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| {{Infobox enzyme
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| | Name = Phosphorylase
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| | EC_number = 2.4.1.1
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| | CAS_number = 9035-74-9
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| | IUBMB_EC_number = 2/4/1/1
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| | GO_code =
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| | image =
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| }}
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| '''Phosphorylases''' are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor.
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| :A-B + P <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> A + P-B
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| They include [[Allosteric regulation|allosteric]] [[enzyme]]s that [[catalysis|catalyze]] the production of [[glucose-1-phosphate]] from a [[glucan]] such as [[glycogen]], [[starch]] or [[maltodextrin]]. Phosphorylase is also a common name used for [[glycogen phosphorylase]] in honor of Earl W. Sutherland Jr. who in the late 1930s discovered the first phosphorylase.<ref>Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th ed. pg. 603</ref>
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| == Function ==
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| Not to be confused with phosphotases.
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| In more general terms, phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor, not to be confused with a [[phosphatase]] (a [[hydrolase]]) or a [[kinase]] (a phosphotransferase). A phosphatase removes a phosphonate group from a donor using water, whereas a kinase transfers a phosphonate group from a donor (usually ATP) to an acceptor.
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| {| class=wikitable
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| !Enzyme name
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| !Enzymes class
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| !Reaction
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| !Notes
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| |-
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| |Phosphorylase|| Transferase<br>(EC 2.4 and EC 2.7.7)
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| ||A-B + H-'''OP''' <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> A-'''OP''' + H-B
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| || transfer group = A = [[glycosyl]]- group or<br> [[nucleotidyl]]- group
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| |-'
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| |Phosphatase|| Hydrolase<br>(EC 3)
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| ||'''P'''-B + H-OH <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> '''P'''-OH + H-B
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| ||
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| |-
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| |Kinase|| Transferase<br>(EC 2.7.1-2.7.4)
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| ||'''P'''-B + H-A <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> '''P'''-A + H-B
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| || transfer group = '''P'''
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| |-
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| |colspan=4|'''P''' = [[phosphonate]] group, '''OP''' = phosphate group, H-'''OP''' or '''P'''-OH = inorganic phosphate
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| |}
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| == Types ==
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| The phosphorylases fall into the following categories:
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| *Glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4)
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| **Enzymes that break down [[glucan]]s by removing a glucose residue (break ''O''-glycosidic bond)
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| ***[[glycogen phosphorylase]]
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| ***[[starch phosphorylase]]
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| ***[[maltodextrin phosphorylase]]
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| **Enzymes that break down [[nucleoside]]s into their constituent bases and sugars (break ''N''-glycosidic bond)
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| ***[[Purine nucleoside phosphorylase]] (PNPase)
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| *Nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7)
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| **Enzymes that have phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity (break phosphodiester bond)
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| ***[[RNase PH]]
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| ***[[Polynucleotide Phosphorylase]] (PNPase)
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| All '''known''' phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/nicedoc.pl?PDOC00095].
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| == Activation ==
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| '''Phosphorylase a''' is the active form of glycogen phosphorylase that is derived from the phosphorylation of the inactive form, '''phosphorylase b'''.
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| == Pathology ==
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| Some disorders are related to phosphorylases:
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| * [[Glycogen storage disease type V]] - muscle glycogen
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| * [[Glycogen storage disease type VI]] - liver glycogen
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Hydrolase]]
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| == References ==
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| <references/> | |
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| == External links ==
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| *[http://mcardlesdisease.org Muscle phosphorylase deficiency - McArdle's Disease Website]
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| * {{MeshName|Phosphorylases}}
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| {{Glycosyltransferases}}
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| {{Kinases}}
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| [[Category:Transferases]]
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| [[Category:EC 2.4.1]]
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| {{transferase-stub}}
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