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| In [[geometry]], for a finite [[plane (geometry)|planar surface]] of scalar [[area]] <math>S</math>, the '''vector area''' <math>\mathbf{S}</math> is defined as a [[euclidean vector|vector]] whose magnitude is <math>S</math> and whose direction is perpendicular to the plane, as determined by the [[right hand rule]] on the rim (moving one's right hand counterclockwise around the rim, when the palm of the hand is "touching" the surface, and the straight thumb indicates the direction).
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| :<math>\mathbf{S} = \mathbf{\hat{n}}S</math>
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| For an [[orientable]] surface S composed of a set <math>S_i</math> of flat facet areas, the vector area of the surface is given by
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| :<math>\mathbf{S} = \sum_i \mathbf{\hat{n}}_i S_i</math>
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| where <math>\mathbf{\hat{n}}_i</math> is the unit normal vector to the area <math>S_i</math>.
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| For bounded, oriented curved surfaces that are sufficiently [[well-behaved]], we can still define vector area. First, we split the surface into infinitesimal elements, each of which is effectively flat. For each infinitesimal element of area, we have an area vector, also infinitesimal.
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| :<math>d\mathbf{S} = \mathbf{\hat{n}}dS</math>
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| where <math>\mathbf{\hat{n}}</math> is the local unit vector perpendicular to <math>dS</math>. Integrating gives the vector area for the surface.
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| :<math>\mathbf{S} = \int d\mathbf{S}</math>
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| For a curved or faceted surface, the vector area is smaller in magnitude than the area. As an extreme example, a closed surface can possess arbitrarily large area, but its vector area is necessarily zero.<ref>Murray R. Spiegel, ''Theory and problems of vector analysis,'' Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw Hill, 1959, p. 25.</ref> Surfaces that share a boundary may have very different areas, but they must have the same vector area—the vector area is entirely determined by the boundary. These are consequences of [[Stokes theorem]].
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| The concept of an area vector simplifies the equation for determining the [[flux]] through the surface. Consider a planar surface in a uniform [[Field (physics)|field]]. The flux can be written as the [[dot product]] of the field and area vector. This is much simpler than multiplying the field strength by the surface area and the cosine of the angle between the field and the surface normal.
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| == Projection of area onto planes ==
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| The projected area onto (for example) the ''x''-''y'' plane is equivalent to the ''z''-component of the vector area, and is given by
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| :<math>\mathbf{S_z} = \left| \mathbf{S} \right| \cos \theta</math>
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| where <math>\theta</math> is the angle between the plane normal and the ''z''-axis.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Cross product]]
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| * [[Surface normal]]
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| * [[Surface integral]]
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| == Notes ==
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| <references />
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| [[Category:Area]]
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| [[Category:Vectors]]
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| [[Category:Analytic geometry]]
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