Dudley's theorem: Difference between revisions

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{{About|rooted trees with three children per node|unrooted trees with three neighbors per node|unrooted binary tree}}
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:[[Image:Ternary tree.png|right|192|thumb|A simple ternary tree of size 10 and height 2.]]
 
In [[computer science]], a '''ternary tree''' is a [[tree data structure]] in which each node has '''at most three''' child [[Node (computer science)|nodes]], usually distinguished as "left", “mid” and "right". Nodes with children are parent nodes, and child nodes may contain references to their parents. Outside the tree, there is often a reference to the "root" node (the ancestor of all nodes), if it exists. Any node in the data structure can be reached by starting at root node and repeatedly following references to either the left, mid or right child.
 
Ternary trees are used to implement [[Ternary search tree]]s and [[Ternary heap]]s.
 
==Definition==
 
* '''Directed Edge''' - The link from the parent to the child.
* '''Root''' - The node with no parents. There is at most one root node in a rooted tree.
* '''Leaf Node''' - The node which has no children.
* '''Child Node''' - The nodes that are located underneath of a node.
* '''Depth''' - Length of the path from the root to the node. The set of all nodes at a given depth is sometimes called a level of the tree. The root node is at depth zero.
* '''Height''' - Length of the path from the root to the deepest node in the tree. A (rooted) tree with only one node (the root) has a height of zero. In the example diagram, the tree has height of 2.
* '''Sibling''' - Nodes that share the same parent node.
 
- A node p is an ancestor of a node q if it exists on the path from q to the root. The node q is then termed a descendant of p.
 
- A size of a node is the number of descendants it has including itself.
 
==Properties of ternary trees==
 
* '''Maximum number of nodes'''
 
– Let <math>h</math> be height of a ternary tree.  
 
– Let <math>M(h)</math> be the maximum number of nodes in a ternary tree of height h
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! h !! ''M''(''h'')
|-
| 0 || 1
|-
| 1 || 4
|-
| 2 || 13
|-
| 3 || 40
|}
 
– <math>M(h) =1 + 3 + 9 + \cdots + 3^h = \sum_{i=0}^h 3^i</math>
 
– Every tree of height h has at most <math>\sum_{i=0}^h 3^i</math> nodes.
 
* If a node <math>N</math> occupies TREE <math>[k]</math>, then its '''Left Child''' is stored in tree <math>3k-1</math>.
* '''Mid Child''' is stored in TREE <math>3k</math>.
* '''Right Child''' is stored in TREE <math>3k+1</math>.
 
==Common operations==
=== Insertion ===
Nodes can be inserted into ternary trees in between three other nodes or added after an [[external node]]. In Ternary trees, a node that is inserted is specified as to which child it is.
 
==== External nodes ====
Say that the external node being added onto is node A. To add a new node after node A, A assigns the new node as one of its children and the new node assigns node A as its parent.
 
==== Internal nodes ====
Insertion on [[internal node]]s is more complex than on external nodes. Say that the internal node is node A and that node B is the child of A. (If the insertion is to insert a right child, then B is the right child of A, and similarly with a left child insertion or mid child.) A assigns its child to the new node and the new node assigns its parent to A. Then the new node assigns its child to B and B assigns its parent as the new node.
 
=== Deletion ===
Deletion is the process whereby a node is removed from the tree. Only certain nodes in a ternary tree can be removed unambiguously.
 
==== Node with zero or one child ====
Say that the node to delete is node A. If a node has no children ([[external node]]), deletion is accomplished by setting the child of A's parent to [[null pointer|null]] and A's parent to null. If it has one child, set the parent of A's child to A's parent and set the child of A's parent to A's child.
 
==Comparison with other trees==
 
The picture below is a binary search tree that represents 12 two-letter words. All nodes on the left child have smaller values, while all nodes on the right child have greater values for all nodes. A search starts from the root. To find the word "ON", we compare it to "IN" and take the right branch. Every comparison could access each character of both words.
 
        in
      /    \
      be    of
    /  \  /  \
    as  by is  or
    \  \  \  / \
    at  he it on to
 
Digital search tries to store strings character by character. The next picture is a tree that represents the same set of 12 words;
 
          _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
        /    /    / \      \    \
        /    /    /  \      \    \
      a    b    h    i      o    t
      / \  / \  |  / | \    /|\    |
    s  t  e  y  e  n  s  t  f n r  o
    as at be  by he in is it of on or to
 
each input word is shown beneath the node that represents it. In a tree representing words of lower case letters, each node has 26-way branching. Searches are very fast: A search for "IS" starts at the root, takes the "I" branch, then the "S" branch, and ends at the desired node. At every node, one accesses an array element, tests for null, and takes a branch.
 
                    i
              /    |    \
              /      |    \
            b      s      o
          / |  \    / \    |  \
        a  e  h  n  t  n  t
        |  \  |        / \  |
        s    y e        f  r  o
          \
          t
 
The above picture is a balanced ternary search tree for the same set of 12 words. The low and high pointers are shown as solid lines, while equal pointers are shown as dashed lines. Each input word is shown beneath its terminal node. A search for the word "IS" starts at the root, proceeds down the equal child to the node with value "S", and stops there after two comparisons. A search for "AX" makes three comparisons to the first letter "A" and two comparisons to the second letter "X" before reporting that the word is not in the tree.<ref>Jon Bentley and Bob Sedgewick (1998), Dr. Dobb's Journal</ref>
 
==Examples of ternary trees==
* [[Ternary search tree]]
* [[Ternary heap]]
* An infinite ternary tree containing all primitive Pythagorean triples is described in [[Tree of primitive Pythagorean triples]] and in [[Formulas_for_generating_Pythagorean_triples#Pythagorean_triples_by_use_of_matrices_and_linear_transformations|Formulas for generating Pythagorean triples]]. The root node contains triple [3,4,5].<ref name=Price>{{cite arxiv|first=H. Lee|last=Price|title=The Pythagorean Tree: A New Species |year=2008|pages=14|eprint=0809.4324 }}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Binary tree]]
* [[Tree structure]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Trees (data structures)]]

Latest revision as of 01:20, 15 December 2014

The Jordan 8 just might be the most underrated set of kicks their legendary Jordan line of shoes. Many Jordan shoe fanactics your shoe to be too serious. Perhaps this is due to that is then carried cushioning that was implemented into the shoe when compared to previous Jordan models. Others, like myself, don't from extra cushioning as very hard on a shoe. Whether you unfortunately or not, the Jordan 8 is among more epic Jordan shoes released. Dropped during the 1992-1993 "Three-Peat" Championship season, this shoe was site and generating Air Jordan that Michael wore before he retired for initially.

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You must become conversant with the lingo how the sellers use to sell their products. If they use terms like "variant", it world of retail it is not the real Air Jordan released on the factory consequently are in fact being sold without their consent. Ought to be enough signals that you to ward off from these types of.

Nike air jordan is a good shoe. It's also expensive as all models are in the excess of $100. However, now that there is a range of diversity online, you can purchase your shoes from online shoe stores at discounts. Nike air jordan is found at nearly $100 off an entire shoes. The cherry close to the cake generally many stores offer free shipping. So, it is discounts totally for your site.

If muscular to choose a kind of trainers that combines comfort, style and fashion together, Nike Air Max shoes seem your best choice. Why are nike air max shoes so hot within a long period of time? The reason is their fashion look and the total comfort provided to the wearers. It is known to us that comfort may be the first and important element to the wearers. Designer Nike is actually the form of shoes. As well as to comfort, fashion design also is an additional key point people to captivate persons and attract people's vision. It is obvious that Nike been recently the well-known brand within the whole world, due on these factors.

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