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[[Image:ArealVelocity with curved area.svg|frame|Areal velocity is the area (shown in green) swept out per unit time by a particle moving along a curve (shown in blue).]]
== just ...... ==
In [[classical mechanics]], '''areal velocity''' (also called '''sector velocity''' or '''sectorial velocity''') is the rate at which [[area]] is swept out by a particle as it moves along a [[curve]]. In the adjoining figure, suppose that a particle moves along the blue curve. At a certain time ''t'', the particle is located at point ''B'', and a short while later, at time ''t'' + Δ''t'', the particle has moved to point ''C''. The area swept out by the article is the green area in the figure, bounded by the line segments ''AB'' and ''AC'' and the curve along which the particle moves. The areal velocity equals this area divided by the time interval Δ''t'' in the limit that Δ''t'' becomes vanishingly small.


[[Image:kepler-second-law.gif|right|thumb|Illustration of Kepler's second law. The planet moves faster near the Sun, so the same area is swept out in a given time as at larger distances, where the planet moves more slowly.]]
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The concept of areal velocity is closely linked historically with the concept of [[angular momentum]]. [[Kepler's second law]] states that the areal velocity of a planet, with the sun taken as origin, is constant. [[Isaac Newton]] was the first scientist to recognize the dynamical significance of Kepler's second law. With the aid of his laws of motion, he proved in 1684 that any planet that is attracted to a fixed center sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.  By the middle of the 18th century, the principle of angular momentum was discovered gradually by [[Daniel Bernoulli]] and [[Leonhard Euler]] and [[Patrick d'Arcy]]; d'Arcy's version of the principle was phrased in terms of swept area. For this reason, the principle of angular momentum was often referred to in the older literature in mechanics as "the principle of areas." Since the concept of angular momentum includes more than just geometry, the designation "principle of areas" has been dropped in modern works.
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== Connection with angular momentum ==
== ' Luo Feng smile ==


In the situation of the first figure, the area swept out during time period Δ''t'' by the particle is approximately equal to the area of triangle ''ABC''.  As ''Δt'' approaches zero this near-equality becomes exact as a [[limit of a function|limit]].
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Let the point ''D'' be the fourth corner of parallelogram ''ABDC'' shown in the figure, so that the vectors ''AB'' and ''AC'' add up by the parallelogram rule to vector ''AD''. Then the area of triangle ''ABC'' is half the area of parallelogram ''ABDC'', and the area of ''ABDC'' is equal to the magnitude of the [[cross product]] of vectors ''AB'' and ''AC''. This area can also be viewed as a vector with this magnitude, pointing in a direction perpendicular to the parallellogram; this vector is the cross product itself:
<ul>
 
 
:<math> \text{vector area of parallellogram }ABCD = \vec{r}(t) \times \vec{r}(t + \Delta t). </math>
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:<math> \text{vector area of triangle }ABC = \frac{\vec{r}(t) \times \vec{r}(t + \Delta t)}{2}. </math>
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The areal velocity is this area divided by Δ''t'' in the limit that Δ''t'' becomes vanishingly small:
</ul>
 
:<math> \begin{align}
\text{areal velocity} &=  \lim_{\Delta t \rightarrow 0} \frac{\vec{r}(t) \times \vec{r}(t + \Delta t)}{2 \Delta t} \\
&= \lim_{\Delta t \rightarrow 0} \frac{\vec{r}(t) \times \bigl( \vec{r}(t) + \vec{r}\,'(t) \Delta t \bigr)}{2 \Delta t} \\
&= \lim_{\Delta t \rightarrow 0} \frac{\vec{r}(t) \times \vec{r}\,'(t)}{2} \left( {\Delta t \over \Delta t} \right) \\
&= \frac{\vec{r}(t) \times \vec{r}\,'(t)}{2}.  
\end{align} </math>
 
But, <math>\vec{r}\,'(t)</math> is the velocity vector <math>\vec{v}(t)</math> of the moving particle, so that
 
:<math> \frac{d \vec{A}}{d t} = \frac{\vec{r} \times \vec{v}}{2}. </math>
 
On the other hand, the angular momentum of the particle is
:<math> \vec{L} = \vec{r} \times m \vec{v}, </math>
 
and hence the angular momentum equals 2''m'' times the areal velocity.
 
Conservation of areal velocity is a general property of [[central force motion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~houde/courses/phy350a/Central_force.pdf|title= Chapter 6. Central Force Motion}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
* {{cite book|first=F. R.|last= Moulton|title= An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics| origyear=1914| publisher=Dover |isbn=978-0-486-64687-9|year=1970}}
* {{cite book|first=H. |last=Goldstein|title= Classical Mechanics|edition= 2nd|publisher= Addison-Wesley |year=1980|isbn=978-0-486-68063-7}}
* {{cite journal|first=J.|last= Casey|title= Areal Velocity and Angular Momentum for Non-Planar Problems in Particle Mechanics|journal= American Journal of Physics|volume=75|year= 2007|pages= 677–685|doi=10.1119/1.2735630|issue=8|bibcode = 2007AmJPh..75..677C }}
* {{cite book|first=J. B.|last= Brackenridge|title= The Key to Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler Problem and the Principia| publisher= University of California Press|location= Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-20217-7|year=1995|doi=10.1525/j.ctt1ppn2m}}
 
==See also==
* [[Angular momentum]]
* [[Specific angular momentum]]
* [[Elliptical coordinates]]
[[Category:Physical quantities]]
[[Category:Curves]]

Latest revision as of 01:25, 10 December 2014

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