaging of the [[Manner]]-Schnitten wafer treat.<ref name="Manner">The Roman Catholic church allowed the Manner company to use the Cathedral as their logo; in return the company is paying the wages of one stonemason doing repair work on the Cathedral.</ref>
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| In 2008, [[Sarah Brightman]] performed a concert promoting her latest album, ''[[Symphony (album)|Symphony]]'', which was recorded for a TV broadcast and a further DVD release in late September.
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| ==Balassi Mass==
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| Since 2008, the two sabres of the [[Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award]] - which was founded by [[Pal Molnar]] - have been blessed during a Balassi Mass held a few days before the award ceremony. On 25 January 2013, in the presence of some three hundred Hungarians, Bishop Laszlo Kiss-Rigo blessed the two swords during a Mass celebrated in Saint Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.<ref>http://www.kathweb.at/site/nachrichten/database/52137.html</ref>
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| ==Gallery==
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| <gallery>
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| File:Wien.Stephansdom32.jpg|Heidenturm
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| File:Stephansdom Dach Suedseite.JPG|Roof tiles mosaic
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| File:St Stephan IMG 6049.JPG|Interior in evening
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| File:Stephansdom Wien 2.jpg|Interior
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| File:IMG 0190 - Wien - Stephansdom.JPG|Interior
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| File:Stephansdom organ.jpg|Organ on the side wall
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| File:Wien.Stephansdom38.jpg|Side chapel
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| File:Wien.Stephansdom48bis.jpg|Portrait of Anton Pilgram
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| File:Wien.Stephansdom60.jpg|St. Leopold side chapel
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| File:Wien.Stephansdom70.jpg|Baptismal font
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| File:Wien.Stephansdom42.jpg|Pulpit
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| File:Wien.Stephansdom63.jpg|Tomb of Emperor Frederick III
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| File:Franz Alt Stephansdom.jpg|North aisle, 1849
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| File:Stephansdom Fenstergucker.jpg|The ''Fenstergucker''
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| File:Stephansdom O5.jpg|05 symbol for Austrian resistance
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| File:Wien Stephansdom Model.jpg|Model
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| </gallery>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[List of tallest churches]]
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| * [[Stephansplatz, Vienna]]
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| ==References==
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| ;Citations
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| {{reflist}}
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| ;Bibliography
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| {{refbegin}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Böker |first=Johann J. |title=Der Wiener Stephansdom in der Spätgotik |publisher=Pustet |edition=First |location=Salzburg |year=2007 |page=432 |isbn=3-7025-0566-0}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Donin |first=Richard Kurt |title=Der Wiener Stephansdom und seine Geschichte |language=German |publisher=A. Schroll |location=Vienna |year=1952 |isbn= |asin= B0000BHI6S}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Feuchtmüller |first=Rupert |coauthors=Kodera, Peter |title=Der Wiener Stephansdom |language=German |publisher=Wiener Dom-Verl |location=Vienna |year=1978 |page=420 |isbn=3-85351-092-2}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Gruber |first=Reinhard H. |coauthor=Bouchal, Robert |title=Der Stephansdom: Monument des Glaubens |language=German |publisher=Pichler Verlag |location=Vienna |year=2005 |isbn=3-85431-368-3}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Gruber |first=Reinhard H. |title=St. Stephan's Cathedral in Vienna |publisher=St. Stephan's Cathedral |location=Vienna |year=1998 |isbn= |asin=B001OR6HQ4}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Macku |first=Anton |title=Der Wiener Stephansdom: Eine Raumbeschreibung |language=German |publisher=F. Deuticke |location=Vienna |year=1948 |page=30 |isbn=}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Meth-Cohn |first=Delia |title=Vienna: Art and History |publisher=Summerfield Press |location=Florence |year=1993 |isbn= |asin=B000NQLZ5K}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Riehl |first=Hans |title=Der St. Stephansdom in Wien |language=German |publisher=Hrsg. von der Allgemeinen vereinigung für christliche kunst |location=Vienna |year=1926 |page=64 |isbn=}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Strohmer |first=Erich V. |title=Der Stephansdom in Wien |language=German |publisher=K.R. Langewiesche |location=Vienna |year=1960 |isbn= |asin=B0000BOD4J}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Toman |first=Rolf |title=Vienna: Art and Architecture |publisher=Könemann |location=Cologne |year=1999 |isbn=978-3829020442}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Zykan |first=Marlene |title=Der Stephansdom |language=German |publisher=Zsolnay |location=Vienna |year=1981 |page=301 |isbn=3-552-03316-5}}
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| {{refend}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Commons|Stephansdom}}
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| * [http://www.stephansdom.at/ St. Stephen's Cathedral official website] {{small|(German)}}
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| * [http://www.wien.info/en/sightseeing/sights/st-stephens-cathedral St. Stephen's Cathedral tours]
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| * [http://www.kunstkultur.com St. Stephen's Cathedral concerts] {{small|(German and English)}}
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| * [http://www.dommuseum.at/ St. Stephen's Cathedral museum]
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| * [http://www.your-friend.info/fileadmin/downloads/vienna/podcast/Vienna-01-STEPHANSDOM.mp3 St. Stephen's Cathedral guided tour]
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| * [http://www.dombauwien.at/ St. Stephen's Cathedral permanent construction office] {{small|(German)}}
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| * [http://www.stephanskirche.at/ St. Stephen's Cathedral parish] {{small|(German)}}
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| * [http://www.stephanscom.at Archdiocese of Vienna] {{small|(German)}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}}
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| [[Category:Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt]]
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| [[Category:1260s architecture]]
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| [[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Archdiocese of Vienna]]
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| [[Category:Churches in Vienna]]
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| [[Category:Visitor attractions in Vienna]]
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| [[Category:Gothic architecture in Austria]]
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| [[Category:Art museums and galleries in Vienna]]
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| [[Category:Religious museums in Austria]]
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