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| '''Antony Valentini''' is a [[theoretical physics|theoretical]] [[physics|physicist]] and a professor at [[Clemson University]]. He is known for his work on the foundations of quantum physics.<ref name="smolin-p322-p326">Lee Smolin: ''The trouble with physics: the rise of string theory, the fall of a science, and what comes next'', First Mariner book edition 2007, ISBN 978-0-618-55105-7, [http://books.google.com/books?id=d6MIUlxY-qwC&pg=PA322 p. 322] and [http://books.google.com/books?id=d6MIUlxY-qwC&pg=PA326 p. 326]</ref>
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| == Education and career ==
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| Valentini obtained an undergraduate degree from [[Cambridge University]], then earned his Ph.D. in 1992<ref>[http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=72&pi=Antony_Valentini Antony Valentini] at the [[Perimeter Institute]] (downloaded March 4, 2012)</ref> with [[Dennis Sciama]] at the [[International School for Advanced Studies]] (ISAS) in [[Trieste]], Italy.<ref name="smolin-p322-p326" /><ref name="PhD-thesis">Antony Valentini: ''On the Pilot-Wave Theory of Classical, Quantum and Subquantum Physics'', Ph.D. Thesis, ISAS, Trieste 1992</ref> In 1999, after seven years in Italy, he took up a post-doc grant to work at the [[Imperial College]] with [[Lee Smolin]] and [[Christopher Isham]].<ref name="smolin-p322-p326"/>
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| He currently works at the [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]. Since February 2011, he is professor of physics and astronomy at Clemson University.<ref>[http://www.clemson.edu/inside-clemson/article.php?article_id=2093 Clemson University Newcomers], published May 2, 2011</ref>
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| Together with [[Mike Towler]], Royal Society research fellow of the University of Cambridge's [[Cavendish Laboratory]], he organized a conference on the [[De Broglie–Bohm theory|de Broglie-Bohm theory]] the ''Apuan Alps Centre for Physics'' in August 2010, hosted by the ''Towler Institute'' located in [[Fabbriche di Vallico|Vallico di Sotto]] in [[Tuscany]], Italy, which is loosely associated with the [[Theory of Condensed Matter group]] of the Cavendish Laboratory.<ref>[http://www.vallico.net/tti/tti.html The Towler Institute]</ref><ref>[http://www.clemson.edu/ces/physics-astro/documents/newsletter/newsletter-2010-fall.pdf#page=4 21st century directions in de Broglie–Bohm theory and beyond], Clemson University Physics and Astronomy Newsletter, vol. 5, no. 1, 2010</ref> Among the questions announced for discussion, the organizers included "Why should young people be interested in these ideas, when showing interest in quantum foundations still might harm their careers?"<ref>[http://physicsworld.com/cws/event/15126 21st-century directions in de Broglie-Bohm theory and beyond], 2010 event announcement at physicsworld.com</ref>
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| == Work ==
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| Valentini has been working on an extension of the causal interpretation of [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]. This interpretation had been proposed in conceptual terms in 1927 by [[Louis de Broglie]], was independently re-discovered by [[David Bohm]] who brought it to a complete and systematic form in 1952, and was expanded on by Bohm and [[Basil Hiley|Hiley]]. Emphasizing de Broglie's contribution, Valentini has consistently referred to the causal interpretation of quantum mechanics underlying his work as the "[[de Broglie–Bohm theory]]".
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| === Quantum equilibrium, locality and uncertainty ===
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| In 1991, Valentini provided indications for deriving the quantum equilibrium hypothesis which states that <math>\rho(x,y,z,t)=|\psi(x,y,z,t)|^2</math> in the frame work of the [[pilot wave theory]]. Valentini showed that the relaxation <math>\rho(x,y,z,t)</math> → <math>|\psi(x,y,z,t)|^2</math> may be accounted for by a ''H-theorem'' constructed in analogy to the [[H-theorem#Boltzmann's H theorem|Boltzmann H-theorem]] of statistical mechanics. Valentini showed that his expansion of the De Broglie–Bohm theory would allow "signal [[Quantum nonlocality|nonlocality]]" for [[quantum non-equilibrium|non-equilibrium]] cases in which <math>\rho(x,y,z,t)</math> ≠<math>|\psi(x,y,z,t)|^2</math>.<ref>James T. Cushing: ''Quantum mechanics: historical contingency and the Copenhagen hegemony'', The University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 0-226-13202-1, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6ohCb1v6jgMC&pg=PA163 p. 163]</ref><ref>Antony Valentini: ''Signal-locality, uncertainty, and the sub-quantum H-theorem, I'', Physics Letters A, vol. 156, no. 5, 1991</ref><ref>Antony Valentini: ''Hidden variables and the large-scale structure of space-time'', in: William Lane Craig, Quentin Smith (eds.): ''Einstein, Relativity and Absolute Simultaneity'', Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-70174-7, pp. 125–155, [http://books.google.com/books?id=bGEq6l6toUYC&pg=PA126 p. 126]</ref> According to Valentini, the universe is fundamentally nonlocal, and quantum theory merely describes a special equilibrium state in which nonlocality is hidden in statistical noise.<ref name="valentini-2002-p270">Antony Valentini: ''Subquantum information and computation'', 2002, Pramana Journal of Physics, vol. 59, no. 2, August 2002, p. 269–277, [http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v59/p269/fulltext.pdf#page=2 p. 270]</ref> He furthermore showed that an ensemble of particles with ''known'' wave function and ''known'' nonequilibrium distribution could be used to perform, on another system, measurements that violate the [[uncertainty principle]].<ref name="valentini-2002-p272">Antony Valentini: ''Subquantum information and computation'', 2002, Pramana Journal of Physics, vol. 59, no. 2, August 2002, p. 269–277, [http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v59/p269/fulltext.pdf#page=4 p. 272]</ref>
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| In 1992, Valentini extended pilot wave theory to spin-<math>1/2</math> fields and to gravitation.<ref>James T. Cushing: ''Quantum mechanics: historical contingency and the Copenhagen hegemony'', The University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 0-226-13202-1, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6ohCb1v6jgMC&pg=PA270 p. 270]</ref>
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| === Background and implications ===
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| Valentini has been described as an "ardent admirer of de Broglie". He noted that "de Broglie (rather like Maxwell) emphasized an underlying ‘mechanical’ picture: particles were assumed to be singularities of physical waves in space".<ref>Antony Valentini: ''Pilot-wave theory of fields, gravitation and cosmology'', in: [[James T. Cushing]], Arthur Fine, Sheldon Goldstein (eds.): ''Bohmian mechanics and quantum theory: an appraisal'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, p. 45–66, [http://books.google.com/books?id=EFrDTg3ztfEC&pg=PA47 p. 47].</ref> He emphasized that de Broglie, with the assistance of [[Erwin Schrödinger]], had constructed pilot wave theory, but later abandoned it in favor of quantum formalism.<ref name="PhD-thesis"/>
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| Valentini's derivation of the quantum equilibrium hypothesis was criticized by [[Detlef Dürr]] and co-workers in 1992, and the derivation of the quantum equilibrium hypothesis has remained a topic of active investigation.<ref>Peter J. Riggs: ''Quantum Causality: Conceptual Issues in the Causal Theory of Quantum Mechanics'', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 23, Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-90-481-2402-2, {{doi|10.1007/978-90-481-2403-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=-HlOf2RYf3AC&pg=PA76 p. 76]</ref>
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| "Signal [[Quantum nonlocality|nonlocality]]", which is forbidden in orthodox quantum theory, would allow nonlocal [[quantum entanglement]] to be used as a stand-alone communication channel without the need of a classical [[speed of light|light-speed]] limited [[retarded signal]] to unlock the entangled message from the sender to the receiver. This would be a major revolution in physics and would possibly make the cosmic landscape [[string theory]] Popper falsifiable.
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| == Publications ==
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| ;Book:
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| * Guido Bacciagaluppi, Antony Valentini: ''Quantum theory at the crossroads: Reconsidering the [[Solvay Conference#Fifth Conference|1927 Solvay Conference]]'', Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-81421-8
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| ;Articles:
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| * Antony Valentini, Hans Westman: ''Dynamical origin of quantum probabilities'', Proceedings of the Royal Society A 8, vol. 461, no. 2053 [http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/461/2053/253.full.pdf p. 253-272], January 2005, {{doi|10.1098/rspa.2004.1394}}
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| * Antony Valentini: ''Subquantum information and computation'', 2002, Pramana Journal of Physics, vol. 59, no. 2, August 2002, [http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v59/p269/fulltext.pdf p. 269–277]
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| * Antony Valentini: ''Signal-locality in hidden-variables theories'', Physics Letters A, vol. 297, no. 5-6, 20 May 2002, p. 273-278 [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0106/0106098v2.pdf online from arxiv.org]
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| * Antony Valentini: ''Hidden Variables, Statistical Mechanics and the Early Universe'', Chance in Physics, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer 2001, Volume 574/2001, 165-181, {{doi|10.1007/3-540-44966-3_12}} [http://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104067 online from arxiv.org]
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| * Antony Valentini: ''On Galilean and Lorentz invariance in pilot-wave dynamics'', Physics Letters A, 228, 215–222, 1997 [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0812/0812.4941v1.pdf online from arxiv.org]
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| * Antony Valentini: ''Pilot-wave theory of fields, gravitation and cosmology'', in: [[James T. Cushing]], Arthur Fine, Sheldon Goldstein (eds.): ''Bohmian mechanics and quantum theory: an appraisal'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, [http://books.google.com/books?id=EFrDTg3ztfEC&pg=PA45 p. 45–66] (a brief outline by Valentini of his work of 1991-1996 on the de Broglie–Bohm theory)
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| * Antony Valentini: ''On the Pilot-Wave Theory of Classical, Quantum and Subquantum Physics'', Ph.D. Thesis, ISAS, Trieste 1992
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| * Antony Valentini: ''Signal-locality, uncertainty, and the sub-quantum H-theorem, II'', Physics Letters A, vol. 158, no. 1, 1991, [http://siba.unipv.it/fisica/articoli/P/Physics%20Letters%20A_vol.158_1991_p.1-8.pdf p. 1–8]
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| * Antony Valentini: ''Signal-locality, uncertainty, and the sub-quantum H-theorem, I'', Physics Letters A, vol. 156, no. 5, 1991
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| * Antony Valentini: ''Resolution of causality violation in the classical radiation reaction'', Physics Review Letters vol. 61, no. 17, p. 1903–1905, 1988
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=72&pi=Antony_Valentini Antony Valentini] at the [[Perimeter Institute]]
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| * [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423495.100-core-reality.html Cover story] on Antony Valentini in [[New Scientist]]
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| * [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/324/5934/1512.pdf ''Is quantum mechanics tried, true, wildly successful, and wrong?''], Science magazine, AAAS, 19 June 2009, {{doi|10.1126/science.324_1512}}
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| * James T. Cushing: ''Quantum mechanics: historical contingency and the Copenhagen hegemony'', therein: ''Appendix 2 Valentini's H-Theorem'', The University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 0-226-13202-1, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6ohCb1v6jgMC&pg=PA171 p. 171–173]
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| {{Persondata
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| | NAME = Valentini, Antony
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Theoretical physicist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH =
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| | DATE OF DEATH =
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Valentini, Antony}}
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| [[Category:Living people]]
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| [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
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| [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
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| [[Category:Clemson University faculty]]
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| [[Category:Theoretical physicists]]
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| [[Category:Quantum physicists]]
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