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| [[File:Freedom1.jpg|thumb|The 12 Metre yacht ''Freedom'']]
| | <br><br>It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you liked this write-up and you would certainly like to receive even more facts regarding [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC] kindly go to the internet site. |
| The '''12 Metre Class''' is a rating class for racing sailboats that are designed to the [[International Rule (sailing)|International rule]]. It enables fair competition between boats that rate in the class whilst retaining the freedom to experiment with the details of their designs. The designation "12 Metre" does not refer to any single measurement on the boat, it is not their overall length for example, but to the sum of the components of the formula that governs design and construction. Typically 12 Metre Class boats range from 65 to 75 feet (about 20 to 23 m) in length overall; they are most often [[sloop]]-rigged, with masts roughly 85 feet (26 m) tall.
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| The first 12 Metres were built in 1907. The 12 Metre Class was used in the Olympic Games of [[Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 12 metre class|1908]], [[Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 12 metre class|1912]] and [[Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920]] but few boats participated in these events. The 12 Metre Class boats are best known as the boat design used in the [[America's Cup]] from 1958 to 1987.
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| Competitiveness between boats in the class is maintained by requiring the boats to be in compliance with the 12 Metre formula. Designers and builders are required to take into account such things as the [[sail]] area, the boat length at the [[waterline]] and the boat girth (the measurement around the boat from one sideboard, under the [[keel]], and then over the top on the opposite side back to the original side). The measurements are then weighted in the formula. For example, the present formula takes the square root of the sail area rather than total area. The combination of weighted measurements must be less than or equal to 12 metres. Designers are free to change any of the component variables, as well as other details, such as the size of the [[rudder]] and keel, so long as the corresponding changes elsewhere produce an ultimate sum of 12 metres and the resulting boat is both seaworthy and safe. Though disparity between boats are minimized by the rule, enough variation exists so that races are as much about design and construction as they are about seamanship and tactics.
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| The "12 Metre" yachts are also referred to as "Twelves", "12s", or "12 Metres".
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| ==The Formula and Rules==
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| The Formula and associated rules for designing and constructing 12 Metre yachts has been modified several times from inception in racing.
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| The purpose of the Formula and rules was to encourage designer creativity to optimise designs to get the best overall performance when racing whilst maintaining competitive racing between the different designs. Although the Formula and Rules allowed some creativity they were also intended to be comprehensive enough to eliminate loop holes which could result in an extreme design which conformed to the 12 Metre rule but completely outclassed other contemporary designs on the race course. If the rules were considered to be too loose then it would discourage the building of new 12 Metre yachts for fear of a new boat being outclassed even before it was launched.
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| The Rules were typically updated in response to advances in areas such as material technology (e.g. metal masts versus wooden masts), design technology (e.g. use of the wind tunnel to design sails and sail/mast combinations, advances in fluid dynamics), and equipment (e.g. winch technology).
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| The Rule has four distinct periods:
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| ===First Rating Rule===
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| [[File:1912 Erna Signe.JPG|thumb|Swedish ''Erna Signe'' won silver at the 1912 Summer Olympics in 12 Metre class (1907 rule boat)]]
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| Used from 1907–1920
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| :<math>
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| \frac{L + B + G/3 +3d + \sqrt{S}/3 - F}{2} \leq 12 \mbox{ metres}
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| </math>
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| where
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| * <math>L</math> = [[waterline length]] (LWL)
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| * <math>B</math> = [[Beam (nautical)|beam]]
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| * <math>G</math> = [[chain girth]]
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| * <math>d</math> = difference between [[skin girth]] and [[chain girth]]
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| * <math>S</math> = [[sail area]]
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| * <math>F</math> = [[Freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]]
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| ===Second Rating Rule===
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| Used from 1920–1933.
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| :<math>
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| \frac{L + G/4 +2d + \sqrt{S} - F}{2.5} \leq 12 \mbox{ metres}
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| </math>
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| where
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| * <math>L</math> = waterline length (LWL)
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| * <math>G</math> = [[chain girth]]
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| * <math>d</math> = difference between [[skin girth]] and [[chain girth]]
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| * <math>S</math> = sail area
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| * <math>F</math> = freeboard
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| ===Third Rating Rule, and, from 1956, the America's Cup Rule===
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| Used from 1933 onwards:
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| ([http://www.12mrclass.com/ International Twelve Metre Association]):
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| :<math>
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| \frac{L + 2d + \sqrt{S} - F}{2.37} \leq 12 \mbox{ metres}
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| </math>
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| where
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| * <math>L</math> = waterline length (LWL)
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| * <math>d</math> = difference between [[skin girth]] and [[chain girth]]
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| * <math>S</math> = sail area
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| * <math>F</math> = freeboard
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| Associated with the formula is an extremely comprehensive set of rules. The rules can be classified into two main areas: rules concerning safety and rules to ensure competitive racing. For example the maximum total area of all cockpits is specified to minimise the chance of a boat being swamped in rougher seas. Structural requirements are specified to ensure that strength is not sacrificed by the need to get weight low down in the keel. Materials are specified plus numerous other details concerning all aspects of the boat. The intention is to challenge designers but ensure competitive racing.
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| ==America's Cup==
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| [[File:Intrepid-12M.jpg|thumb|Two time America's Cup winner ''[[Intrepid (yacht)|Intrepid]]'']]
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| The America's Cup racing resumed in 1958 after [[World War II]] by a syndicate led by [[Henry Sears]], more economical vessels were desired to replace the huge and expensive [[J-class yacht]]s that were raced in the 1930s; the 12 Metre class was selected.
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| In September 1956, a [[Royal Yacht Squadron]] syndicate was formed to build a 12 Metre for the 1958 [[America's Cup]]. The UK challenger was selected based on model tank testing and David Boyd's second design was chosen. ''Sceptre'' was launched at the yard of [[Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd (Yachtbuilders)]] on 2 April 1958, but lost to the New York Yacht Club yacht ''Columbia'' in September 1958. ''Sceptre'' is currently owned and raced by the Sceptre Preservation Society. [[Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd (Yachtbuilders)]] also built two of the earliest 12-Metres: ''Heatherbell'' (designer [[Sir Thomas Glen-Coats, 2nd Baronet|Thomas Glen-Coats]], 1907), which represented Finland in the 1912 Summer Olympics; ''Cyra'' (designer [[Alfred Mylne]], 1909).
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| In 1987, use of the 12 Metre class was ended, switching to [[International America's Cup Class]] boats for the 1992 competition.
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| ===Famous 12 Metre Yachts===
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| {{See also|List of 12-metre yachts}}
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| * ''Onawa'' (US 6) & ''Anitra'' (US 5) - The oldest American 12 Metre still intact.
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| * ''[[Vim (12 metre yacht)|Vim]]'': Designed in 1939 by [[Olin Stephens]] who considered the possibilities given by every aspect of the rules and produced a very fast boat. ''Vim'' had numerous innovative features including a trim tab on the rudder, two-speed winches and a lighter mast made of [[Duralumin]] (a form of aluminium used in the aircraft industry). ''Vim'' is considered a benchmark design which was continually refined over her racing career. In 1939 ''Vim'' came to the UK and won 19 races out of 28. The next generations of 12 Metres designed and built 20 years after ''Vim'' was launched still found Vim extremely difficult to beat in competition.
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| *[[Sparkman & Stephens]] designed five successful America's Cup defenders for the [[NYYC]]. The first was ''Columbia'', winner of the 1958 Cup, followed by ''Constellation'' in 1964. [[Intrepid (yacht)|''Intrepid'']] won the 1967 and 1970 ACs. ''[[Courageous (yacht)|Courageous]]'' won in 1974 and 1977 (skippered by Ted Hood in 1974 and [[Ted Turner]] in 1977). The last of the S&S designed 12s to win the America's Cup was ''Freedom'' in 1980. Both ''Intrepid'' and ''Courageous'' are still sailing and racing today in [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]]. ''Columbia'', ''Freedom'', ''Intrepid'' and 'Courageaous'' are still actively sailed.
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| * ''Sceptre'' (K 17), the British challenger for the America's Cup in 1958, is believed to be the only UK challenger still sailing in British waters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sceptrepreservation.co.uk/3.html|title=Sceptre K 17: The British America's Cup Challenger}}</ref>
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| *''Weatherly'', designed by [[Philip Rhodes]], successfully defended the [[America's Cup]] in 1962.
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| * ''[[Australia II]]'', [[Alan Bond (businessman)|Alan Bond]]'s famous [[winged keel]] boat that won the [[1983 America's Cup]]. The boat that ended the longest winning streak in all of sport. Designed by [[Ben Lexcen]], Australia II was one of the first racing yachts to use appendages on the keel, which allowed the yacht to point higher, sail faster and be quicker in stays. The keel design also allowed a reduction in weight in the keel which then allowed other beneficial changes in the measured dimensions which resulted in a yacht optimized for the conditions on the race course in Newport Rhode Island.
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| * ''[[KZ 7|New Zealand]]'' (KZ 7) "Kiwi Magic" Runner-up in [[1987 Louis Vuitton Cup]], and the first 12 Metre to be made from fibreglass. Nicknamed the "[[America's Cup#The changing face of the Cup|Plastic Fantastic]]". Skippered by [[Chris Dickson (sailor)|Chris Dickson]]
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| * ''[[Stars & Stripes 87]]'' (US 55) Winner of the [[1987 America's Cup]]. The fastest heavy weather 12 Metre boat ever built.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The America's Cup 1987: The Official Record|author=Fisher, Bob| year=1987}}</ref>
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| In addition to design there are other factors which affect racing results. There are other 12 Metre designs which are fast boats but struggled to reach their full potential due to inadequate crewing or lack of preparation or bad luck or a combination of both. | |
| In the America's Cup era it will always be a matter of debate but ''Vim'', ''Intrepid'', ''Courageous'', ''Australia II'', and ''Stars and Stripes 87'' are generally considered to be the best 12 Metres in terms of design excellence and performance on the race course.
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| ==Post America's Cup==
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| 12 Metre yachts were used for the last time in America's Cup competition at the 1987 event held in Fremantle, Australia. 12 Metres continued to race together on a local basis but due to the high cost and without the impetus and prestige surrounding competition in the America’s Cup, no new boats have been built since 1987.
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| The latter part of the 20th century saw a big revival in interest in classic yachts including 12 Metre yachts and particularly those of wooden construction. There were an increasing number of prestigious regattas in attractive locations such as the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Also, a more prosperous global economy prevailed and the result was an increasing number of restorations and racing of older 'classic' 12 Metres. | |
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| Potential restorers of older boats who wanted to race were potentially faced with a dilemma of whether to restore a boat to its original specification or make modifications to make an older design competitive with a newer design. For example, a yacht designed under the First International Rule would have a wooden mast, [[gaff rig]], and sails made of cotton; whereas yachts designed under the Third International Rule, such as ''Vim'', had a metal mast, [[Bermuda rig]], and sails made from [[Dacron]].
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| To encourage participation in racing and also encourage restoration which remained true to the spirit of the original design, the 12 Metre class association introduced a handicapping system to allow 12 Metres of all ages to race together on a more equal footing. The basis is a handicap applied to each boat according to the 'era' of its design to encourage owners to restore older boats and participate in exciting and sociable racing.
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| A 12 Metre is classified as belonging to one of three periods. Each Period is defined as a range of dates which coincided with a particular type of keel or rudder design becoming widespread.
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| *Division A:- Also called Grand Prix, this subclass starts when winged keels became the norm. It covers all 12 Metre yachts built with winged keels and all constructed after 1983. ''[[Australia II]]'', launched in 1982, was the first wing keeled 12 Metre so is considered the first of this division. ''USA'' (US 61), also fits into this category, even though its keel structure is different from the standard winged keel of the class. It is also the only 12 Metre to have a "canard" or rudder mounted forward of the keel.
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| *Division B (Modern):- Starts when a [[skeg]] mounted rudder separated from the keel became the norm. It includes all 12 Metres built during the period 1968 - 1983. ''[[Intrepid (yacht)|Intrepid]]'' is considered the first Modern even though it was built in 1967 since it was the first 12 Metre to use a skeg mounted rudder. It excludes ''[[Australia II]]'', built in 1982, which is in Period A due to its winged keel design.
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| *Division C (Classic):- All other 12 Metre class yachts built before 1968 but excluding ''[[Intrepid (yacht)|Intrepid]]'' which is in Period B by virtue of its skeg mounted rudder design. Divisions D (Vintage) & E (Antique) are the remaining 2 Divisions based on the year of construction including Antique (most of which are in fact gaff rigged). Older sloop-rigged yachts like ''Vim'' and ''Onawa'' fit into the Vintage category, yachts like Erna Signe belong to the Antique division. In the early 21st century interest in ownership and restoration of 12 Metres was such that specialist restoration companies would speculatively locate old boats under threat of destruction and publicize the availability in order to attract the funding for a full restoration.
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| ==See Also==
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| [[Square Metre Rule (sailing)]]
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| [[Ton class]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons category|12-metre class}}
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| *[http://www.12mrclass.com The International Twelve Metre Association (ITMA)]
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| *[http://www.12mr.de Trivia 12 Metre Restoration: 12 Metre yachts built the world wide]
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| *[http://12metercharters.com/history.asp History of 12 Metre Class and list of all US 12 Metre yachts built]
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| *[http://www.sparkmanstephens.com/yachtdesign/sailyachts/twelvemeter_designs.php Sparkman & Stephens: The Twelves] (Technical explanation)
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| *{{cite book|title=The Twelve Metre Class|author=Luigi Lang, Dyer Jones & Jan Slee|publisher=[http://ltyachting.com/easyNews/NewsLeggi.asp?IDNews=6 LTyachting]|year=2010|isbn=978-88-95171-22-7}}
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| *http://www.columbiatrading.com/cgi-bin/columbia/30590.html
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| *http://www.sceptrepreservation.co.uk/3.html
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| * http://www.12mr.de/ Trivia (Norsaga)
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| {{Classes of the International Sailing Federation}}
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| {{Olympic class sailboats}}
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| {{Olympic Games Sailing}}
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| {{Keelboats worldwide}}
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| {{America'sCup}}
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| [[Category:Classes of the International Sailing Federation|12 Metre]]
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| [[Category:Keelboats]]
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| [[Category:Olympic sailboat classes]]
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| [[Category:12-metre class yachts]]
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It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.
Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.
At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.
Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.
Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.
Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.
Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.
Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.
In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.
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