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| {{New Testament manuscript infobox
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| | form = Minuscule
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| | number = '''81'''
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| | image =
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| | isize =
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| | caption=
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| | name =
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| | sign =
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| | text = [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], [[Pauline epistles]] †
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| | script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
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| | date = '''1044'''
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| | found = Tischendorf in 1853
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| | now at = [[British Library]] <br> [[Alexandria]]
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| | cite =
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| | size = {{×|18|12.6}}
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| | type = [[Alexandrian text-type]]
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| | cat = II
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| | hand =
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| | note =
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| }}
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| '''Minuscule 81''' (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering), or α162 (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|Soden]] numbering)<ref name = Gregory1908>{{cite book|last=Gregory|first=Caspar René|authorlink=Caspar René Gregory|title=Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/diegriechischen00greggoog#page/n61/mode/2up|year=1908|publisher=J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung|location=Leipzig|page=51}}</ref> is a Greek [[Lower case|minuscule]] [[manuscript]] of the [[New Testament]], on a parchment. It is dated by a [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] to the year 1044.<ref name=Aland>K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''[[Walter de Gruyter]]'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 47.</ref> Formerly it was labelled by 61<sup>a</sup> and 61<sup>p</sup> (Gregory). The manuscript is lacunose. It was adapted for liturgical use.
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| == Description ==
| | They are typically a free website that are pre-designed for enabling businesses of every size in marking the presence on the internet and allows them in showcasing the product services and range through images, contents and various other elements. Affilo - Theme is the guaranteed mixing of wordpress theme that Mark Ling use for his internet marketing career. This CMS has great flexibility to adapt various extensions and add-ons. Out of the various designs of photography identified these days, sports photography is preferred most, probably for the enjoyment and enjoyment associated with it. The top 4 reasons to use Business Word - Press Themes for a business website are:. <br><br>purcase and download - WPZOOM Tribune wordpress Theme, find and use the WPZOOM Discount Code. But as expected the level of support you get with them can be hit or miss based on the developer's free time and desire. Well Managed Administration The Word - Press can easily absorb the high numbers of traffic by controlling the server load to make sure that the site works properly. By purchasing Word - Press weblogs you can acquire your very own domain title and have total command of your web site. By using Word - Press, you can develop very rich, user-friendly and full-functional website. <br><br>Just ensure that you hire experienced Word - Press CMS developer who is experienced enough to perform the task of Word - Press customization to get optimum benefits of Word - Press CMS. It was also the very first year that the category of Martial Arts was included in the Parents - Connect nationwide online poll, allowing parents to vote for their favorite San Antonio Martial Arts Academy. I hope this short Plugin Dynamo Review will assist you to differentiate whether Plugin Dynamo is Scam or a Genuine. User friendly features and flexibility that Word - Press has to offer is second to none. For any web design and development assignment, this is definitely one of the key concerns, specifically for online retail outlets as well as e-commerce websites. <br><br>If all else fails, please leave a comment on this post with the issue(s) you're having and help will be on the way. And, that is all the opposition events with nationalistic agenda in favor of the individuals of Pakistan marching collectively in the battle in opposition to radicalism. This allows for keeping the content editing toolbar in place at all times no matter how far down the page is scrolled. If you enjoyed this article and you would certainly like to receive even more facts regarding [http://nkle.in/backup_plugin_845335 wordpress dropbox backup] kindly go to our webpage. Giant business organizations can bank on enterprise solutions to incorporate latest web technologies such as content management system etc, yet some are looking for economical solutions. Digital digital cameras now function gray-scale configurations which allow expert photographers to catch images only in black and white. <br><br>He loves sharing information regarding wordpress, Majento, Drupal and Joomla development tips & tricks. I'm a large fan of using Word - Press to create pretty much any sort of web page. In simple words, this step can be interpreted as the planning phase of entire PSD to wordpress conversion process. In addition, Word - Press design integration is also possible. Customers within a few seconds after visiting a site form their opinion about the site. |
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| The codex contains almost complete text of the [[Acts of the Apostles]] and the [[Pauline epistles]] on 282 parchment leaves ({{×|18|12.6}}), with some [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|lacunae]] (Acts 4:8-7:17; 17:28-23:9 - 297 verses). The text is written in one column per page, in 23 lines per page, in small letters.<ref name = Aland/>
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| It contains list of the {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}} (''list of contents'') only for [[Epistle of James]]. Lectionary markings were added on the margin by a later hand (for liturgical use).<ref name = Scrivener>{{Cite book
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| | last = Scrivener
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| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
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| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
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| | coauthors = Edward Miller
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| | title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
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| | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
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| | year = 1894
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| | location = London
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| | edition = 4
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| | volume = 1
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| | page = 205
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| | url =
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| | isbn = }}</ref><ref name = Gregory>{{cite book
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| | last = Gregory
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| | first = Caspar René
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| | authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
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| | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
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| | publisher = Hinrichs
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| | year = 1900
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| | location = Leipzig
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| | volume = 1
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| | page = 269
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| | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n281/mode/2up
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| | isbn = }}</ref>
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| == Text ==
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| The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]], with some the [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]] readings. It is one of the most important of all minuscule manuscripts.<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 2005), p. 86.</ref> It was only one minuscule manuscript examined by [[Constantin von Tischendorf]]. [[Kurt Aland|Aland]] placed it in "at least [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category II|Category II]]".<ref>{{Cite book
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| | last = Aland
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| | first = Kurt
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| | authorlink = Kurt Aland
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| | coauthors = [[Barbara Aland]]; Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
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| | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
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| | publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
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| | year = 1995
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| | location = Grand Rapids
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| | page = 129
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| | url =
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| | isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref>
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| It has been called "the best minuscule witness to Acts" or "the most important minuscule copy of the Acts". [[Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener|F. H. A. Scrivener]] stated "its value is shown not so much by the readings in which it stands alone, as by agreement with the oldest uncial copies, where their testimonies coincide".<ref name = Scrivener/> | |
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| In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with [[Papyrus 74|P<sup>74</sup>]], [[Codex Sinaiticus|Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus|Alexandrinus]], [[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus]], [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|Ephraemi]], [[Codex Laudianus|E]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|044]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], [[Minuscule 945 (Gregory-Aland)|945]], [[Minuscule 1739|1739]], ar, e, l, vg, cop<sup>bo</sup>, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]], [[Uncial 049|049]], [[Uncial 056|056]], [[Uncial 0142|0142]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 330|330]], [[Minuscule 436|436]], [[Minuscule 451|451]], [[Minuscule 614|614]], [[Minuscule 629|629]], 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig, syr<sup>p,h</sup>, cop<sup>sa</sup>.<ref>NA26, p. 480</ref>
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| It does not contain text of Acts 28:29.
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| In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν, for Ιησου (as א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, it<sup>d, g</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>, eth). The reading of the manuscript is supported by [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]], [[Codex Claromontanus|D<sup>b</sup>]], Ψ, 629, 2127, vg. The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.<ref>UBS3, p. 548.</ref>
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| In Romans 13:9 it has additional phrase ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, the reading is supported by the manuscripts: א (P) [[Uncial 048|048]] [[Minuscule 104|104]] [[Minuscule 365|365]] 1506 a b [[Vulgata Clementina|vg<sup>cl</sup>]] (syr<sup>h</sup>) cop<sup>bo</sup>.<ref>Na26, p. 433.</ref>
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| Romans 16:24 is omitted as in [[Codex Sinaiticus]] A B C [[Minuscule 5|5]] [[Minuscule 263|263]] [[Minuscule 623|623]] 1739 1838 1962 [[Minuscule 2127|2127]] it<sup>z</sup> vg<sup>ww</sup> cop<sup>sa,bo</sup> eth<sup>ro</sup> Origen<sup>lat</sup>).<ref>UBS3, p. 576.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D G P Ψ 33 [[Minuscule 104|104]] [[Minuscule 181|181]] [[Minuscule 326|326]] 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr<sup>h</sup> cop<sup>sa</sup> arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.<ref>UBS3, p. 581.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (''prayer'') along with [[Papyrus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>11</sup>]], [[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]], א*, A, [[Codex Vaticanus|B]], C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, [[Minuscule 6|6]], 33, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting'').<ref>NA26, p. 450.</ref><ref>UBS3, p. 591.</ref>
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| In [[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Timothy]] 3:16 it has textual variant {{lang|grc|θεός ἐφανερώθη}} (''God manifested'') (Sinaiticus<sup>e</sup>, A<sup>2</sup>, C<sup>2</sup>, D<sup>c</sup>, [[Codex Mosquensis I|K]], [[Codex Angelicus|L]], [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]], 044, 81, [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], [[Minuscule 330|330]], [[Minuscule 436|436]], [[Minuscule 451|451]], [[Minuscule 614|614]], [[Minuscule 629|629]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], 1241, [[Minuscule 1739|1739]], 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (''he was manifested'') supported by Sinaiticus, [[Codex Alexandrinus]], [[Codex Ephraemi|Ephraemi]], [[Codex Boernerianus|Boernerianus]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 365|365]], [[Minuscule 442|442]], 2127, [[Lectionary 599|'''ℓ''' ''599'']].<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' ([[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]: Stuttgart 2001), pp. 573-573.</ref><ref>[http://www.bible-researcher.com/alexandrinus4.html 1 Timothy 3:16 in Codex Alexandrinus] at the Bible Research</ref>
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| In 2 Timothy 4:10 it reads Γαλλιαν, along with Sinaiticus C 104 326 436; other manuscript read Γαλατιαν (A D F G K L P Ψ 33 88 181 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect) or Γαλιλαιαν (cop<sup>bo</sup>).<ref>UBS3, p. 737.</ref>
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| In Hebrews 8:11 it reads πλησιον for πολιτην, the reading is supported by [[Codex Porphyrianus]], 104, [[Minuscule 436|436]], [[Minuscule 629|629]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], and 1985.<ref>UBS3, pp. 761-762.</ref>
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| In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος καὶ αἵματος (''through water and spirit and blood'') together with the manuscripts: [[Codex Porphyrianus]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 442|442]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], 915, 2492, arm, eth<ref>UBS3, p. 823.</ref><ref group="n">For another variants of this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#First Epistle of John|Textual variants in the First Epistle of John]].</ref> [[Bart D. Ehrman]] identified it as Orthodox corrupt reading.<ref>[[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture'', [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford 1993, p. 60.</ref>
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| == History ==
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| According to the colophon, it was written on April 20, 1044, by a scribe named John for the wish another monk, named Jakob.<ref name = Gregory/>
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| The codex was discovered by [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] in Egypt in 1853, who took 57 leaves of the codex (Acts of the Apostles) with himself. He sold it to the Trustees of the [[British Museum]] in 1854.<ref name = Scrivener/> Now they are located in [[British Library]] (Add. 20003) at [[London]]. 225 leaves are still in [[Alexandria]], where are held in the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria|Patriarchat Library]] (59).<ref name = Aland/>
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| Formerly it was labelled by 61<sup>a</sup> and 61<sup>p</sup> (Gregory). In 1908 [[C. R. Gregory]] gave for it number 81.<ref name = Gregory1908/>
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| Tischendorf collated and published text of it in 1854 (''Anecdota sacra''). [[C. R. Gregory]] saw it in 1883.<ref name = Gregory/>
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| == See also ==
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| {{Portal|Bible}}
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| * [[List of New Testament minuscules]]
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| * [[Textual criticism]]
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| * [[Biblical manuscript]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{Reflist|group = "n"}}
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{refbegin}}
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| {{refend}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * F. H. A. Scrivener, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=Fh0DAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''An Exact Transcript of the Codex Augiensis''] (Cambridge and London, 1859), pp. 68–70.
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| * [[Constantin von Tischendorf]], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anecdotasacraet00tiscgoog#page/n148/mode/2up ''Anecdota sacra et profana''] (Lipsiae 1855), pp. 130–146.
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| == External links ==
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| * {{Cite web |url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=30081 |title=Liste Handschriften |publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research |accessdate= April 21, 2013 |location=Münster}}
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| * [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/Manuscripts1-500.html#m81 Minuscule 81] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 0081}}
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| [[Category:Greek New Testament minuscules]]
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| [[Category:11th-century biblical manuscripts]]
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| [[Category:British Library additional manuscripts]]
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