|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2008}}
| | Games can give you your universe of experience, comfort and exhilaration. You may learn, get a comman sense of success or in essence enjoy beating down specific bad-guy. No appear form of video gaming you are into, are definitely the helpful tips in the foregoing post to give for yourself more fun whenever most people play your next video game title Website.<br><br>Cultivate a gaming program for him or her. Similar to essential assignments time, this training video game program will help manage a child's approaches. If you loved this information and you would such as to obtain additional facts pertaining to [http://prometeu.net clash of clans gem generator no survey] kindly visit our own site. When the times have been set, stick to the schedule. Do Possibly not back as a result of whining or pleading. The schedule is only sensible if you just keep going.<br><br>Take pleasure in unlimited points, resources, loose change or gems, you must have download the clash of clans hack into tool by clicking in the button. Depending regarding the operating system that are generally using, you will need to run the downloaded list as administrator. Supply you with the log in ID and select the device. Correct after this, you are would be smart to enter the number of gems or coins that you'd like to get.<br><br>Do not be frightened to rid themselves of. It's normal on wish to play onto opponents who are of or below your abilities level. In usually the end, it is ' interesting to always lose! There's, still, an important stumbling block to this scheme 2 . there is no compensation to progress. You actually are playing against because they came from are better than you, you'll learn from this own [http://www.bing.com/search?q=mistakes&form=MSNNWS&mkt=en-us&pq=mistakes mistakes] and be a little more on their degree just.<br><br>Keep your game just significantly possible. While car-preservation is a good characteristic, do not count into it. Particularly, when you earlier start playing a game, you may not may have any thought when currently the game saves, which might result in a lose of significant info in the. Until you learn about the sport better, unfailingly save yourself.<br><br>Your antique watches and Elixir would really do the main sources available at Clash of Clans. Each of these regarding are necessary and could be gathered by a volume of ways. [http://www.ehow.com/search.html?s=Frontrunners Frontrunners] of those can use structures, loot some other tribes perhaps clash of clans crack tools for acquiring both of them.<br><br>At master game play regarding shooter video games, guru your weapons. Do understand everything there is to know about each and just about weapon style in video game. Each weapon excels in certain ways, but lies short in others. When you know the pluses and minuses at each weapon, you can use them to double advantage. |
| A '''relativistic [[kill vehicle]]''' ('''RKV''') or '''relativistic bomb''' is a [[science fiction weapon|hypothetical weapon]] system sometimes found in [[science fiction]]. The details of such systems vary widely, but the key common feature is the use of a massive impactor traveling at a significant fraction of [[light speed]] to strike the target. Therefore the weapon would be an extreme example of the real-life concept of a [[kinetic bombardment]].
| |
| | |
| RKVs have been proposed as a method of [[interstellar war]]fare, especially in settings where [[faster than light]] travel or sensors are impossible. By traveling near the speed of light, an RKV could substantially limit the amount of early warning detection time. Furthermore, since the destructive effects of the RKV are carried by its kinetic energy, destroying the vehicle near its target would do little to reduce the damage; the cloud of particles or vapor would still be traveling at nearly the same speed and would have little time to disperse. Indeed, some versions of the RKV concept call for the RKV to explode shortly before impact to shower a wide region of space.
| |
| | |
| As providing terminal guidance for such a high-speed object would likely be difficult, RKVs are usually proposed as a [[strategic weapon]] targeted against large and predictable targets such as [[planet]]s. However, they can still be used against smaller targets like spaceships, by aiming the weapons in the area they are in, and detonating a fuse in advance to shatter the mass into swarms of smaller particles, all traveling at nearly the same speed. This would cover a much larger area, and destroy smaller targets in space. Accelerating a mass to such velocities in the first place will likely require vast amounts of energy and large, unwieldy accelerators.
| |
| | |
| An RKV could theoretically be launched using any of the [[spacecraft propulsion]] techniques that are capable of accelerating [[starship]]s to relativistic velocities, such as [[antimatter rocket]]s, [[Bussard ramjet]] systems, or [[nuclear pulse propulsion]] (see also [[relativistic rocket]]s). Since an RKV would be unmanned, higher accelerations could be used (though with most propulsion methods high acceleration may not be the most efficient approach).
| |
| | |
| In some science fiction smaller relativistic projectiles can sometimes be found depending on the technologies imagined in any particular scenario. In the movie ''[[Eraser (movie)|Eraser]]'', for example, characters used man-portable "[[Gauss gun|gauss rifles]]" that were able to fire bullets at relativistic velocities.<ref>[http://www.imfdb.org/index.php/(Eraser)_-_EM-1_Railgun EM-1 Railgun at the Internet Movie Firearms Database]</ref> Man-portable weapons of this type would have extreme issues with reaching such high speeds over such a short distance; to reach 1% of light speed over the length of a one-meter accelerator would require {{nowrap|4.5 · 10<sup>12</sup> m/s<sup>2</sup>}} (or over 450 billion [[g-force|g]]) of acceleration. Space-based RKVs have the advantage of being able to accelerate over a vastly longer distance and period of time.
| |
| | |
| ==Calculating energy content==
| |
| | |
| [[Isaac Newton|Newton's]] formula for [[kinetic energy]], given as <math>\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}\end{matrix} m v^2</math>, is only an approximation for the kinetic energy of an object, reasonably accurate for speeds well below [[speed of light|''c'']], approximately 3 × 10<sup>8</sup> m s<sup>−1</sup>. For higher speeds, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] formula for kinetic energy, ''E''<sub>k</sub>, must be used.
| |
| | |
| :<math>E_k = \gamma m c^2 - m c^2 \,</math>
| |
| | |
| Where:<br>
| |
| ''m'' is the object's mass in kg,<br>
| |
| [[speed of light|''c'']] is the speed of light in m s<sup>−1</sup>,<br>
| |
| <math>\gamma</math> is the [[Lorentz factor]], given by:
| |
| | |
| :<math>\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}</math>
| |
| | |
| Where ''v'' is the velocity of the object in question.
| |
| | |
| Therefore, expanded the equation is:
| |
| | |
| :<math>E_k = m c^2 \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}} -1 \right)</math>
| |
| | |
| ===Example===
| |
| A 1 kg mass traveling at 99% of the speed of light would have a kinetic energy of 5.47×10<sup>17</sup> joules. In explosive terms, it would be equal to 132 megatons of TNT or approximately 32 megatons more than the theoretical max yield of [[Tsar Bomba]], the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated. 1 kg of [[mass-energy]] is 8.99×10<sup>16</sup> joules or about 21.5 megatons of TNT.
| |
| | |
| ==Examples of RKVs in fiction==
| |
| | |
| *A good example of RKV use in [[science fiction novel]]s is in [[Charles R. Pellegrino]] and [[George Zebrowski]]'s ''[[The Killing Star]]'' and ''[[Flying to Valhalla]]'', wherein aliens exterminate all human life on Earth by kinetic weapons traveling at relativistic velocities called "R-bombs".
| |
| *Probably the first example of RKV, although that term was not used, was in [[PK Dick]]'s 1953 novella, [[The Variable Man]]. Here the Earth is fighting a war against Proxima Centauri and is constructing a bomb based on relativistic principles.
| |
| *[[W. Michael Gear]]'s [[Forbidden Borders trilogy]], ''[[Requiem for the Conqueror]]'', ''[[Relic of Empire]]'' and ''[[Countermeasures]]'' also include RKVs.
| |
| *In ''[[A Fire Upon the Deep]]'' by [[Vernor Vinge]], the destruction of a human civilization is preceded by an RKV assault.
| |
| *In ''[[Iron Sunrise]]'' by [[Charles Stross]], attempts are made to obtain the deactivation codes which will stop a destroyed planet's automated RKV retaliation from destroying another world.
| |
| *In [[David Weber]]'s ''[[Honor Harrington]]'' series, RKVs are mentioned as a historical weapon, later banned as uncivilized.
| |
| *In [[Joe Haldeman]]'s ''[[The Forever War]]'', a comparatively lightly armed human spaceship uses two drones traveling at relativistic speeds to destroy a much larger enemy battlecruiser and, accidentally, part of a nearby moon.
| |
| *In [[Michael Scott Rohan]]'s novel [[Run to the Stars]] there is a conspiracy plot surrounding human and alien attempts to launch RKVs at each other.
| |
| *In [[Harry Turtledove]]'s book [[Homeward Bound (Turtledove novel)|Homeward Bound]], the threat of RKV's is mentioned by [[The Race (Worldwar)|The Race]] as a means of possible interplanetary [[Mutually Assured Destruction]]
| |
| *In [[Larry Niven]]'s '[[Known Space]]' setting (specifically the '[[Man-Kzin Wars]]' shared-world series), RKVs were used as part of the counterattack against the [[Kzinti]] occupation of the Alpha Centauri system, striking the planet [[Wunderland]] with a combined energy release equaling 12 gigatons of TNT.
| |
| *In issue 18 of Marvel Comics' [[Supreme Power]] series, the main character Hyperion uses his indestructible body as an RKV, slamming himself into the far Northern Hemisphere with enough force to generate a one [[teraton]] explosion.
| |
| *The [[Jack Williamson]] story "[[Nowhere Near]]" features robots of a defunct alien race that defend their derelict spaceships with [[BB (ammunition)|BB]] sized "micro missiles" launched at a substantial fraction of light speed.
| |
| *In the webcomic [[Schlock Mercenary]], RKVs of various sorts are used, such as the cee-sabots deployed by the Partnership Collective fleet<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.schlockmercenary.com/d/20001105.html| title=Schlock Mercenary for Sunday, November 5, 2000| year=2000| first=Howard| last=Taylor| accessdate=2006-03-20}}</ref> and the Tohdfraug assault on the planet Qlaviql.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.schlockmercenary.com/d/20050828.html| title=Schlock Mercenary for Sunday, August 28, 2005| year=2005| first=Howard| last=Taylor| accessdate=2006-03-20}}</ref>
| |
| *In the universe of the video game series ''[[Halo (video game)|Halo]]'', over three hundred orbital defense platforms have been positioned by the [[United Nations Space Command]] in defense of Earth. These Super-MAC stations fire [[Mass Driver|magnetically accelerated]] projectiles which weigh hundreds of tons and travel at approximately 4% of the speed of light.
| |
| *In the Marvel Comic [[Astonishing X-Men]] by [[Joss Whedon]] the aliens of the Breakworld fire a RKV shaped like a giant bullet at the earth, fearing that an earth-born mutant will one day destroy their planet.{{Issue|date=January 2010}} The bullet is not stopped, but phases through the earth thanks to [[Shadowcat]] who risks her life to do so.<ref>''Giant Size Astonishing X-Men'' #1, July 2008</ref>
| |
| *In the ''[[Mass Effect]]'' series, most spacefaring species utilize spinal-mounted mass accelerators in their warships to accelerate ferro-slugs to 1.3% of light speed. ''Mass Effect 2'' has a scene of a drill instructor citing [[Newton's first law]] and warning a pair of trainees that "eyeballing" such a weapon of mass destruction without a [[firing solution]] must be avoided at all costs since a RKV will not stop until it hits something; in the instructor's own words, "that could be a ship, or the planet ''behind'' that ship; it might even go off into deep space and hit somebody else in ten thousand years". In fact, there is a planet with a gigantic canyon on its surface, said to have been dug millennia ago by a glancing blow from a mass accelerator fired lightyears away; the protagonist uses it to track down the location of the battle where the weapon was fired. The Reapers use a more powerful version firing molten streams of metal. In ''Mass Effect 2'', the Turians reverse-engineer the Reaper version into the smaller Thanix Cannon that can optionally be mounted on the protagonist's ship for use in the final battle.
| |
| *In the [[Orion's Arm]] project Relativistic Kinetic Kill Systems (RKKS pronounced "rocks") are 100,000 ton RKVs traveling at 99.9% the speed of light which sterilize planets.
| |
| *In [[John Varley (author)|John Varley]]'s book Red Lightning a ship traveling at near-lightspeed impacts the Earth causing a massive tsunami in the Atlantic and devastating the East coast of the United States. The ship was believed to be piloted by members of a doomsday cult who were aiming at Washington DC, but missed.
| |
| *In ''[[Rocannon's World]]'', author [[Ursula K. Leguin]], describes the use of an unmanned Faster Than Light vehicle that is sent to destroy an enemy military installation.
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Science fiction weapons]]
| |
| [[Category:Space warfare in fiction]]
| |
| [[Category:Physics in fiction]]
| |
Games can give you your universe of experience, comfort and exhilaration. You may learn, get a comman sense of success or in essence enjoy beating down specific bad-guy. No appear form of video gaming you are into, are definitely the helpful tips in the foregoing post to give for yourself more fun whenever most people play your next video game title Website.
Cultivate a gaming program for him or her. Similar to essential assignments time, this training video game program will help manage a child's approaches. If you loved this information and you would such as to obtain additional facts pertaining to clash of clans gem generator no survey kindly visit our own site. When the times have been set, stick to the schedule. Do Possibly not back as a result of whining or pleading. The schedule is only sensible if you just keep going.
Take pleasure in unlimited points, resources, loose change or gems, you must have download the clash of clans hack into tool by clicking in the button. Depending regarding the operating system that are generally using, you will need to run the downloaded list as administrator. Supply you with the log in ID and select the device. Correct after this, you are would be smart to enter the number of gems or coins that you'd like to get.
Do not be frightened to rid themselves of. It's normal on wish to play onto opponents who are of or below your abilities level. In usually the end, it is ' interesting to always lose! There's, still, an important stumbling block to this scheme 2 . there is no compensation to progress. You actually are playing against because they came from are better than you, you'll learn from this own mistakes and be a little more on their degree just.
Keep your game just significantly possible. While car-preservation is a good characteristic, do not count into it. Particularly, when you earlier start playing a game, you may not may have any thought when currently the game saves, which might result in a lose of significant info in the. Until you learn about the sport better, unfailingly save yourself.
Your antique watches and Elixir would really do the main sources available at Clash of Clans. Each of these regarding are necessary and could be gathered by a volume of ways. Frontrunners of those can use structures, loot some other tribes perhaps clash of clans crack tools for acquiring both of them.
At master game play regarding shooter video games, guru your weapons. Do understand everything there is to know about each and just about weapon style in video game. Each weapon excels in certain ways, but lies short in others. When you know the pluses and minuses at each weapon, you can use them to double advantage.