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: ''Also see [[topological excitations]] and the base concepts: [[topology]], [[differential equation]]s, [[quantum mechanics]]'' & ''[[condensed matter]] physics''.
It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you have any issues relating to wherever and how to use [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 Washington DC Dentist], you can speak to us at the site.
In [[mathematics]] and [[physics]], a '''topological soliton''' or a '''topological defect''' is a solution of a system of [[partial differential equation]]s or of a [[quantum field theory]] homotopically distinct from the [[vacuum solution]]; it can be proven to exist because the [[boundary conditions]] entail the existence of [[homotopy|homotopically distinct solutions]]. Typically, this occurs because the boundary on which the boundary conditions are specified has a non-trivial [[homotopy group]] which is preserved in [[differential equation]]s; the solutions to the differential equations are then topologically distinct, and are classified by their [[homotopy class]]. Topological defects are not only stable against small [[wiktionary:perturbation|perturbation]]s, but cannot decay or be undone or be de-tangled, precisely because there is no continuous transformation that will map them (homotopically) to a uniform or "trivial" solution.
 
Examples include the [[soliton]] or [[soliton|solitary wave]] which occurs in many [[exactly solvable model]]s, the [[Dislocation#Screw_dislocations|screw dislocation]]s in crystalline materials, the [[skyrmion]] and the [[Wess–Zumino–Witten model]] in quantum field theory.
 
Topological defects are believed to drive [[phase transition]]s in [[condensed matter]] physics. Notable examples of topological defects are observed in [[Lambda transition]] universality class systems including: screw/edge-dislocations in [[liquid crystals]], [[magnetic flux tube]]s in [[superconductors]], vortices in [[superfluids]].
 
The authenticity of a topological defect depends on the authenticity of the vacuum in which the system will tend towards if infinite time elapses; we will distinguish false and true topological defects if the defect is in a [[false vacuum]] and a [[true vacuum]], respectively.
 
==Cosmology==
 
Certain [[grand unified theories]] predict topological defects to have formed in the early [[universe]]. According to the [[Big Bang]] theory, the universe cooled from an initial hot, dense state triggering a series of phase transitions much like what happens in condensed-matter systems.
 
In [[physical cosmology]], a topological defect is an (often) stable configuration of matter predicted by some theories to form at [[phase transition]]s in the very early universe.
 
===Symmetry breakdown===
 
Depending on the nature of [[symmetry breakdown]], various [[soliton]]s are believed to have formed in the early universe according to the [[Higgs–Kibble mechanism]]. The well-known topological defects are [[magnetic monopole]]s, [[cosmic string]]s, [[Domain wall (string theory)|domain wall]]s, [[Skyrmion]]s and [[Texture (cosmology)|textures]].
 
As the universe expanded and cooled, symmetries in the laws of physics began breaking down in regions that spread at the [[speed of light]]; topological defects occur where different regions came into contact with each other. The matter in these defects is in the original symmetric phase, which persists after a phase transition to the new asymmetric phase is completed.
 
===Types of topological defects===
 
Various different types of topological defects are possible, with the type of defect formed being determined by the symmetry properties of the matter and the nature of the phase transition. They include:
 
*[[Domain wall (disambiguation)|Domain wall]]s, two-dimensional membranes that form when a discrete symmetry is broken at a phase transition. These walls resemble the walls of a closed-cell [[foam]], dividing the universe into discrete cells.
*[[Cosmic string]]s are one dimensional lines that form when an axial or cylindrical symmetry is broken.
*[[magnetic monopole|Monopole]]s, cube-like defects that form when a spherical symmetry is broken, are predicted to have magnetic charge, either north or south (and so are commonly called "[[magnetic monopole]]s").
*[[Texture (cosmology)|Texture]]s form when larger, more complicated symmetry groups{{which|date=January 2014}} are completely broken. They are not as localized as the other defects, and are unstable.  Other more complex hybrids of these defect types are also possible.
*[[Extra-dimension]]s and higher [[dimensions]].
 
===Observation===
 
Topological defects, of the cosmological type, are extremely high-energy phenomena and are likely impossible to produce in artificial Earth-bound physics experiments, but topological defects that formed during the universe's formation could theoretically be observed.
 
No topological defects of any type have yet been observed by astronomers, however, and certain types are not compatible with current observations; in particular, if domain walls and monopoles were present in the observable universe, they would result in significant deviations{{which|date=January 2014}} from what astronomers can see. Because of these observations, the formation of these structures ''within the observable universe'' is highly constrained, requiring special circumstances (see: ''[[inflation (cosmology)|inflation]]''). On the other hand, [[cosmic string]]s have been suggested as providing the initial 'seed'-gravity around which the [[large-scale structure of the cosmos]] of matter has condensed. Textures are similarly benign. In late 2007, a [[WMAP cold spot|cold spot]] in the [[cosmic microwave background]] was interpreted as possibly being a sign of a [[Texture (cosmology)|texture]] lying in that direction.<ref name="cam">{{cite journal| journal=Science| doi=10.1126/science.1148694| title=A Cosmic Microwave Background Feature Consistent with a Cosmic Texture| first=M.| last= Cruz| coauthors= N. Turok, P. Vielva, E. Martínez-González, M. Hobson| url= http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1148694| accessdate=2007-10-25| volume=318| pages=1612–4| year=2007| pmid=17962521| issue=5856|bibcode = 2007Sci...318.1612C |arxiv = 0710.5737 }}</ref>
 
==Condensed matter==
[[Image:Biaxial.png|thumb|180px|Classes of stable defects in [[Biaxial nematic]]s]]
 
In condensed matter physics, the theory of [[homotopy groups]] provides a natural setting for description and classification of defects in ordered systems.<ref name="mermin">{{cite journal |last1= Mermin|first1=N. D.|year= 1979|title=The topological theory of defects in ordered media|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=51 |issue=3 | doi = 10.1103/RevModPhys.51.591 | bibcode=1979RvMP...51..591M |pages= 591 }}</ref> Topological methods have been used in several problems of condensed matter theory. Poénaru and Toulouse used topological methods to obtain a condition for line (string) defects in liquid crystals can cross each other without entanglement. It was a non-trivial application of topology that first led to the discovery of peculiar hydrodynamic behavior in the ''A''-phase of [[superfluid]] [[Helium]]-3.<ref name="mermin"/>
 
===Classification===
 
An ''ordered medium'' is defined as a region of space described by a function ''f(r)''  that assigns to every point in the region an ''[[order parameter]]'', and the possible values of the order parameter space constitute an ''order parameter space''. The homotopy theory of defects uses the [[fundamental group]] of the order parameter space of a medium to discuss the existence, stability and classifications of topological defects in that medium.<ref name="mermin"/>
 
Suppose ''R'' is the order parameter space for a medium, and let ''G'' be a [[Lie group]] of transformations on ''R''. Let ''H'' be the symmetry subgroup of ''G'' for the medium. Then, the order parameter space can be written as the Lie group quotient<ref name="nak">{{cite book |title=Geometry, Topology and Physics |last= Nakahara|first=Mikio|year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-7503-0606-8|accessdate=2009-12-03}}</ref> ''R=G/H''.
 
If ''G'' is a [[universal cover]] for ''G/H'' then, it can be shown<ref name="nak"/> that ''π<sub>n </sub>(G/H)=π<sub>n-1 </sub>(H)'', where ''π<sub>i </sub>'' denotes the ''i''-th [[homotopy group]].
 
Various types of defects in the medium can be characterized by elements of various homotopy groups of the order parameter space. For example, (in three dimensions), line defects correspond to elements of ''π<sub>1 </sub>(R)'', point defects correspond to elements of ''π<sub>2 </sub>(R)'', textures correspond to elements of ''π<sub>3 </sub>(R)''. However, defects which belong to the same [[conjugacy class]] of ''π<sub>1 </sub>(R)'' can be deformed continuously to each other,<ref name="mermin"/> and hence, distinct defects correspond to distinct conjugacy classes.
 
Poénaru and Toulouse showed that<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poénaru |first1=V.|last2=Toulouse|first2=G.|year=1977 |title=The crossing of defects in ordered media and the topology of 3-manifolds|journal=Le Journal de Physique|volume=38|issue=8}}</ref> crossing defects get entangled if and only if they are members of separate conjugacy classes of ''π<sub>1 </sub>(R)''.
 
===Stable defects===
 
The homotopy theory is deeply related to the stability of topological defects. In the case of line defect, if the closed path can be continuously deformed into one point, the defect is not stable, and otherwise, it is stable.
 
Unlike in cosmology and field theory, topological defects in condensed matter can be experimentally observed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/research/gr/public/cs_top.html|title=Topological defects|publisher=Cambridge cosmology}}</ref> Ferromagnetic materials have regions of magnetic alignment separated by domain walls. [[Liquid crystal#Nematic phase|Nematic]] and bi-axial nematic liquid crystals display a variety of defects including monopoles, strings, textures etc.<ref name="mermin"/> Defects can also been found in biochemistry, notably in the process of protein folding.
 
==Images==
 
[[Image:DoubleWellSoliton.png|frame|none|A static solution to <math>\mathcal{L} = \partial_\mu\phi\partial^\mu\phi - (\phi^2 - 1)^2</math> in 1+1 dimensional spacetime.]]
[[Image:DoubleWellSolitonAntisoliton.gif|frame|none|A soliton and an antisoliton colliding with velocities ±sinh(0.05) and annihilating.]]
 
==See also==
* [[Quantum vortex]]
* [[Dislocation]]
* [[Vector soliton]]
 
*[[Quantum topology]]
*[[Topological entropy in physics]]
*[[Topological order]]
*[[Topological quantum field theory]]
*[[Topological quantum number]]
*[[Topological string theory]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/cs_top.html Cosmic Strings & other Topological Defects]
* http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SeparationOfTopologicalSingularities/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Topological Defect}}
[[Category:Solitons| ]]
[[Category:Large-scale structure of the cosmos]]
[[Category:Cosmic inflation]]

Latest revision as of 16:49, 24 December 2014

It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.

Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

If you have any issues relating to wherever and how to use Washington DC Dentist, you can speak to us at the site.