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| {{Refimprove|date=September 2008}}
| | Wilber Berryhill is what his wife loves to call him and he totally loves this name. My spouse and I reside in Mississippi but now I'm contemplating other options. What I love performing is football but I don't have the time recently. For years she's been working as a journey agent.<br><br>my web site; online psychic reading ([http://si.dgmensa.org/xe/index.php?document_srl=48014&mid=c0102 relevant web site]) |
| {{Infobox battery
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| | EtoW = 34.4–54 [[watt-hour|W·h]]/[[kg]] (124–190 J/g)
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| | EtoS = 15.7–39 W·h/[[Litre|L]] (56.5–140 kJ/L){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
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| | CtoDE= 70%<ref>{{ cite web | title = (Dead link) AN EVALUATION OF WINDFARM STABILIZATION AND LOAD SHIFTING USING THE ZINC-BROMINE BATTERY (ZBB) | url = http://www.zbbenergy.com/pdf/technicalpaper_evaluation.pdf | publisher = Gridwise Engineering Company, Xantrex Technology, Inc., ZBB Energy Corporation | date = 12 December 2002 | accessdate = 2009-07-27 | page = 10 }}</ref>
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| | EtoCP= US$400/kW·h (US$0.11/kJ){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
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| | CD = >2,000 [[charge_cycle|cycles]]
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| | NomV = 1.8 [[volt|V]]
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| }}
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| The '''zinc–bromine [[flow battery]]''' is a type of hybrid flow battery. A solution of [[zinc bromide]] is stored in two tanks. When the battery is charged or discharged the solutions (electrolytes) are pumped through a reactor stack and back into the tanks. One tank is used to store the electrolyte for the positive electrode reactions and the other for the negative. Zinc bromine batteries from different manufacturers have energy densities ranging from 34.4–54 W·h/kg.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
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| The predominantly aqueous electrolyte is composed of zinc bromide salt dissolved in water. During charge, metallic zinc is plated from the electrolyte solution onto the negative electrode surfaces in the cell stacks. [[Bromide]] is converted to [[bromine]] at the positive electrode surface and is stored in a safe, chemically complexed organic phase in the electrolyte tank. Each high-density polyethylene (HDPE) cell stack has up to 60 bipolar, plastic electrodes between a pair of anode and cathode end blocks.
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| The zinc–bromine battery can be regarded as an [[electroplating]] machine. During charging zinc is electroplated onto conductive electrodes, while at the same time bromine is formed. On discharge the reverse process occurs, the metallic zinc plated on the negative electrodes dissolves in the electrolyte and is available to be plated again at the next [[charge cycle]]. It can be left fully discharged indefinitely without damage.
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| [[File:RedFlow ZBM.png|thumb|RedFlow ZBM module: 5 kW and 10 kW·h.]]
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| The primary features of the zinc bromine battery are:
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| * High energy density relative to [[lead–acid batteries]]
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| * 100% depth of discharge capability on a daily basis{{sfn|Rose|Ferreira|p=4}}
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| * High cycle life of > 2,000 cycles at 100% depth of discharge, at which point the battery can be serviced to increase cycle life to over 3,500 cycles {{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
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| * No shelf life limitations as zinc–bromine batteries are non-perishable, unlike lead–acid and lithium-ion batteries, for example.{{sfn|Rose|Ferreira|p=4}}
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| * Scalable capacities from {{convert|10|kW·h|GJ|abbr=on}} to over {{convert|500|kW·h|GJ|abbr=on}} systems
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| * The ability to store energy from any electricity generating source
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| * The need to be fully discharged every few days to prevent zinc dendrites that can puncture the separator{{sfn|Rose|Ferreira|p=4}}
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| * The need every 1-4 cycles to short the terminals across a low impedance shunt while running the electrolyte pump, to fully remove zinc from battery plates{{sfn|Rose|Ferreira|p=4}}
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| Three examples of zinc–bromine flow batteries are ZBB Energy Corporation's Zinc Energy Storage System (ZESS), RedFlow Limited's Zinc Bromine Module (ZBM), and Premium Power's Zinc-Flow Technology.
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| These battery systems compete to provide [[energy storage]] solutions at a lower overall cost than other energy storage systems such as lead-acid, [[Vanadium redox battery|vanadium redox]], [[Sodium–sulfur battery|sodium–sulfur]], [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] and others.
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| ==Electrochemistry==
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| At the negative electrode [[zinc]] is the electroactive species. Zinc has long been used as the negative electrode of [[primary cell]]s. It is a widely available, relatively inexpensive metal which is [[electronegative]], with a [[standard reduction potential]], E° = −0.76 V vs [[standard hydrogen electrode|SHE]]. However, it is rather stable in contact with neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions. For this reason it is used today in [[Zinc–carbon battery|zinc–carbon]] and [[Alkaline battery|alkaline]] primaries.
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| In the zinc–bromine flow battery the negative electrode reaction is the reversible dissolution/ plating of zinc, according to the following equation.
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| : <math>Zn_{(s)} \leftrightarrow Zn^{2+}_{(aq)} + 2e^-</math>
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| At the positive electrode [[bromine]] is reversibly [[redox|reduced]] to [[bromide]], (with a standard reduction potential of +1.087 V vs SHE) according to the following equation.
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| : <math>Br_{2(aq)} + 2e^- \leftrightarrow 2Br^{-}_{(aq)} </math>
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| The overall cell reaction is therefore.
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| : <math>Zn_{(s)} + Br_{2(aq)} \leftrightarrow 2Br^{-}_{(aq)} + Zn^{2+}_{(aq)}</math>
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| The measured potential difference is around 1.67 V per cell (slightly less than that predicted from the standard reduction potentials).{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}
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| The two electrode chambers of each cell are divided by a membrane (typically a microporous or [[Ion exchange membrane|ion-exchange]] variety). This helps to prevent bromine from reaching the positive electrode, where it would react with the zinc, causing the battery to self-discharge. To further reduce self-discharge and to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine, complexing agents are added to the positive electrolyte. These react reversibly with the bromine to form an oily red liquid and reduce the {{chem|Br|2}} concentration in the electrolyte.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}
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| ==Applications==
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| ===Remote telecom sites===
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| Significant fuel savings are possible at remote telecom sites operating under conditions of low electrical load and large installed generation using multiple systems in parallel to maximize the benefits and minimize the drawbacks of the technology.{{sfn|Rose|Ferreira|p=10}}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==Sources==
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| * [http://www.redflow.com.au RedFlow Limited]
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| * [http://www.electricitystorage.org/technology/storage_technologies/batteries/zinc_bromine_batteries/ ZnBr Batteries], ''Electricity Storage Association''
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| * Bromine Complexation in Zinc–Bromine Circulating Batteries D. J. Eustace, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127(3), 528–32 (1980)
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| * Handbook of batteries, 3rd edition. D. Linden, T. B. Reddy. 39.1–39.8 (2002)
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| * {{cite web |first1=David M. |last1=Rose |first2=Summer R. |last2=Ferreira |url=http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-2818C.pdf |title=Performance Testing of Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries for Remote Telecom Sites |publisher=Sandia National Laboratory |ref=harv}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.premiumpower.com/aboutrfc.php Premium Power: Zinc-Flow Technology]
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| {{Galvanic cells}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Zinc-bromine battery}}
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| [[Category:Battery types]]
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| [[Category:Rechargeable batteries]]
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| [[Category:Flow batteries]]
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Wilber Berryhill is what his wife loves to call him and he totally loves this name. My spouse and I reside in Mississippi but now I'm contemplating other options. What I love performing is football but I don't have the time recently. For years she's been working as a journey agent.
my web site; online psychic reading (relevant web site)