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{{Geobox
|Protected Area
<!-- *** Name section *** -->
| name                        = Oregon Caves National Monument
<!-- *** Category *** -->
| category                    = [[List of National Monuments of the United States|U.S. National Monument]]
| category_iucn              =
| category_iucn_note          =
<!-- *** Image *** -->
| image                      = Oregon Caves p1080458 1024.jpg
| image_alt=
| image_size = 300
| image_caption              = [[Flowstone]] in Oregon Caves
<!-- *** Etymology *** --->
| etymology_type              = Named for
| etymology                  =
<!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
| country                    = United States
| state                      = Oregon
| region_type                = County
| region                      = [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine]]
| region1                    =
| region2                    =
| district_type              =
| district                    =
| city                        = [[Cave Junction, Oregon|Cave Junction]]
| city1                      =
| city2                      =
<!-- *** Geography *** -->
| location_type              = Cave entrance
| location                    = About {{convert|20|mi|km}} east of Cave Junction
| lat_d                      = 42
| lat_m                      = 05
| lat_s                      = 44
| lat_NS                      = N
| long_d                      = 123
| long_m                      = 24
| long_s                      = 21
| long_EW                    = W
| location_note              = <ref name="gnis">{{cite web | work = [[Geographic Names Information System]] (GNIS) | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date =  November 28, 1980 | url ={{Gnis3|1147260}} | title = Oregon Caves National Monument | accessdate = October 17, 2011}}</ref>
| elevation_imperial          = 4377
| elevation_round            = 0
| elevation_note              = <ref name="gnis" />
| area_unit                  = acre
| area_imperial              = 488
| area_type                  =
| area_note                  = <ref>{{cite web|title=Listing of Acreage|date=December 31, 2010|publisher=National Park Service|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/stats/Acreage/acrebypark10cy.pdf|format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120921015412/http://www.nature.nps.gov/stats/Acreage/acrebypark10cy.pdf|archivedate=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
| area_round                  = 0
| highest                    =
| highest location            =
| highest_lat_d              =
| highest_lat_m              =
| highest_lat_s              =
| highest_lat_NS              =
| highest_long_d              =
| highest_long_m              =
| highest_long_s              =
| highest_long_EW            =
| highest_elevation_imperial  = 5480
| highest_elevation_note  = <ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
| lowest                      =
| lowest_location            =
| lowest_lat_d                =
| lowest_lat_m                =
| lowest_lat_s                =
| lowest_lat_NS              =
| lowest_long_d              =
| lowest_long_m              =
| lowest_long_s              =
| lowest_long_EW              =
| lowest_elevation_imperial  =
| lowest_elevation_note =
<!-- *** Nature *** -->
| geology                    = Solutional cave in marble
| geology1                    =
<!-- *** People *** -->
| established_type            = Established
| established                = July 12, 1909
| established_note            = <ref name="Timeline"/>
| established1_type          =
| established1                =
| management_body            = National Park Service
| visitation                  = 80,894
| visitation_note            = <ref>{{cite web|author=National Park Service Public Use Statistics Office|title=NPS Stats|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/stats/viewReport.cfm?selectedReport=SystemComparisonReport.cfm|year=2010|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=October 17, 2011}} This is the average for the years 2006–10.</ref>
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free1_type                  =
| free1                      =
<!-- *** Map section *** -->
| map                        = Oregon map with national inset.png
| map_alt=
| map_caption                = <small> Location of the cave in Oregon. Inset: Oregon in the United States</small>
| map_locator                = Oregon
| map_size = 300
| map_first                  =
| map1 =
| map1_alt=
| map1_size                  =
| map1_caption =
<!-- *** Website *** -->
| website                    =  [http://www.nps.gov/orca/index.htm Oregon Caves]
| commons            = Oregon Caves National Monument
}}
<!-- Note: site is listed in IUCN database, and appears to conform with Category III -->
 
'''Oregon Caves National Monument''' is a [[United States National Monument|National Monument]] in the northern [[Siskiyou Mountains]] of southwestern [[Oregon]] in the [[United States]]. The main part of the {{convert|488|acres|ha|adj=on}} park, including the [[marble]] cave and a visitor center, is located {{convert|20|mi|km}} east of [[Cave Junction, Oregon|Cave Junction]], on [[Oregon Route 46]]. A separate visitor center in Cave Junction occupies {{convert|4|acre|ha}} of the total. Both parts of the monument, managed by the [[National Park Service]], are in southwestern [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine County]], near the Oregon–[[California]] border. The climate is generally mild even at the cave's elevation of about {{convert|4000|ft|m}} above sea level, but icicles can form at the cave entrance, and winter snow sometimes blocks the park highway.
 
Elijah Davidson, a resident of nearby [[Williams, Oregon|Williams]], discovered the cave in 1874. Over the next two decades, private investors failed in efforts to run successful tourist ventures at the publicly owned site. After passage of the [[Antiquities Act]] by the [[United States Congress]], President [[William Howard Taft]] established Oregon Caves National Monument, to be managed by the [[United States Forest Service]], in 1909. The popularity of the automobile, construction of paved highways, and promotion of tourism by boosters from [[Grants Pass, Oregon|Grants Pass]] led to large increases in cave visitation during the late 1920s and thereafter. Among the attractions at the remote monument is the [[Oregon Caves Chateau]], a six-story hotel built in a rustic style in 1934. It is a [[National Historic Landmark]] and is part of the [[Oregon Caves Historic District]] within the monument. The Park Service, which assumed control of the monument in 1933, offers tours of the cave from mid-April through early November.
 
Oregon Caves is a [[solutional cave]], with passages totaling about {{convert|15000|ft|m}}, that formed in marble. The [[parent rock]] was originally limestone that [[metamorphosis (geology)|metamorphosed]] to marble during the geologic processes that created the [[Klamath Mountains]], including the Siskiyous. Although the limestone formed about 190&nbsp;million years ago, the cave itself is no older than a few million years. Valued as a tourist cave, the cavern also has scientific value; sections of the cave that are not on tour routes contain [[fossils]] of national importance.
 
In addition to cave touring, activities at the park include hiking, photography, and wildlife viewing. One of the park trails leads through the forest to Big Tree, which at {{convert|13|ft|m}} is the thickest [[Douglas-fir]] known in Oregon. Lodging and food are available at The Chateau and in Cave Junction. Camping is available at Forest Service campgrounds and private sites in the area.
 
==Geography==
Oregon Caves National Monument is located in the [[Siskiyou Mountains]], a coastal range that is part of the [[Klamath Mountains]] of northwestern [[California]] and southwestern Oregon. The main part of the park consists of {{convert|484|acre|ha}}<ref name="Vital Signs App. C">{{cite web|title=Appendix C|work=Klamath Network Vital Signs Monitoring Plan|publisher=National Park Service|url=http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/klmn/monitoring/Documents/PhaseIII/Appendix_C_phase3_final_pdf.pdf|format=PDF|year=2007|pages=20–24|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120722021853/http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/klmn/monitoring/Documents/PhaseIII/Appendix_C_phase3_final_pdf.pdf|archivedate=July 22, 2012}}</ref> in the [[Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest]], about {{convert|6|mi|km}} north of the Oregon–California border in [[Josephine County, Oregon]].<ref name="DeLorme">{{cite book|title=Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer|publisher=DeLorme|location=Yarmouth, Maine|edition=7th|pages=66–67|isbn=978-0-89933-347-2}}</ref> An additional visitor center occupies {{convert|4|acre|ha}} in the city of Cave Junction.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> The city is in the [[Illinois River (Oregon)|Illinois River]] valley, about {{convert|40|mi|km}} east of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Rand McNally">{{cite book|title=The Road Atlas|edition=2008|publisher=Rand McNally & Company|location=Chicago|pages=84–85|isbn=978-0-528-93961-7}}</ref> Elevations within the main park range from {{convert|3680|to|5480|ft|m}}; the visitor center in Cave Junction is {{convert|1800|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
By highway, Oregon Caves is {{convert|55|mi|km}} southwest of [[Grants Pass, Oregon|Grants Pass]], {{convert|300|mi|km}} south of [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] and {{convert|450|mi|km}} north of [[San Francisco]].<ref name = "FAQ">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/faqs.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2009|accessdate=August 17, 2011}}</ref> The caves are {{convert|20|mi|km}} east of Cave Junction via [[Oregon Route 46]], which intersects [[U.S. Route 199]] at Cave Junction.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
Despite the monument's name, the main cave is a single system<ref name="mj-1983">{{cite news|page=41|title=Kilroy Was There: Vandalism and Graffiti Really Are Nothing New|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|publisher=Los Angeles Times Service|date=October 21, 1983|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6m4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-ikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6383,385203|accessdate=August 26, 2011}}</ref>  with known passages totaling about {{convert|15000|ft|m}} in length.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C" /> Eight separate smaller caves have also been discovered in the monument.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
Runoff from the heavily wooded monument forms small [[River source|headwater]] streams of the Illinois River, a major tributary of the [[Rogue River (Oregon)|Rogue River]]. One of five small [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] in the monument becomes Upper Cave Creek, which flows on the surface before disappearing into its bed and entering the cave. Supplemented by water entering the cave from above, the stream emerges from the main entrance as Cave Creek.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
==History==
[[File:Oregon Caves Cave Map.png|Map of the Cave|left|thumb|300px]]
[[Archeologist]]s believe the first humans to inhabit the Rogue River region were nomadic hunters and gatherers.<ref name = "Douthit 5-6">Douthit, pp. 5–6</ref> [[Radiocarbon dating]] suggests that they arrived in southwestern Oregon at least 8,500 years ago.<ref name = "Douthit 5-6"/> At least 1,500 years before the first contact with whites, the natives established permanent villages along streams.<ref name = "Douthit 5-6"/> Even so, no evidence has been found to suggest that any of the native peoples, such as the [[Takelma]] who lived along the Rogue and [[Applegate River|Applegate]] rivers in the 19th&nbsp;century, used the cave.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|title=Timeline|publisher=National Park Service|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/historyculture/timeline.htm|year=2007|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref>
 
Largely bypassed by the early non-native explorers, fur traders, and settlers because of its remote location, the region attracted newcomers in quantity when prospectors found gold near [[Jacksonville, Oregon|Jacksonville]] in the Rogue River valley in 1851.<ref>Mark, p. 17</ref> This led to the creation of [[Jackson County, Oregon|Jackson County]] in 1852 and, after gold discoveries near [[Waldo, Oregon|Waldo]] in the Illinois River valley, to the creation of Josephine County, named for the daughter of a gold miner.<ref>Mark, p. 24</ref> Even with an influx of miners and of settlers who farmed [[Donation Land Claim Act|donation land claims]], Josephine County's population was only 1,204 in 1870.<ref>Mark, pp. 25–26</ref>
 
Elijah Jones Davidson, who discovered the cave in 1874, emigrated from Illinois to Oregon with his parents, who eventually settled along Williams Creek in Josephine County.<ref>Mark, p. 28</ref> [[Williams, Oregon|Williams]], as the community came to be called, is about {{convert|12|mi|km}} northeast of the cave.<ref name="DeLorme"/>
 
Only a few people visited the cave during the next decade. Among them was [[Thomas Condon]], professor of geology at the University of Oregon. Guided by Davidson's brother, in 1884 he and a group of students hiked from Williams to the cavern, which they inspected by candlelight.<ref name ="Mark 31">Mark, p. 31</ref> Shortly thereafter, Walter Burch, an acquaintance of the Davidson family, tried to develop the cave as a business.<ref name ="Mark 31"/> Burch and his partners opened what they called Limestone Caves and charged visitors $1 each for a guided cave trip, a camping spot, pasture for horses, and cave water they described as medicinal.<ref name="Timeline"/> Although Burch and others hacked crude trails to the cave from Cave Junction and Williams, the trip was too difficult for most tourists, and Limestone Caves ceased operations in 1888.<ref>Mark, pp. 37–41</ref>
 
[[File:Orca banana grove drapery.JPG|right|thumb|upright|Flowstone in Oregon Caves]] In the early 1890s, the Oregon Caves Improvement Company, headed by Alfonso B. Smith of [[San Diego]] and two men from [[Kerby, Oregon]], tried to raise capital for a larger tourist business at Oregon Caves.<ref name="Mark 37-41">Mark, p. 37–41</ref> Smith made outlandish claims about the cave and its business potential, saying that it was {{convert|22|mi|km}} long, that an ordinary [[horse and buggy]] could be driven through {{convert|10|mi|km}} of it, that it had 600 separate chambers, and that the company planned to build something like a [[tram|streetcar]] line from Williams to the cave.<ref name="Mark 37-41"/> Smith succeeded in wooing the ''[[The San Francisco Examiner]]'', which twice sent reporters to the site. The second occasion involved a cave expedition that lasted about 10 days and involved "an orgy of destruction"<ref>Mark, p. 40</ref> in which passages were widened, formations broken or deliberately removed, and directional arrows added to the cave walls.<ref name="Mark 37-41"/> After Smith had spent all of the company's money and borrowed more in its name, he disappeared in 1894, and the business collapsed.<ref name="Mark 37-41"/>
 
Neither Burch nor Smith had owned the cave or the land around it, which belonged to the public.<ref>Mark, pp. 36–37</ref> Beginning in the 1890s, the Federal government began regulating the use of public lands like these.<ref>Mark, p. 43</ref> In 1903, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] designated millions of acres of forest lands for protection, including what became Siskiyou National Forest, which surrounds the cave. The [[United States Forest Service]] was created in 1905 to manage these reserves. Three years later, [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] passed the [[Antiquities Act]], which allowed the President to designate protected areas called National Monuments on public lands. In 1909, President [[William Howard Taft]] established Oregon Caves National Monument, to be managed by the Forest Service. A year later the Forest Service employed men to guard the cave and to serve as tour guides.<ref name="Timeline"/>
 
Isolated and difficult to reach, the monument attracted only 1,800 visitors in 1920.<ref name="Timeline"/> The situation changed markedly when large numbers of Americans began to travel by automobile on roads paid for largely with government funds. One highway connected [[Grants Pass, Oregon|Grants Pass]] with the California coast at [[Crescent City, California|Crescent City]].<ref name ="Mark 63-66">Mark, pp. 63–66</ref> Another new road, the Oregon Caves Highway, led from the Grants Pass – Crescent City highway to the cave.<ref name ="Mark 63-66"/> Campaigns to attract car-driving tourists included those of the Cavemen, a booster group from Grants Pass that dressed in animal skins, posed along tour routes, and staged annual events to promote the monument.{{#tag:ref|In 1931, the Cavemen dedicated Caveman Bridge over the Rogue River in Grants Pass. The bridge marks the northern end of the Redwood Highway (U.S. Route 199), which connects Grants Pass with Cave Junction and the Oregon Caves Highway. [[Grants Pass High School]] uses "Cavemen" as its mascot name.<ref>Mark, pp. 123–24</ref>|group=n}} By 1928, the number of visitors to the cave had risen to about 24,000 a year.<ref name ="Mark 63-66"/>
 
[[File:Chateau-Oregon-Caves-1.jpg|thumb|left|The Chateau]] The visitors' need for overnight lodging led to creation of public and private campsites and rustic cabins along highways near Cave Junction and the monument.<ref>Mark, pp. 66–70</ref> In 1923, the Forest Service signed a contract with the Oregon Caves Company, based in Grants Pass, to run the cave tours and improve the park accommodations.<ref name="Timeline"/> The Chalet, a building with a kitchen, dining room, gift shop, ticket sales area, and a dormitory for women on the Oregon Caves Company staff, was completed later that year. Three years later, the company added seven two-bedroom cabins for tourists and a dormitory for male employees.<ref name="Timeline"/> In 1928, an Oregon Caves bill written by the Forest Service and introduced by Senator [[Charles L. McNary|Charles McNary]] of Oregon won Congressional approval.<ref name="Mark 81-84"/> It provided funds for electric lights, a power plant, a formation-washing system, and an artificial exit tunnel to eliminate the crowding that occurred when two groups on round-trip tours had to pass one another in the cave. The {{convert|500|ft|m|adj=on}} tunnel was completed in 1931.<ref name="Mark 81-84">Mark, pp. 81–84</ref>
 
Management of the monument was transferred from the Forest Service to the National Park Service in 1933, and a six-story hotel, the [[Oregon Caves Chateau]], was completed at the site in 1934.<ref name="Timeline"/> Gust Lium, a builder from Grants Pass, oversaw construction of the Chateau and some of the park's other buildings, which he designed in a [[National Park Service Rustic|rustic style]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gust Lium|publisher = National Park Service| url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/historyculture/gustlium.htm|year=2006|accessdate=August 30, 2011}}</ref> Mason Manufacturing of [[Los Angeles]] produced the Chateau's furniture in a style called [[Monterey Furniture|''Monterey'']], valued in the 21st&nbsp;century at up to $5,000 for a single chair.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Lodges of the National Parks Pacific Northwest: Oregon Caves|url=http://www.pbs.org/opb/greatlodges/nationalparks/pacific/caves.html|publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting|year=2008|accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref> During the 1930s and early 1940s, the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) installed water and telephone lines, improved trails, and worked on landscaping at the park.<ref name="Timeline"/> The Chalet was rebuilt in 1942 to include a third story and a larger dormitory for women.<ref>Mark, p. 112</ref>
 
Although the Chateau suffered $100,000 in damage from a 1964 flood, it was repaired.<ref name="Timeline"/> By 1968, a total of one&nbsp;million people had visited the cave.<ref name="Timeline"/> In 1987, the Chateau was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]],<ref name="Timeline"/> and in 1992, {{convert|60|acre|ha}} of the monument, including the Chateau and other rustic structures, were listed as the [[Oregon Caves Historic District]] on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name ="historic district">{{cite document|last=Mark|first=Stephen R.|url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/92000058.pdf|format=PDF|title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Oregon Caves Historic District |date= June 1991|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=December 11, 2012}}</ref> In 2001, the Park Service began running the cave tours formerly offered by private contractors, and two years later all the structures at the monument became public property managed by the Park Service.<ref name="Timeline"/> The Illinois Valley Community Development Organization, a non-profit based in Cave Junction, runs the monument's gift shop.<ref name="Timeline"/>
 
==Geology and paleontology==
[[File:Millers Chapel.JPG|thumb|right|Stalactites and stalagmites in Miller's Chapel]] Oregon Caves is unusual in that it was formed in marble. Most caves created by [[dissolution (chemistry)|dissolving]] of rocks are formed in [[limestone]] or [[dolomite]].<ref name="Schubert"/> Of the more than 3,900 caves managed by the National Park Service, only those in Oregon Caves National Monument, [[Kings Canyon National Park]], and [[Great Basin National Park]] have marble caves.<ref name="Schubert">{{cite web|last=Schubert|first=Mary|title=Study of a Karst-Geochemical Data Set from a Marble Cave: Oregon Caves National Monument|url=http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/sponsored_sites/biospeleology/nckms2007/Papers/schubert.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121021042634/http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/sponsored_sites/biospeleology/nckms2007/Papers/schubert.pdf|publisher=University of Texas|work=2007 National Cave and Karst Management Symposium|pages=219–32|format=PDF|archivedate=October 21, 2012}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Eighty one parks managed by the National Park Service have caves.<ref name="Cave and Karst">{{cite web|title=Tour of Park Geology - Cave and Karst Parks|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/tour/caves.cfm|publisher=National Park Service|date=December 13, 2010|accessdate=December 27, 2013}}</ref> Not all are solution caves formed by dissolving of rock. Some are [[lava cave]]s, others are [[scree|talus]] caves formed by rocks falling atop narrow crevices, and some are [[sea cave]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cave & Karst Parks Tour|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/caves/tour.htm|publisher=National Park Service|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130302092829/http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/caves/tour.htm|year=2006|archivedate=March 2, 2013}}</ref> [[Lava Beds National Monument]] alone has more than 450 separate lava caves.<ref name="Cave and Karst"/>|group=n}}
 
The [[parent rock]] in which the cave developed was formed about 190&nbsp;million years ago as limestone that was part of a [[tectonic plate]] beneath the Pacific Ocean.<ref name = "Orr 70-71">Orr and Orr, pp. 70–71</ref> [[Granite|Granitic]] [[pluton]]s intruded this part of the ocean crust, the Applegate [[terrane]], about 160&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Bishop Hiking"/> As the oceanic crust carrying the terrane [[subduction|subducted]] under the North American plate, the terrane [[Accretion (geology)|accreted]] onto the North American Plate and the limestone was subjected to heat and pressure that [[Metamorphism|metamorphosed]] it to marble.<ref name = "Orr 70-71"/> Further tectonic movements eventually [[Tectonic uplift|lifted]] the marble to about {{convert|4000|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Factors|publisher = National Park Service|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/naturescience/environmentalfactors.htm|year=2006|accessdate=August 29, 2011}}</ref> The marble block containing the cave is at least {{convert|1080|ft|m}} long, {{convert|490|ft|m}} wide, and about {{convert|390|ft|m}} high.<ref "Halliday Oregon">Palmer and Palmer, p. 298</ref>
 
The cave's creation took place long after the marble formed.<ref name="Bishop Hiking"/>  As groundwater seeped into cracks in the marble, it eventually dissolved enough rock to expand some of the cracks to the size of tunnels.<ref name = "Orr 70-71"/> Generally, the age of a cave cannot be determined directly because the cave itself is an empty space.<ref name="age constraints"/> However, scientists can sometimes determine the age of [[speleothem]]s or sediments in a cave.<ref name="age constraints">{{cite journal|last = Stock |first=Greg M.|coauthors=Riihimaki, Catherine A.; Anderson, Robert S|title=Age Constraints on Cave Development and Landscape Evolution in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming|url=http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V68/v68n2-Stock.pdf|journal=Journal of Cave and Karst Studies|volume=68|pages=76–84|format=PDF|issue=2}}</ref> An early 21st-century study of speleothem development in Oregon Caves focused on the past 380,000 years.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Edwards |first= Vasile, ''et al.''|title=Environmental Influences on Speleothem Growth in Southwestern Oregon During the Last 380,000 Years|url= http://geo.orst.edu/files/geo/Ersek-2009-EPSL.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|publisher=Elsevier|year=2009|pages=316–25|issue=279|bibcode= 2009E&PSL.279..316E|volume= 279|doi= 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.008|first2= Steven W.|first3= Hai|first4= Peter U.|first5= Faron S.|first6= Alan C.|first7= R. Lawrence}}</ref> Based on the available evidence, the cave is thought to be at least a million years old and "probably not much older than a few million" years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roth|first=John|title=Oregon Caves National Monument Subsurface Management Plan Environmental Assessment|publisher=National Park Service|date= September 2005|url=http://www.caves.org/region/western/Docs/ea-subsuface-plan.9.05.releaseversion.pdf|format=PDF|page=22|accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref>
 
Marble has a more coarse-grained texture than limestone, but both are made of [[calcite]] ([[calcium|Ca]][[carbon|C]][[oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>).<ref name="Plummer 136">Plummer and McGeary, p. 136</ref> Caves often develop when slightly acidic groundwater dissolves calcite along natural [[Fracture (geology)|fractures]] in the rock.<ref name="Plummer 247-50">Plummer and McGeary, pp. 247–50</ref> A reversal of the dissolving process can create [[flowstone]] and dripstone such as [[stalactite]]s, that hang from cave ceilings like icicles, and [[stalagmite]]s, cone-shaped masses that form on cave floors, usually directly below stalactites.<ref name="Plummer 247-50"/> These structures form when acidic groundwater with a high concentration of dissolved calcite drips slowly from the ceiling of an air-filled cave, becomes less acidic, and leaves some of its calcite behind as a solid [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitate]].<ref name="Plummer 247-50"/> Oregon Caves includes a variety of cave formations created through precipitation of calcite.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cave Photographs|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/photosmultimedia/Cave-Photographs.htm|year=2010|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The chemical equation for the process is H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> + CaCO<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;<math>\rightleftarrows</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;Ca<sup>++</sup> + 2HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>; that is, water plus carbon dioxide plus calcite can yield calcium [[ion]]s plus bicarbonate ions and vice versa. The carbon dioxide can either be acquired from the atmosphere (or soils), making the water more acidic, or it can be released to the atmosphere, making the water less acidic. The equation is read from left to right for cave formation (dissolution) and from right to left for flowstone and dripstone formation (precipitation).<ref name="Plummer 247-50"/>|group=n}} Although many of the speleothems in the public sections of the cave have been broken, discolored by human skin oils, or otherwise damaged, the narrow twisting passages of the "show cave" provide enduring tourist value.<ref>Oliphant and Oliphant, p. 56</ref>
 
The cave is not pure marble. [[Dike (geology)|Dikes]] of [[diorite]], an [[igneous rock]] that was part of a pluton, cut through the marble in places. [[Shale]]s and [[sandstone]]s, which are [[sedimentary rock]]s, are in places [[Interbedding|interbedded]] with the marble. In addition, streams have carried silts and gravels from the surface into the cave.<ref name="Bishop Hiking">Bishop, pp. 50–52</ref>
 
The monument has more than 50 [[Paleontology|paleontological]] sites ranging in age from [[Late Pleistocene]] to [[Holocene]].<ref name="50 sites">{{cite web|last=Covington|first=Sid|title=Oregon Caves National Monument Geologic Resources Management Issues Scoping Summary|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/publications/s_summaries/ORCA_scoping_summary_20041025.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=National Park Service|date=September 10, 2004|accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref>  A [[fossil]] of a [[grizzly bear]] more than 50,000 years old and a [[jaguar]] fossil between 40,000 and 20,000 years old have been found in the cave.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> Other fossils include amphibians,<ref name="50 sites"/> and rare finds of the [[mountain beaver]], and the [[blue grouse]].<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> The monument's
mammalian fossils, found in non-public sections of the cave,<ref>Oliphant and Oliphant, p. 51</ref> are of national significance.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
==Climate==
The main unit of the monument is located in the mountains at elevations varying from {{convert|3680|to|5480|ft|m}} above sea level. The park's nearness to the ocean contributes to its relatively mild climate. Temperatures generally range between {{convert|20|and|40|F|C}} in winter and {{convert|50|and|90|F|C}} in summer.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> However, inside the cave, the temperature is always about {{convert|44|F|C}}.<ref name= "cave tours"/>{{#tag:ref|The transition zones near the cave's entrances are exceptions. For example, icicles sometimes form in below-freezing temperatures at the mouth of the main entrance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lachman|first=Phil|title=Earth Science Picture of the Day: Ice Stalactites in Oregon Caves National Monument|url=http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2010/11/ice-stalactites-in-.html|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|date=November 8, 2010|accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref> |group=n}}  Annual precipitation, arriving mostly as wet snow, averages {{convert|55|in|mm}}. Moderate winds are common.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
The climate in Cave Junction, at {{convert|1800|ft|m}} above sea level,<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> is warmer and wetter than the climate at the main unit. December and January are the coldest months, when highs average about {{convert|46|F|C}} and lows average {{convert|32|F|C}}.<ref name= "WeatherChannel">{{cite web | title =  Monthly Averages for Cave Junction, Oregon|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/allergies/wxclimatology/monthly/USOR0059 |accessdate= August 17, 2011|publisher= The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc}}</ref> July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of {{convert|92|F|C}} and an average low of about {{convert|50|F|C}}.<ref name= "WeatherChannel"/> The highest recorded temperature at Cave Junction was {{convert|112|F|C}} in 2006, and the lowest was {{convert|-6|F|C}} in 1972.<ref name= "WeatherChannel"/> Annual precipitation averages about {{convert|63|in|mm}}. November through February are the wettest, averaging about {{convert|10|to|11|in|mm}} each month.<ref name= "WeatherChannel"/>
 
==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Women exploring the Oregon Caves.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Visitors in the 1940s]]
Located within the Klamath–Siskiyou region, known for its high [[biodiversity]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Geodiversity Increases Biodiversity|publisher=National Park Service|year=2010|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/naturescience/index.htm|accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref> the monument supports 391 [[vascular plant]] species as well as many species of [[bryophyte]], [[lichen]], and [[mushroom|macrofungi]].<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> Trees in the monument include [[Douglas-fir]], [[oak]], [[white fir]], and [[alder]]. Among the oldest trees is Big Tree, thought to be the thickest Douglas-fir in the state.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> It is {{convert|41|ft|m}} in circumference near the base.<ref name ="Big Tree Trail"/> Its age is estimated at 600 to 800 years<ref name ="Big Tree Trail">{{cite web|title=The Big Tree Trail|publisher=National Park Service|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/forkids/upload/bigtree.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=October 11, 2011}}</ref> and it was described in the 1930s as {{convert|14|ft|m}} in diameter.<ref>Mark, p. 102</ref>{{#tag:ref|Calculated using a circumference, c, of {{convert|41|ft|m}} in the formula c = {{pi}} × d, where {{pi}} is rounded to 3.14, and the diameter, d, is about {{convert|13|ft|m}}.|group=n}} The monument contains no plants with special [[conservation status]].<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
Species lists for the park include about 50 mammals, 86 birds, 11 reptiles and [[amphibian]]s, 8 bats, more than 200 [[arthropod]]s, 8 snails and slugs, 75 butterflies, more than 55 moths, and 8 aquatic [[macroinvertebrate]]s.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> Of these species, 160 are found inside the cave.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> Outside the cave, [[black-tailed deer]], [[Stellar's Jay]], [[Common Raven]], and [[Townsend's chipmunk]] are among animals often seen in the park.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> Less commonly sighted are [[American black bear|black bear]], [[cougar]], [[northern flying squirrel]], and [[Pacific giant salamander]].<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/> [[Spring (hydrosphere)|Springs]] and other wet places support [[flatworm]]s, frogs, and snails.<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
Animal species in the park with special conservation status are the [[Northern Spotted Owl]], [[California mountain kingsnake]], [[tailed frog]], [[Del Norte Salamander|Del Norte salamander]], [[Northern Goshawk]], [[Olive-sided Flycatcher]], Little [[Willow Flycatcher]], Siskiyou gazelle beetle, and Pacific fisher. Five [[Species of Concern|at-risk]] species are found in the cave: [[Townsend's big-eared bat]], [[long-eared myotis]], [[fringed myotis]], [[long-legged myotis]], and [[Yuma myotis]].<ref name="Vital Signs App. C"/>
 
==Activities==
[[File:ORCA Hiking trail map .png|left|thumb|300px|Map of trails in and near the monument. "P" identifies the parking lot for the hotel and visitor center, represented by the ranger and small hut icon.]] Oregon Caves National Monument is open year-round, although snow sometimes blocks the road to the park. Cave tours are offered from mid-spring (mid-April) to late fall (early November), and the visitor center is open when the cave is open for tours. The schedule varies from season to season, but tours generally start no earlier than 9&nbsp;a.m. and no later than 6&nbsp;p.m. except for candlelight tours offered on Fridays and Saturdays at 6:30&nbsp;p.m. between late May and early September.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operating Hours and Seasons|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/hours.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2011|accessdate=October 15, 2011}}</ref>
 
Cave-tour tickets are available only at the monument and are sold on a first-come, first-served basis.<ref name= "cave tours"/> Tours are {{convert|0.5|mi|km}} long and last 90 minutes, although visitors can choose to leave the cave about halfway through the tour.<ref name= "cave tours"/> The route requires negotiating more than 500 steep and uneven stairs and passageways with as little as {{convert|45|in|cm}} between floor and ceiling.<ref name= "cave tours"/> Not recommended by the Park Service for anyone with heart, lung, or mobility problems, the tour involves a total climb of {{convert|230|ft|m}}.<ref name= "cave tours"/> Children less than {{convert|42|in|cm}} tall or who are unable to climb a set of test stairs on their own are not allowed on the full cave tour.<ref name= "cave tours">{{cite web|title=General Cave Tours|url= http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/cave_tours.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2011|accessdate=October 14, 2011}}</ref> The Park Service offers a limited number of off-trail "Introduction to Caving" tours by advanced reservation only.<ref>{{cite web|title=Off-Trail Caving Tours |url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/off-trail-caving-tours.htm|year=2011|accessdate=October 15, 2011}}</ref>
 
Since the cave is only {{convert|44|F|C}} inside regardless of the outdoor temperature, the Park Service recommends warm clothing for its tours. Good walking shoes are needed to negotiate slippery and uneven surfaces. Not allowed on the tours are flashlights, backpacks, large purses, tripods, or pets. To protect bats from [[white nose syndrome]], visitors must not take any clothing or equipment into Oregon Caves that entered any cave in Europe or any cave, mine, or bat hibernation site east of the [[Rocky Mountains]] in North America after 2005.<ref name= "cave tours"/>
 
[[File:Women exploring the Oregon Caves 2.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Visitors in the 1940s]]
Several hiking trails wind through the monument and adjacent forest lands. Big Tree Trail, {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} long, gains {{convert|1100|ft|m}} in elevation between the visitor center and Big Tree.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Big Tree Trail|publisher=National Park Service|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/bigtree.htm|year=2011|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> No Name Trail, {{convert|1.3|mi|km}} long, begins behind the visitor center, follows Cave Creek, crosses it, and then climbs steeply to the west side of the monument. Two short side trails lead from the main trail to waterfalls along No Name Creek.<ref>{{cite web|title=No Name Trail|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/no_name_trail.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2011|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> Cliff Nature Trail, passing over marble outcrops and through fir forests, winds for about {{convert|1|mi|km}} from near the cave entrance past the cave exit to Big Tree Trail.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cliff Nature Trail|url= http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/cliff-nature-trail.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2011|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> Old Growth Trail, {{convert|0.8|mi|km}} long, links the Chateau and visitor center to the main parking lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Growth Trail|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/old_growth_trail.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2011|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> Other named trails entering the park include Cave Creek, Mt. Elijah, and Limestone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiking Trails|publisher=National Park Service|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=393958|format=PDF|year=2010|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> In 2012, the Oregon Caves Historic District was expanded to include several segments of the trail system.<ref name ="historic district expansion">{{cite document|last=Glanville|first=Abby|url=http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/HCD/NATREG/docs/national_register_recent/Josephine_OregonCavesHistoricDistrictBoundaryIncrease_nrnom.pdf|format=PDF|title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Oregon Caves Historic District Boundary Increase |date=2010|publisher=National Park Service|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121013221551/http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/HCD/NATREG/docs/national_register_recent/Josephine_OregonCavesHistoricDistrictBoundaryIncrease_nrnom.pdf|archivedate=October 13, 2012}}</ref>
 
Lodging is available in the monument at the six-story Chateau, which has 23 rooms to rent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lodging|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/lodging.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2011|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref> Hotels, [[bed and breakfast]]s, motels, and resorts in the vicinity offer a variety of accommodations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lodging Near the Monument|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/lodging_near_monu.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2010|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref> Although no camping is allowed in the monument, the Forest Service maintains two campgrounds nearby, and there are private campgrounds and recreational vehicle parks in the vicinity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Camping and RV Parks in the Area|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/camping.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2010|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref> The Chateau, generally open from early May to late October, has a restaurant, coffee shop, and [[delicatessen]], and Cave Junction has several restaurants. The monument grounds include several picnic tables.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where to Eat|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/planyourvisit/wheretoeat.htm|publisher=National Park Service|year=2010|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group= n}}
 
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==Works cited==
{{refbegin}}
* Bishop, Ellen Morris (2004). ''Hiking Oregon's Geology'', 2nd ed. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-847-5.
* Douthit, Nathan (2002). ''Uncertain Encounters: Indians and Whites at Peace and War in Southern Oregon''. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 0-87071-549-6.
* Mark, Stephen R. (2006). [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/orca/hrs/index.htm ''Domain of the Cavemen: A Historic Resource Study of Oregon Caves National Monument'']. Seattle: National Park Service, Pacific West Region. ISBN 978-0-16-077093-7.
* Oliphant, Joe and Oliphant, Tina, eds.; Halliday, William R. (2006). "Geology of Oregon Cave Revisited" in ''Alpine Karst Volume 2''. Dayton, Ohio: Cave Books. ISBN 978-0-939748-64-8.
* Orr, Elizabeth L., and Orr, William N. (1999). ''Geology of Oregon'', 5th ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7872-6608-6.
* Palmer, A.N and Palmer, M.V., eds.; Halliday, William R. (2009). "Oregon and Washington" in ''Caves and Karst of the USA''. Huntsville, Alabama: National Speleological Society. ISBN 978-1-879961-28-9.
* Plummer, Charles C., and McGeary, David (1988). ''Physical Geology'', 4th ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. ISBN 0-697-05092-0.
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Portal|Oregon}}
{{commons category|Oregon Caves National Monument}}
* [http://friendsocac.org/home/about/ Friends of Oregon Caves and Chateau]
* [http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/entry/view/oregon_caves_national_monument/ Oregon Caves National Monument] – ''The Oregon Encyclopedia''
* [http://www.nps.gov/orca/photosmultimedia/webcam.htm Webcam] – real-time view from the main visitor center
 
{{Protected Areas of Oregon}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
 
[[Category:1909 establishments in Oregon]]
[[Category:Caves of Oregon]]
[[Category:Civilian Conservation Corps in Oregon]]
[[Category:Limestone caves]]
[[Category:National Park Service National Monuments in Oregon]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1909]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Josephine County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Show caves in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 00:34, 3 December 2014

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