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In the mathematics of [[matroid]]s and [[lattice (order)|lattices]], a '''geometric lattice''' is a [[finite set|finite]] [[Atom (order theory)|atomistic]] [[semimodular lattice]], and a '''matroid lattice''' is an atomistic semimodular lattice without the assumptions of finiteness. Geometric lattices and matroid lattices, respectively, form the lattices of flats of finite and infinite matroids, and every geometric or matroid lattice comes from a matroid in this way.


==Definition==
Recall that a '''[[lattice (order)|lattice]]''' is a [[partially ordered set]] in which any two elements <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have a least upper bound <math>x\vee y</math> and a greatest lower bound <math>x\wedge y</math>. In a lattice, or more generally a partially ordered set, an element <math>x</math> '''covers''' another element <math>y</math> (written as <math>x :> y</math> or <math> y <: x</math>) if <math>x > y</math> and there is no third element <math>z</math> between <math>x</math> and <math>y</math>. A lattice or partially ordered set is '''[[Graded poset|graded]]''' when it can be given a rank function <math>r(x)</math> mapping its elements to integers, such that <math>r(x)>r(y)</math> whenever <math>x>y</math> and in particular <math>r(x)=r(y)+1</math> whenever even <math>x :> y</math>.


In a lattice having a bottom element, one may assume without loss of generality that its rank is zero. The '''[[Atom (order theory)|atoms]]''' of such a lattice are the elements with rank one, and the lattice is '''atomistic''' if every element is the least upper bound of some set of atoms.  
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A graded lattice is '''[[semimodular lattice|semimodular]]''' if, for every <math>x</math> and <math>y</math>, its rank function obeys the identity<ref>{{harvtxt|Birkhoff|1995}}, Theorem 15, p.&nbsp;40. More precisely, Birkhoff's definition reads "We shall call P (upper) semimodular when it satisfies: If ''a''≠''b'' both cover ''c'', then there exists a ''d''∈''P'' which covers both ''a'' and ''b''" (p.39). Theorem 15 states: "A graded lattice of finite length is semimodular if and only if ''r''(''x'')+''r''(''y'')≥''r''(''x''∧''y'')+''r''(''x''∨''y'')".</ref>
 
:<math>r(x)+r(y)\ge r(x\wedge y)+r(x\vee y). \, </math>
 
A '''matroid lattice''' is a lattice that is both atomistic and semimodular,<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Maeda | first1 = F.
| last2 = Maeda | first2 = S.
| location = New York
| mr = 0282889
| publisher = Springer-Verlag
| series = Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Band 173
| title = Theory of Symmetric Lattices
| year = 1970}}.</ref><ref>{{citation
| last = Welsh | first = D. J. A.
| isbn = 9780486474397
| page = 388
| publisher = Courier Dover Publications
| title = Matroid Theory
| year = 2010}}.</ref> and a '''geometric lattice''' is a matroid lattice with finitely many elements.<ref name="w10-51">{{harvtxt|Welsh|2010}}, p.&nbsp;51.</ref>
 
Some authors consider only finite matroid lattices, and use the terms "geometric lattice" and "matroid lattice" interchangeably for both.<ref>{{citation|title=Lattice Theory|volume=25|series=Colloquium Publications|publisher=American Mathematical Society|first=Garrett|last=Birkhoff|authorlink=Garrett Birkhoff|edition=3rd|year=1995|isbn=9780821810255|page=80|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8d-MdtVwkC&pg=PA80}}.</ref>
 
==Cryptomorphism==
The geometric lattices are [[cryptomorphism|cryptomorphic]] to (finite, simple) matroids, and the matroid lattices are cryptomorphic to simple matroids without the assumption of finiteness.
 
Like geometric lattices, matroids are endowed with [[matroid rank|rank functions]], but these functions map sets of elements to numbers rather than taking individual elements as arguments. The rank function of a matroid must be monotonic (adding an element to a set can never decrease its rank) and they must be [[submodular function]]s, meaning that they obey an identity similar to the one for semimodular lattices:
 
:<math>r(X)+r(Y)\ge r(X\cup Y)+r(X\cap Y). \,</math>
 
The [[maximal element|maximal]] sets of a given rank are called flats. The intersection of two flats is again a flat, defining a greatest lower bound operation on pairs of flats; one can also define a least upper bound of a pair of flats to be the (unique) maximal superset of their union that has the same rank as their union. In this way, the flats of a matroid form a matroid lattice, or (if the matroid is finite) a geometric lattice.<ref name="w10-51"/>
 
Conversely, if <math>L</math> is a matroid lattice, one may define a rank function on sets of its atoms, by defining the rank of a set of atoms to be the lattice rank of the greatest lower bound of the set. This rank function is necessarily monotonic and submodular, so it defines a matroid. This matroid is necessarily simple, meaning that every two-element set has rank two.<ref name="w10-51"/>
 
These two constructions, of a simple matroid from a lattice and of a lattice from a matroid, are inverse to each other: starting from a geometric lattice or a simple matroid, and performing both constructions one after the other, gives a lattice or matroid that is isomorphic to the original one.<ref name="w10-51"/>
 
==Duality==
There are two different natural notions of duality for a geometric lattice <math>L</math>: the dual matroid, which has as its basis sets the [[complement (set theory)|complements]] of the bases of the matroid corresponding to <math>L</math>, and the [[order dual|dual lattice]], the lattice that has the same elements as <math>L</math> in the reverse order. They are not the same, and indeed the dual lattice is generally not itself a geometric lattice: the property of being atomistic is not preserved by order-reversal. {{harvtxt|Cheung|1974}} defines the [[adjoint]] of a geometric lattice <math>L</math> (or of the matroid defined from it) to be a minimal geometric lattice into which the dual lattice of <math>L</math> is [[order embedding|order-embedded]]. Some matroids do not have adjoints; an example is the [[Vámos matroid]].<ref>{{citation
| last = Cheung | first = Alan L. C.
| doi = 10.4153/CMB-1974-066-5
| issue = 3
| journal = [[Canadian Mathematical Bulletin]]
| mr = 0373976
| pages = 363–365; correction, ibid. 17 (1974), no. 4, 623
| title = Adjoints of a geometry
| volume = 17
| year = 1974}}.</ref>
 
==Additional properties==
Every interval of a geometric lattice (the subset of the lattice between given lower and upper bound elements) is itself geometric; taking an interval of a geometric lattice corresponds to forming a [[matroid minor|minor]] of the associated matroid. Geometric lattices are [[complemented lattice|complemented]], and because of the interval property they are also relatively complemented.<ref>{{harvtxt|Welsh|2010}}, pp. 55, 65–67.</ref>
 
Every finite lattice is a sublattice of a geometric lattice.<ref>{{harvtxt|Welsh|2010}}, p. 58; Welsh credits this result to [[Robert P. Dilworth]], who proved it in 1941–1942, but does not give a specific citation for its original proof.</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* {{planetmath reference|id=7972|title=Geometric lattice}}
 
[[Category:Lattice theory]]
[[Category:Matroid theory]]

Latest revision as of 10:29, 7 February 2014


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