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In [[mathematical logic]], '''Diaconescu's [[theorem]]''', or the '''Goodman–Myhill theorem''', states that the full [[axiom of choice]] is sufficient to derive the [[law of the excluded middle]], or restricted forms of it, in [[constructive set theory]]. It was discovered in 1975 by Diaconescu<ref>R. Diaconescu, {{doi-inline|10.1090/S0002-9939-1975-0373893-X|"Axiom of choice and complementation"}}, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 51:176-178 (1975)</ref> and later by Goodman and Myhill.<ref>N. D. Goodman and J. Myhill, “Choice Implies Excluded Middle”, Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 24:461 (1978)</ref> Already in 1967, [[Errett Bishop]] posed the Theorem as an exercise (Problem 2 on page 58 in <ref>E. Bishop, "Foundations of constructive analysis", McGraw-Hill (1967)</ref>).
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== Proof ==
 
For any [[proposition]] <math>P\,</math>, we can [[Set-builder notation|build the sets]]
: <math>U = \{x \in \{0, 1\} : (x = 0) \vee P\}</math>
and
: <math>V = \{x \in \{0, 1\} : (x = 1) \vee P\}.</math>
 
These are sets, using the [[axiom of specification]]. In classical set theory this would be equivalent to
: <math>U = \begin{cases} \{0,1\}, & \mbox{if } P \\ \{0\}, & \mbox{if } \neg P\end{cases}</math>
and similarly for <math>V\,</math>. However, without the law of the excluded middle, these equivalences cannot be proven; in fact the two sets are not even provably [[finite set|finite]] (in the usual sense of being in [[bijection]] with a [[natural number]], though they would be in the [[Dedekind-infinite|Dedekind]] sense).  
 
Assuming the [[axiom of choice]], there exists a [[choice function]] for the set <math>\{U, V\}\,</math>; that is, a function <math>f\,</math> such that
 
: <math>[f(U) \in U] \wedge [f(V) \in V].\,</math>
 
By the definition of the two sets, this means that
 
: <math>[(f(U) = 0) \vee P] \wedge [(f(V) = 1) \vee P]\,</math>,  
 
which implies <math>f(U) \neq f(V) \vee P.</math>
 
But since <math>P \to (U = V)</math> (by the [[axiom of extensionality]]), therefore <math>P \to (f(U) = f(V))\,</math>, so
 
: <math>(f(U) \neq f(V)) \to \neg P.</math>
 
Thus <math>\neg P \vee P.</math> As this could be done for any proposition, this completes the proof that the axiom of choice implies the law of the excluded middle.  
 
The proof relies on the use of the full separation axiom. In constructive set theories with only the [[axiom schema of predicative separation|predicative separation]], the form of ''P'' will be restricted to sentences with bound quantifiers only, giving only a restricted form of the law of the excluded middle. This restricted form is still not acceptable constructively.
 
In [[constructive type theory]], or in [[Heyting arithmetic]] extended with finite types, there is typically no separation at all - subsets of a type are given different treatments. A form of the axiom of choice is a theorem, yet excluded middle is not.
 
== Notes ==
<references/>
 
[[Category:Constructivism (mathematics)]]
[[Category:Set theory]]

Latest revision as of 05:07, 4 January 2015

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