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{{Star formation}}
The '''Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism''' is an [[astronomy|astronomical]] process that occurs when the surface of a [[star]] or a [[planet]] cools. The cooling causes the pressure to drop and the star or planet shrinks as a result. This compression, in turn, heats up the core of the star/planet. This mechanism is evident on [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] and on [[brown dwarf]]s whose central temperatures are not high enough to undergo [[nuclear fusion]]. It is estimated that Jupiter radiates more energy through this mechanism than it receives from the Sun, but Saturn might not.<ref>{{cite book | title = Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure | author = Patrick G. J. Irwin | publisher = Springer | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-540-00681-8 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&pg=PA63&dq=%22kelvin+helmholtz+mechanism%22}}</ref>
 
The mechanism was originally proposed by [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Kelvin]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz|Helmholtz]] in the late 19th century to explain the source of energy of the [[Sun]]. By the mid-19th century, [[conservation of energy]] had been accepted, and one consequence of this law of physics is that the Sun must have some energy source to continue to shine. Because nuclear reactions were unknown, the main candidate for the source of solar energy was gravitational contraction.
 
However, it  soon was recognized by Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] and others that the total amount of energy available via this mechanism only allowed for the Sun to shine for millions of years rather than the billions of years that the geological and biological evidence suggested for the age of the Earth. (Kelvin himself had argued that the earth was millions, not billions, of years old.) The true source of the Sun's energy remained uncertain until the 1930s in which it was shown by [[Hans Bethe]] to be [[nuclear fusion]].
 
== Power generated by a Kelvin–Helmholtz contraction ==
 
It was theorised that the [[potential energy|gravitational potential energy]] from the contraction of the Sun could be its source of power. To calculate the total amount of energy that would be released by the Sun in such a mechanism (assuming uniform [[density]]), it was approximated to a perfect sphere made up of [[concentric]] shells. The gravitational potential energy could then be found as the integral over all the shells from the centre to its outer radius.
 
Gravitational potential energy from [[Newtonian mechanics]] is defined as:
 
:<math>U = -\frac{Gm_1m_2}{r}</math>
 
Where G is the [[gravitational constant]], and the two masses in this case are that of the thin shells of width dr, and the contained mass within radius r as one integrates between zero and the radius of the total sphere. This gives:
 
:<math>U = -G\int_0^R \frac{m(r) 4 \pi r^2 \rho}{r}\, dr</math>
 
Where R is the outer radius of the sphere,  and m(r) is the mass contained within the radius r. Changing m(r) into a product of volume and density to satisfy the integral:
 
:<math>U = -G\int_0^R \frac{4 \pi r^3 \rho 4 \pi r^2 \rho}{3r}\, dr = -\frac{16}{15}G \pi^2 \rho^2 R^5</math>
 
Recasting in terms of the mass of the sphere gives the final answer:
 
:<math>U = -\frac{3M^2G}{5R}</math>
 
While uniform density is not correct, one can get a rough order of magnitude estimate of the expected age of our star by inserting known values for the mass and radius of the Sun, and then dividing by the known [[luminosity]] of the Sun. Note this will involve another approximation, as the power output of the Sun has not always been constant.
 
:<math>\frac{U}{L_\bigodot} \approx \frac{2.3 \times 10^{41}\ \mathrm{J}}{4 \times 10^{26}\ \mathrm{W}} \approx 18,000,000\ \mathrm{years}</math>
 
Where L is the luminosity of the Sun. While giving enough power for considerably longer than many other physical methods, such as [[electrochemical potential|electrochemical energy]], this value was clearly still not long enough due to geological and biological evidence that the Earth was billions of years old. It was eventually discovered that [[nuclear fusion|thermonuclear]] energy was responsible for the power output and long lifetimes of stars.
 
<ref>
{{Cite web
| author = R. Pogge
| title = The Kelvin-Helmholtz Mechanism
| work = Lecture 12: As Long as the Sun Shines
| publisher = Ohio State University
| date = 2006-01-15
| url = http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit2/sunshine.html
| accessdate = 2009-11-05
}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelvin-Helmholtz Mechanism}}
[[Category:Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Stellar evolution]]
[[Category:Effects of gravitation]]

Latest revision as of 13:51, 29 December 2014

On-line games can give you your universe of experience, comfort and exhilaration. Also . learn, get a good notiion of success or since enjoy beating down a bad-guy. No challenege show up form of video video games you are into, add the helpful tips in certain post to give your self more fun whenever a play your next video game title Website.

Attending to the higher level: what's important when it comes in order to some game, but when you are looking for Clash of Clans, you have a lot more subtle movements. Despite making use of clash of clans hack tools, you additionally acquire experience points through the process of matching on top linked to other players. Strategy purpose of earning Player vs player combat is to enable other enhancements for your indigneous group. The improvement consists of better the battle equipment, properties, troops and thus tribe people.

Throne Rush has an comparative for just about everything in Clash. Instead within your Town Hall, it incorporates a Castle. Instead to Clans, it has Brotherhoods. Instead of Trophies, it has Morale. Perhaps the one point it takes to to the next stage is its Immortal Heroes. clash of clans has a Barbarian King and your Archer Queen which are typical special units that could be reused in battle inch they just require hours of time to replenish back to full health and wellness. Throne Rush has similar heroes that could be hired, but they may extreme and more everywhere. They play almost the same way, however think players will indulge in using four or five Immortal Heroes instead having to do with just two, as in size as they dont throw off the balance of the game too severely.

Consistently check several distinct locations before purchasing a exercise. In case you have virtually any concerns concerning wherever and also the best way to work with hack clash of clans (his response), it is possible to contact us from our web-page. Be sure to assist you to look both online and in genuine brick additionally mortar stores in all your region. The will cost you of a video video game may differ widely, truly if a game will be not brand new. By performing a no additional leg work, the item is possible to have clash of clans.

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All of this construction is what translates to that you can become a part of the new clan, however it additionally houses reinforcement troops. Click a button to assist you to ask your clan to send you some troops, and they are starting to be out typically there to make use off in assaults, or if you want to defend your base with regard to you while you're using your weekly LARPing eliptical. Upgrading this constructing permits extra troops to be stored for a good defense. You may be required 20 available slots for get a dragon. This is a wonderful base for players looking for to shield trophies in addition to never worried about extracts. Players will retrieve it hard to mop out your city hall. Most will take care of for the easy overcome and take out your favorite assets.

The actual amend additionally permits for you to access the ability from the Sensei application buffs given with the Dojo and. Dojo win band technique. Furthermore, it introduces outstanding customized headgear and equipment, new barrio and safeguarding, and new assemblage positive changes.

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