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{{multiple issues|
== distress the poor ==
{{more footnotes|date=January 2013}}
{{expert|date=November 2011}}
{{condense|date=October 2011}}
}}


The [[single transferable vote]] (STV) is a [[voting system]] based on [[proportional representation]] and [[Ranked voting systems|ranked voting]]. Under STV, an elector's vote is initially allocated to his or her most-preferred candidate. After candidates have been either elected (''winners'') by reaching ''quota'' or eliminated (''losers''), ''surplus'' votes are transferred from winners to remaining candidates (''hopefuls'') according to the surplus ballots' ordered preferences.
Disabilities, and why this choice<br><br>'I understand, the most important thing is [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-14.html ケイトスペード時計人気] the police profession in his heart, or to his skill, can escape, he did not go, he is simply looking for the opportunity to die Ming-chi, he imagined a The real name of the police as hell! 'Luojia Long Road. Maqiu Lin smiled, relieved smile on his face, he smiled and stroked mouse Road with: 'Well [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-0.html ケイトスペード中古バッグ] said, in fact, your heart is the most important job, every man has a chivalrous dream, passion, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-13.html kate spade ハンドバッグ] pride, distress the poor, good and evil is a righteous man, a hero dreams often do, put this body uniforms ah, it means you stand [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-15.html ケイトスペード クラッチバッグ] up from a dream that Payouyitian nearest place [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-10.html ケイトスペード バッグ ショルダー] ...... you do violate the oath , against their conscience, even illegal things, that dream will not therefore change, your heart the most important, is the heaviest of his heart. 'Shao Wan Ge a little impressed when life police, who have some kind of sentiment is not He surprised to see, these usually say nothing Gengzhuobozi with captain naysayers, like Ming Wu general, two piercing staring at the
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The system minimizes [[wasted vote|"wasted" votes]], provides approximately proportional representation, and enables votes to be explicitly cast for individual candidates rather than for closed [[party list]]s. A variety of [[algorithm]]s (methods) carry out these transfers.
== and soon took the unopened bottle Xinghuacun out ==
{{TOC limit|3}}


==Voting==
May fierce, read one by one over the crime, police capacity is not the whole of it a slap in the face; drink confused, boom sound [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-7.html ケイトスペード 財布 通販] foot; cigarette in the other ear, Baji is a slap in the face, though not heavy, in respect of such year standing in front of a bunch of bad dean of students, like you do not need to charge more than taking lessons.<br><br>pick up a few people, imposing stand now, I sin Ting Zhaoxiong growled: 'Starting today, I was Sheepshead Bluff Township police station, absenteeism and get out; not obey commands, get out; notification did not come today , do not want to, get out. all get out, damn police [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html ケイトスペード 財布 新作] station just disbanded. '<br><br>this point was Fiat, a look proudly over sin, walk a few steps, when you look back, those eyes blurred with the Police Association, the door to the hospital, the little [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html 財布 kate spade] dog that was driving back to the city, with more than sin smiled and said: ' not so easy to want to gloat, he wants to carve apart from me, I'll have to thank him. '<br><br>which the crowd [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-7.html ケイトスペード バッグ 新作] to [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-1.html ケイトスペード 財布 店舗] mine too, looked at each other, I saw was the new director into the wine market, beep kicking turn the table, and soon took the unopened bottle Xinghuacun out, it snapped his teeth mouth
When using an STV ballot, the voter ranks the candidates on the ballot. For example:
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 1em; border-collapse: collapse;" align="center"
== not the hotel lobby. ==
|2
|Andrea
|-
|1
|Carter
|-
|4
|Brad
|-
|3
|Delilah
|}


==Quota==
'But ...... it is right? She is the police.' Head hesitate Road.<br><br>'how inappropriate, police also need emotional life [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html 時計 ケイトスペード] ah? okay, you want to become my brother's table, and I [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html ケイトスペード リボン バッグ] wish for it, it is not even a [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html ケイトスペード リボン バッグ] thing that can come about her, let her contact and contact with the outside, that is merit an ah. 'Luojia Long Road.<br><br>'This ......' Head anxious to go now, and it is estimated that the [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-10.html ケイトスペード バッグ ショルダー] identity of the police to make him a little hesitant.<br><br>'you offer it, the money we give you money, this busy got to help.' Wang Tao Shen repair bitter face.<br><br>'No, no, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html kate spade 長財布] help to any money, we do not have friends? huh ...... OK, though.'<br><br>'You worry, I'll take you to morrow, where she works to introduce to you.'<br><br>'hand in hand Kazakhstan, we morrow morning to pick you up.'<br><br>this match up just right, Lee interchangeable heads cool phone, address, agreed a good time and meeting place, just leave down the stairs, not the hotel lobby.
The '''quota''' (sometimes called the '''threshold''') is the number of votes a candidate must receive to be elected. The [[Hare quota]] and the [[Droop quota]] are commonly used to determine the quota.
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===Hare quota===
== it is passed ==
{{main|Hare quota}}


When [[Thomas Hare (political scientist)|Thomas Hare]] originally conceived his version of Single Transferable Vote, he envisioned using the quota:
After the meeting, Minister Cui when it was stopped, compared with the thousand colleagues go, there are [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード 財布 ゴールド] leaders, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html マザーズバッグ ケイトスペード] not usually open this dry colleagues joke hurt does not itch, and are slowing down the pace, waiting for the director into After the elevator, the elevator downstairs from another quickly, got back to his office or colored high with a police car, do your own thing go.<br><br>busy police, not police officers.<br><br>eight Minister's Office, the Minister Cui is to rise from the executive leadership of the public security system, also Xu Pingqiu experienced a fourth director, director door to sit in office chair, he gave the young age not less leadership Daolebeishui, carefully placed on [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html ケイトスペード 財布 新作] the desk, this respectful standing leadership table, waiting for instructions.<br><br>Not surprisingly, people have little desire and [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html 財布 kate spade] need to be holding, and Xu Pingqiu have become accustomed.<br><br>But this action seems to make the next like a strange Minister Cui, Director of the Criminal Investigation looked at him more black-faced [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-7.html ケイトスペードのバッグ] look, this is a legend, once cracked rare case where the legendary wacky Director position promoted not stay up on seven or eight years, it is passed
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 1em; border-collapse: collapse;" align="center"
== his hobbies ==
|- align="center"
|<math>\frac{\text{(votes cast)}}{\text{(available seats)}}</math>
|-
! style="background:#ffdead;" |The Hare Quota
|}


In the unlikely event that each successful candidate receives exactly the same number of votes not enough candidates can meet the quota and fill the available seats in one count. Thus the last candidate cannot not meet the quota, and it may be fairer to eliminate that candidate.
I am better than you know, he either grandiose, sit less than now in this position a. In your professional point of view, do you think the time is ripe to catch it? We get this man suspected of information, less than twenty-four hours [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html ケイトスペード 財布 新作] haunt him, his actions trajectory, his hobbies, he may hiding place, he and stolen goods to the group of wealthy What unspeakable relationship ...... these, you have mastered it? 'Maqiu Lin asked the.<br><br>This kept [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペード 財布 通販] the Shao Wan Ge asked to live, has always been a large radish fast action does not wash mud, caught [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-15.html ケイトスペード クラッチバッグ] a great service for the one, caught wrong and then slowly digested, no way, the situation [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード] is pressing na. He refuted a way forward: 'Maro, I think this case from the outset coincidence, from Sheepshead cliff nest thief caught accidentally, to the end of the Yicheng Tau feast, then Jhenchuan grasping grass calf, als caught accidentally froze, put this case to send the [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html ケイトスペード ショルダーバッグ] right track, almost every element of coincidence ...... maybe this time, Lee also get away ah macro. '<br><br>'Oh, I do not deny the arrest and Hyde luck ingredients, if you too believe in luck, luck respect knot
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To avoid this situation, it is common instead to use the Droop quota, which is always lower than the Hare quota.
== quiet environment ==


===Droop quota===
Laugh. This car led the way, an open headlights, Sun Biao Yi plus the throttle on the road, like the flagship team opened the burst of flashing lights, straight jinci Villa. Behind, from the road, from gas stations, from the shadows floor after the explosion flashing lights Fluorescence dark moment, toward [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-4.html kate spade バッグ] here.<br><br>foyer, quiet environment, ringing soft music, did not notice, near the road, a police car coming fast and furious .........<br><br>'it would bet poker, bet size Wang set win my money away, lost money remitted to [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-0.html ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード] your account, I walk ...... if Wang do not worry, I can inform people outside to give money come. '<br><br>I [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペード 財布 通販] sin lightly made a decision, after all, have seen a [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード 財布 ゴールド] lot of money in the Lord, say it does not seem unobtrusive.<br><br>'not so much trouble, people here, the money can not be afraid to small Mody, get a license.' Tai Tai Wang one thousand eyelids.<br><br>yin and yang, it moved a small head, from a sealed cupboard, out of a pile of unopened cards, special, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード バッグ アウトレット] Crown Macau edition, gambler's favorite, put
{{main|Droop quota}}
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  <ul>
The most common quota formula is the [[Droop quota]] which given as:
 
:
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 1em; border-collapse: collapse;" align="center"
 
|- align="center"
  <li>[http://www.sanyacar.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=183701 http://www.sanyacar.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=183701]</li>
|<math>\left(\frac{\text{votes}}{\text{seats}+1}\right)+1</math>
 
|-
  <li>[http://www.cclchinese.com/?action-viewcomment-type-news-itemid-8064 http://www.cclchinese.com/?action-viewcomment-type-news-itemid-8064]</li>
! style="background:#ffdead;" |The Droop Quota
 
|}
</ul>
:
Droop produces a lower quota than Hare. If each ballot has a full list of preferences, Droop  guarantees that every winner meets the quota rather than being elected as the last remaining candidate after lower candidates are eliminated. The fractional part of the resulting number, if any, is dropped (the result is rounded down to the next whole number.)
 
It is only necessary to allocate enough votes to ensure that no other candidate still in contention could win. This leaves nearly one quota's worth of votes unallocated, but counting these would not alter the outcome.
 
Droop is the only whole-number threshold for which (a) a majority of the voters can be guaranteed to elect a majority of the seats when there is an odd number of seats; (b) for a fixed number of seats.
 
Each winner's surplus votes transfer to other candidates according to their remaining preferences, using a formula ''s/t*p'', where ''s'' is a number of surplus votes to be transferred, ''t'' is a total number of transferable votes (that have a second prererence) and ''p'' is a number of second preferences for the given candidate. Meek's counting method recomputes the quota on each iteration of the count.
 
==== Example ====
Two seats need to be filled among four candidates: Andrea, Brad, Carter, and Delilah. 57 voters cast ballots with the following preference orderings:
 
:{| class="wikitable"
|
| 16 Votes
| 24 Votes
| 17 Votes
|-
| '''1'''st
| Andrea
| Andrea
| Delilah
|-
| '''2'''nd
| Brad
| Carter
| Andrea
|-
| '''3'''rd
| Carter
| Brad
| Brad
|-
| '''4'''th
| Delilah
| Delilah
| Carter
|}
 
The quota is calculated as <math>{57 \over 2+1} +1 = 20</math>.
 
In the first round, Andrea receives 40 votes and Delilah 17.  Andrea is
elected with 20 surplus votes. Ignoring how the votes are valued for this example, 20 votes are reallocated according to their second preferences. 12 of the reallocated votes go to Carter, 8 to Brad.
 
As none of the hopefuls have reached the quota, Brad, the candidate with the fewest votes, is excluded. All of his votes have Carter as the next-place choice, and are reallocated to Carter. This gives Carter 20 votes and he fills the second seat.
 
Thus:
:{| class="wikitable"
|
| Round 1
| Round 2
| Round 3
|
|-
| Andrea
| '''40'''
| 20
| 20
| '''Elected''' in round 1
|-
| Brad
| 0
| '''8'''
| 0
| '''Excluded''' in round 2
|-
| Carter
| 0
| 12
| '''20'''
| '''Elected''' in round 3
|-
| Delilah
| 17
| 17
| 17
| '''Defeated''' in round 3
|}
 
== Counting rules ==
Under the single transferable vote system, votes are successively transferred to hopefuls from two sources:
 
* Surplus votes (i.e. those in excess of the quota) of successful candidates
* All votes of eliminated candidates.
 
The possible algorithms for doing this differ in detail, e.g., in the order of the steps. There is no general agreement on which is best, and the choice of exact method may affect the outcome.
#Compute the quota.
#Assign votes to candidates by first preferences.
#Declare as winners all candidates who received at least the quota.
#Transfer the excess votes from winners to hopefuls.
#Repeat 2-4 until no new candidates are elected. (Under some systems, votes could initially be transferred in this step to prior winners or losers. This might affect the outcome.)
 
If all seats have winners, the process is complete. Otherwise:
<ol start="6">
<li>Eliminate one or more candidates. Typically either the lowest candidate or all candidates whose combined votes are less than the vote of the lowest remaining candidate.</li>
<li>Transfer the votes of the losers to continuing candidates are declared to be losers.</li>
<li>Repeat 2-7 until all seats are full.</li></ol>
 
== Surplus allocation ==
To minimize [[wasted vote]]s, surplus votes are transferred to other candidates. The number of surplus votes is known; but none of the various allocation methods is universally preferred. Alternatives exist for deciding which votes to transfer, how to weight the transfers, who receives the votes and the order in which surpluses from two or more winners are transferred. Reallocation occurs when a candidate receives more votes than necessary to meet the quota. The excess votes are reallocated to still other candidates.
 
===Random subset===
Some surplus allocation methods select a random vote sample. Sometimes, ballots of one elected candidate are manually mixed. In [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], votes are counted one [[precinct]] at a time, imposing a spurious ordering on the votes. To prevent all transferred ballots coming from the same precinct, every <math>n</math>th ballot is selected, where <math>\begin{matrix} \frac {1} {n} \end{matrix}</math> is the fraction to be selected.
 
===Hare ===
Reallocation ballots are drawn at random from those transferred.<!-- this doesn't make sense. "those transferred" are the reallocation ballots --> In a manual count of paper ballots, this is the easiest method to implement; it is close to [[Thomas Hare (political scientist)|Thomas Hare]]'s original 1857 proposal. It is used in all [[universal suffrage]] elections in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. Exhausted ballots cannot be reallocated, and therefore do not contribute to any candidate.
 
===Cincinnati ===
Reallocation ballots are drawn at random from all of the candidate's votes. This method is more likely than Hare to be representative, and less likely to suffer from exhausted ballots. The starting point for counting to eleven is arbitrary. Under a recount the same sample and starting point is used in the recount (i.e. the recount must only be to check for mistakes in the original count, and not a second selection of votes). 
 
Hare and Cincinnati have the same effect for first-count winners, since all the winners' votes are in the "last batch received" from which the Hare surplus is drawn.
 
===Wright's ===
This is a simplified explanation of the [[#Wright|Wright System]] below.
 
The Wright system is a reiterative linear counting process where on each candidate's exclusion the count is reset and recounted, distributing votes according to the voters nominated order of preference, excluding candidates removed from the count as if they had not nominated.
 
For each successful candidate that exceeds the quota threashold, Calculate the ''ratio'' of that candidate's surplus votes (i.e. the excess over the quota) divided by the total number of votes for that candidate, including the value of previous transfers. Transfer that candidate's votes to each voter's next preferred hopeful. Increase the recipient's vote tally by the product of the ratio and the ballot's value as the previous transfer (1 for the initial count.)
 
The UK's [[Electoral Reform Society]] recommends essentially this method.<ref>[http://www.cix.co.uk/~rosenstiel/stvrules/ Single Transferable Vote Rules] UK Electoral Reform Society</ref> Every preference continues to count until the choices on that ballot have been exhausted or the election is complete. Its main disadvantage is that given large numbers of votes, candidates and/or seats, counting is administratively burdensome for a manual count due to  the number of interactions. This is not the case with the use of computerised distribution of preference votes.
 
In May to June 2011 The [[Proportional Representation Society of Australia]] reviewed the Wright System noting:
 
{{quote|While we believe that the Wright System as advocated by Mr. Anthony van der Craats system is sound and has some technical advantages over the PRSA 1977 rules, nevertheless for the sort of elections that we (the PRSA) conduct, these advantages do not outweigh the considerable difficulties in terms of changing our (The PRSA) rules and associated software and explaining these changes to our clients. Nevertheless, if new software is written that can be used to test the Wright system on our election counts, software that will read a comma separated value file (or OpenSTV blt files), then we are prepared to consider further testing of the Wright system.}}
 
===Hare-Clark ===
This is a variation on the original Hare method which used random choices. It is used in some elections in Australia. It allows votes to the same ballots to be repeatedly transferred. The surplus value is calculated based on the allocation of preference of the last bundle transfer.  The last bundle transfer method has been criticised as being inherently flawed in that only one segment of votes is used to transfer the value of surplus votes denying voters who contributed to a candidate's surplus a say in the surplus distribution. In the following explanation, Q is the quota required for election.
 
# Separate all ballots according to their first preferences.
# Count the votes.
# Declare as winners those hopefuls whose total is at least Q.
# For each winner, compute surplus as total minus Q.
# For each winner, in order of descending surplus:
## Assign that candidate's ballots to hopefuls according to each ballot's preference, setting aside exhausted ballots.
## Calculate the ratio of surplus to the number of reassigned ballots or 1 if the number of such ballots is less than surplus.
## For each hopeful, multiply ratio * the number of that hopeful's reassigned votes and add the result (rounded down) to the hopeful's tally.
# Repeat 3-5 until winners fill all seats, or all ballots are exhausted.
# If more winners are needed, declare a loser the hopeful with the fewest votes, recompute Q and repeat from 1, ignoring all preferences for the loser.
 
Example: If Q is 200 and a winner has 272 first-choice votes, of which 92 have no other hopeful listed, surplus is 72, ratio is 72/(272-92) or .4. If 75 of the reassigned 180 ballots have hopeful X as their second-choice, and if X has 190 votes, then X becomes a winner, with a surplus of 20 for the next round, if needed.
 
The Australian variant of step 7 treats the loser's votes as though they were surplus votes. But redoing the whole method prevents what is perhaps the only significant way of gaming this system – some voters put first a candidate they are sure will be eliminated early, hoping that their later preferences will then have more influence on the outcome.
 
===Gregory ===
Another method, known as ''Senatorial rules'' (after its use for most seats in [[Seanad Éireann|Irish Senate]] elections), or ''Gregory method'' (after its inventor in 1880, J.B. Gregory of [[Melbourne]]) eliminates all randomness. Instead of transferring a ''fraction'' of votes at ''full'' value, transfer ''all'' votes at a ''fractional'' value.
 
In the above example, the relevant fraction is <math>\textstyle\frac{75}{272 - 92} = \frac{4}{10}</math>. Note that part of the 272 vote result may be from earlier transfers; e.g. perhaps Y had been elected with 250 votes, 150 with X as next preference, so that the previous transfer of 30 votes was actually 150 ballots at a value of <math>\textstyle \frac15 </math>. In this case, these 150 ballots would now be retransferred with a compounded fractional value of <math>\textstyle \frac15 \times \frac{4}{10} = \frac{4}{50} </math>.
 
In the [[Republic of Ireland]] Gregory is used only for the Senate, whose franchise is restricted to approximately 1,500 [[county council|councillors]] and members of Parliament. However, in [[Northern Ireland]] beginning in 1973, Gregory was used for all STV elections, with up to 7 fractional transfers (in 8-seat [[Local Councils in Northern Ireland|district council]] elections), and up to 700,000 votes counted (in 3-seat [[European Parliament]] elections).
 
An alternative means of expressing Gregory in calculating the ''Surplus Transfer Value'' applied to each vote is
:<math>\text{Surplus Transfer Value} = \left( {{\text{Total value of Candidate's votes} - \text{Quota}} \over \text{Total value of Candidate's votes}} \right)\times \text{Value of each vote}</math>
 
==Secondary preferences for prior winners==
Suppose a ballot is to be transferred and its next preference is for a winner in a prior round. Hare and Cincinnati ignore such preferences and transfer the ballot to the next preference.
 
Alternatively the vote could be transferred to that winner and the process continued. For example, a prior winner X could receive 20 transfers from second round winner Y. Then select 20 at random from the 220 for transfer from X. However, some of these 20 ballots may then transfer back from X to Y, creating [[recursion]].  In the case of the Senatorial rules, since all votes are transferred at all stages, the [[infinite recursion|recursion is infinite]], with ever-decreasing fractions.
 
<span id="Meek's method" /><!-- StackOverflow links to this anchor -->
===Meek===
In 1969, B.L. Meek devised an [[algorithm]] based on Senatorial rules, which uses an [[iterative approximation]] to short-circuit this infinite recursion. This system is currently used for some local elections in [[New Zealand]].
 
All candidates are allocated one of three statuses – '''Hopeful''', '''Elected''', or '''Excluded'''.  '''Hopeful''' is the default.  Each status has a ''weighting'', or ''keep value'', which is the fraction of the vote a candidate will receive for any preferences allocated to them while holding that status.
 
The weightings are:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Hopeful'''
|<math>1</math>
|-
|'''Excluded'''
|<math>0</math>
|-
|'''Elected'''
|<math>w_\text{new} = w_\text{old} \times \frac{\text{Quota}}{\text{Candidate's votes}}</math>
which is repeated until <math> \text{Candidate's votes} = \text{Quota} </math> for all elected candidates
|}
 
Thus, if a candidate is '''Hopeful''' they retain the whole of the remaining preferences allocated to them, and subsequent preferences are worth 0.
 
If a candidate is '''Elected''' they retain the portion of the value of the preferences allocated to them that is the value of their ''weighting''; the remainder is passed fractionally to subsequent preferences depending on their weighting, using the formula:
:<math>1 -\text{nth Weighting}</math>
 
For example, consider a ballot with top preferences A, B, C, where the ''weightings'' of the three candidates are <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, <math>c</math> respectively. From this ballot A will retain <math>a</math>, B will retain <math>(1-a) b</math>, and C will retain <math>(1-a) (1-b) c</math>.
 
This may result in a fractional excess, which is disposed of by altering the quota. Meek's method is the only method to change quota mid-process. The quota is found by
:<math>{{\text{votes} - \text{excess}} \over \text{seats}+1},</math>
a variation on Droop.  This has the effect of also altering the ''weighting'' for each candidate.
 
This process continues until all the '''Elected''' candidates' vote values closely match the quota (plus or minus .0001%).<ref>{{cite journal | url =  http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.NSF/Files/meekm/$file/meekm.pdf | title = Algorithm 123 — Single  Transferable Vote by Meek's Method | last =  Hill | first = I. David | coauthors = B. A. Wichmann and D. R. Woodall |  journal = The Computer Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–281 | year = 1987 | doi = 10.1093/comjnl/30.3.277}}</ref>
 
===Warren===
In 1994, C.H.E. Warren proposed another method of passing surplus to previously-elected candidates.<ref>Warren, C.H.E., "Counting in STV Elections", ''[[Voting matters]]'' 1 (1994), paper 4.</ref> Warren is identical to Meek except in the amounts of votes retained by winners. Under Warren, rather than retaining that proportion of each vote's value given by multiplying the ''weighting'' by the vote's value, the candidate retains that amount of a whole vote given by the ''weighting'', or else whatever remains of the vote's value if that is less than the ''weighting''.
 
Consider again a ballot with top preferences A, B, C, where the ''weightings'' are ''a'', ''b'', and ''c''. Under Warren's method, A will retain ''a'', B will retain ''b'' (or (1-''a'') if (1-''a'')<''b''), and C will retain ''c'' (or (1-''a''-''b'') if (1-''a''-''b'')<''c'' — or 0 if (1-''a''-''b'') is already less than 0).
 
Because candidates receive different values of votes, the ''weightings'' determined by Warren are in general different than Meek.
 
Under Warren, every vote that contributes to a candidate contributes, as far as it is able, the same portion as every other such vote.<ref>Hill, I.D. and C.H.E. Warren, "Meek ''versus'' Warren", ''[[Voting matters]]'' 20 (2005), pp 1-5.</ref>
 
===Wright===
[[File:The Wright System Flow Chart.PNG|250px|thumb|The Wright System - Count Process Flow Chart]]
In 2008, concerned about the distortion and lack of proportionality in the current Australian proportional counting systems, [[systems analyst]] and [[programmer]] Anthony van der Craats proposed to the Victorian and Australian Parliaments the adoption of the ''[[Wright system]]'' (named after JFH "Jack" Wright, author of the book ''Mirror of the Nation's Mind'' and past president of the [[Proportional Representation Society of Australia]]) as an alternative counting technique.<ref>{{cite journal | url =  http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=/em/elect07/subs/sub051.pdf| title = The Wright System - Submission for reform to the Australian Parliament Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters|last =  van der Craats| first = Anthony| journal = JSCEM}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url =  http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=/em/elect07/subs/sub051.1.pdf|title = Rules and procedures for a Reiterative Proportional Representation Single Transferable Vote counting system|last =  van der Craats| first = Anthony| journal = JSCEM}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url =  http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=/em/elect07/subs/sub051.2.pdf|title = One Vote One Value - Change that Counts|last =  van der Craats| first = Anthony|journal = JSCEM}}</ref>
 
Wright is a refinement of the Australian Senate system that replaces the method of distribution and segmentation of preferences with a reiterative linear counting system where the count is reset and restarted each time a candidate is excluded from the count..
 
Wright fulfills the two principles identified by Meek<ref>{{cite journal | url =  http://www.votingmatters.org.uk/ISSUE1/P1.HTM| title = A New Approach to the Single Transferable Vote | last =  Meek| first = Brian| journal = [[Voting matters]]}}</ref>
 
* Once a candidate is eliminated from the count, all ballots are treated as if that candidate had never stood.
 
* Winners retain a fixed proportion of every vote received, and transfer the remainder to the next nominated preference for a continuing candidate.
 
Wright adopts [[Droop Quota]] (the integer value of the total number of votes divided by the number of vacant positions plus one) and the [[Gregory method]] of weighted surplus transfer. The transfer value is then multiplied by the value of each vote received by the candidates whose votes are to be redistributed, as is the case in the Western Australian upper-house elections.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_290_homepage.html|title = Electoral Act 1907|journal= Western Australia Legislation}}</ref>
 
Wright proposes an iterative counting process that differs from Meek in method of segmentation and distribution of losers' votes.
 
On every exclusion of a candidate from the count, the count is reset and all valid votes are redistributed to continuing 'hopeful' candidates.
 
In each iteration votes are first distributed according to each ballot's next available preference, with each vote assigned a value of one and the total number of votes tabulated for each candidate and the quota calculated on the value of the total number of valid votes using the Droop quota method.
 
Any candidate that reaches quota is provisionally declared elected and those ballots' surplus values are distributed according to the ballots' subsequent preference. If all seats are filled in the first count, the count is over.
 
If vacancies remain after all surplus votes are distributed then the candidate with the lowest tally becomes a loser. Distribution restarts following the next available preference allocated to a hopeful. This process repeats itself until all vacancies are filled in a single count without further exclusions.
 
Wright incorporates optional preferential voting in that any votes that do not express a valid preference for a continuing candidate are set aside and the quota is recalculated on each iteration of the count following the distribution of surplus ballots. Ballots that exhaust as a result of surplus transfer are set aside along with the value associated with the transfer in which they exhausted.
 
Wright's main advantage is that each vote has proportionally equal weight and is treated in the same manner as every other vote.
 
Under the Australian Senate system a ballot whose first preference is for a minor candidate and whose second preference is for a major candidate who won in the first count is set aside for subsequent counts. Under Wright the voter's second preference is counted and is redistributed.
 
==Distribution of  excluded candidate preferences==
The method used in determining the order of exclusion and distribution of a candidates' votes can affect the outcome. Multiple methods are in common use for determining the order polyexclusion<!--this doesn't appear to be an english word nor is the phrase's meaning obvious or explained--> and distribution of ballots from a loser. Most systems (with the exception of an iterative count) were designed for manual counting processes and can produce different outcomes.
 
The general principle that applies to each method is to exclude the candidate that has the lowest tally. Systems must handle ties for the lowest tally. Alternatives include excluding the candidate with the lowest score in the previous round and choosing by lot.
 
Exclusion methods commonly in use:
 
* Single transaction—Transfer all votes for a loser in a single transaction without segmentation.
* Segmented distribution—Split distributed ballots into small, segmented transactions. Consider each segment a complete transaction, including checking for candidates who have reached quota. Generally, a smaller number and value of votes per segment reduces the likelihood of affecting the outcome.
** Value based segmentation—Each segment includes all ballots that have the same value.
** Aggregated primary vote and value segmentation—Separate the '''Primary vote''' (full-value votes) to reduce distortion and limit the subsequent value of a transfer from a candidate elected as result of a segmented transfer.
** FIFO (First In First Out - Last bundle)—Distribute each parcel in the order in which it was received. This method produces the smallest size and impact of each segment at the cost of requiring more steps to complete a count.<ref>{{cite web| url =  http://www.prsa.org.au/rule1977.htm|title = Rules of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia for conducting election by ''Quota-Preferential''}}</ref>
* Iterative count—After excluding a loser, reallocate the loser's ballots and restart the count. An iterative count treats each ballot as though that loser had not stood. Ballots can be allocated to prior winners using a segmented distribution process. Surplus votes are distributed only within each iteration. Iterative counts are usually automated to reduce costs. The number of iterations can be limited by applying a method of ''Bulk Exclusion''.<!--what is that?-->
 
=== Bulk exclusions===
''Bulk exclusion'' rules can reduce the number of steps required within a count. Bulk exclusion requires the calculation of ''breakpoints''. Any candidates with a tally less than a breakpoint can be included in a bulk exclusion process provided the value of the associated running sum is not greater than the difference between the total value of the highest hopeful's tally and the quota.
 
To determine a breakpoint, list in descending order each candidates' tally and calculate the running tally of all candidates' votes that are less than the associated candidates tally.<!--huh?-->
The four types are:
 
* Quota Breakpoint&mdash;The highest running total value that is less than half of the Quota
* Running Breakpoint&mdash;The highest candidate's tally that is less than the associated running total
* Group Breakpoint&mdash;The highest candidate's tally in a Group that is less than the associated running total of Group candidates whose tally is less than the associated Candidate's tally. (This only applies where there are defined groups of candidates such as in Australian public elections which use an ''Above-the-line'' group voting method.)
* Applied Breakpoint&mdash;The highest running total that is less than the difference between the highest candidate's tally and the quota (i.e. the tally of lower-scoring candidates votes does not affect the outcome). All candidates above an applied breakpoint continue in the next iteration.
 
Quota breakpoints may not apply with ''optional preferential'' ballots or if more than one seat is open. Candidates above the applied breakpoint should not be included in a bulk exclusion process unless it is an adjacent quota or running breakpoint (See 2007 Tasmanian Senate count example below).
 
====Example====
'''''Quota Breakpoint''''' (Based on the 2007 Queensland Senate election results just prior to the first exclusion)
{| class="wikitable"
! Candidate
! Ballot position
! GroupAb
! Group name
! Score
! Running sum
! Breakpoint / Status
|-
| MACDONALD, Ian Douglas||J-1||LNP||Liberal||align="right"|345559||||Quota
|-
| HOGG, John Joseph||O-1||ALP||Australian Labor Party||align="right"|345559||||Quota
|-
| BOYCE, Sue||J-2||LNP||Liberal||align="right"|345559||||Quota
|-
| MOORE, Claire||O-2||ALP||Australian Labor Party||align="right"|345559||||Quota
|-
| BOSWELL, Ron||J-3||LNP||Liberal||align="right"|284488||align="right"|1043927||Contest
|-
| WATERS, Larissa||O-3||ALP||The Greens||align="right"|254971||align="right"|759439||Contest
|-
| FURNER, Mark||M-1||GRN||Australian Labor Party||align="right"|176511||align="right"|504468||Contest
|-
| HANSON, Pauline||R-1||HAN||Pauline||align="right"|101592||align="right"|327957||Contest
|-
| BUCHANAN, Jeff||H-1||FFP||Family First||align="right"|52838||align="right"|226365||Contest
|-
| BARTLETT, Andrew||I-1||DEM||Democrats||align="right"|45395||align="right"|173527||Contest
|-
| SMITH, Bob||G-1||AFLP||The Fishing Party||align="right"|20277||align="right"|128132||'''''Quota Breakpoint'''''
|-
| COLLINS, Kevin||P-1||FP||Australian Fishing and Lifestyle Party||align="right"|19081||align="right"|107855||Contest
|-
| BOUSFIELD, Anne||A-1||WWW||What Women Want (Australia)||align="right"|17283||align="right"|88774||Contest
|-
| FEENEY, Paul Joseph||L-1||ASP||The Australian Shooters Party||align="right"|12857||align="right"|71491||Contest
|-
| JOHNSON, Phil||C-1||CCC||Climate Change Coalition||align="right"|8702||align="right"|58634||'''''Applied Breakpoint'''''
|-
| JACKSON, Noel||V-1||DLP||D.L.P. - Democratic Labor Party||align="right"|7255||align="right"|49932||
|-
| Others||||||||align="right"|42677||align="right"|42677||
|}
 
'''''Running Breakpoint''''' (Based on the 2007 Tasmanian Senate election results just prior to the first exclusion)
{| class="wikitable"
! Candidate
! Ballot position
! GroupAb
! Group name
! Score
! Running sum
! Breakpoint / Status
|-
| SHERRY, Nick||D-1||ALP||Australian Labor Party||align="right"|46693||||Quota
|-
| COLBECK, Richard M||F-1||LP||Liberal||align="right"|46693||||Quota
|-
| BROWN, Bob||B-1||GRN||The Greens||align="right"|46693||||Quota
|-
| BROWN, Carol||D-2||ALP||Australian Labor Party||align="right"|46693||||Quota
|-
| BUSHBY, David||F-2||LP||Liberal||align="right"|46693||||Quota
|-
| BILYK, Catryna||D-3||ALP||Australian Labor Party||align="right"|37189||||Contest
|-
| MORRIS, Don||F-3||LP||Liberal||align="right"|28586||||Contest
|-
| WILKIE, Andrew||B-2||GRN||The Greens||align="right"|12193||align="right"|27607||'''''Running Breakpoint'''''
|-
| PETRUSMA, Jacquie||K-1||FFP||Family First||align="right"|6471||align="right"|15414||'''''Quota Breakpoint'''''
|-
| CASHION, Debra||A-1||WWW||What Women Want (Australia)||align="right"|2487||align="right"|8943||'''''Applied Breakpoint'''''
|-
| CREA, Pat||E-1||DLP||D.L.P. - Democratic Labor Party||align="right"|2027||align="right"|6457||
|-
| OTTAVI, Dino||G-1||UN3||||align="right"|1347||align="right"|4430||
|-
| MARTIN, Steve||C-1||UN1||||align="right"|848||align="right"|3083||
|-
| HOUGHTON, Sophie Louise||B-3||GRN||The Greens||align="right"|353||align="right"|2236||
|-
| LARNER, Caroline||J-1||CEC||Citizens Electoral Council||align="right"|311||align="right"|1883||
|-
| IRELAND, Bede||I-1||LDP||LDP||align="right"|298||align="right"|1573||
|-
| DOYLE, Robyn||H-1||UN2||||align="right"|245||align="right"|1275||
|-
| BENNETT, Andrew||K-2||FFP||Family First||align="right"|174||align="right"|1030||
|-
| ROBERTS, Betty||K-3||FFP||Family First||align="right"|158||align="right"|856||
|-
| JORDAN, Scott||B-4||GRN||The Greens||align="right"|139||align="right"|698||
|-
| GLEESON, Belinda||A-2||WWW||What Women Want (Australia)||align="right"|135||align="right"|558||
|-
| SHACKCLOTH, Joan||E-2||DLP||D.L.P. - Democratic Labor Party    ||align="right"|116||align="right"|423||
|-
| SMALLBANE, Chris||G-3||UN3||||align="right"|102||align="right"|307||
|-
| COOK, Mick||G-2||UN3||||align="right"|74||align="right"|205||
|-
| HAMMOND, David||H-2||UN2||||align="right"|53||align="right"|132||
|-
| NELSON, Karley||C-2||UN1||||align="right"|35||align="right"|79||
|-
| PHIBBS, Michael||J-2||CEC||Citizens Electoral Council||align="right"|23||align="right"|44||
|-
| HAMILTON, Luke||I-2||LDP||LDP||align="right"|21||align="right"|21||
|}
 
== See also ==
* [[Hagenbach-Bischoff quota]]
* [[Imperiali quota]]
* [[IRV implementations in United States#Independence Party of Minnesota (2004 Presidential poll)]]
* ''[[Voting matters]]'' — ''To advance the understanding of preferential voting systems'', McDougall Trust journal comparing and critiquing actual and theoretical varieties of STV and related voting systems.
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://fairvote.org/ ''Fair vote - US campaign for electoral reform].
* [http://www.prsa.org.au/ ''Quota Notes - Proportional Representation Society of Australia].
* [http://www.aec.gov.au/ ''Australian Electoral Commission Web site].
* [http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.NSF/Files/meekm/$file/meekm.pdf  ''Algorithm 123 — Single  Transferable Vote by Meek's Method'']
* [http://www.openstv.org/ OpenSTV -- software for computing the single transferable vote]
* [http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/government-in-ireland/elections-and-referenda/voting/proportional_representation Irish Proportional Representation System]
* [http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/lgbanbridgefull.htm Banbridge Council election results] giving detailed breakdowns of fractional transfers, illustrating Senatorial Rules.
* [http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/public/text/2001/sc/035sc1.html New Zealand's Local Electoral Act 2001] - How to count votes under Meek's method
* [http://www.stv.govt.nz/STV/how.htm Animated presentation of how Meek's method is used to count votes in New Zealand STV]
* [http://www.accuratedemocracy.com/a_workshop.htm Movable vote workshop] tallies STV and related rules.
 
[[Category:Single transferable vote]]

Latest revision as of 10:15, 9 January 2015

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