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| {{Expert-subject|physics|date=May 2009}}
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| The article '''Ferromagnetic material properties''' is intended to contain a glossary of terms used to describe (mainly quantitatively) [[Ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] materials, and [[magnetic core]]s.
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| ==Terms==
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| *'''[[magnetic hysteresis|hysteresis loop]]''' - induction B as function of field strength H for H varying between H<sub>min</sub> and H<sub>max</sub>; for ferromagnetic material the B has different values for H going up and down, therefore a plot of the function forms a loop instead of a curve joining two points; for perminvar type materials, the loop is a "rectangle" (''Domain Structure of Perminvar Having a Rectangular Hysteresis Loop'', Williams, Goertz, ''J. of Applied Physics'' '''23''', 316 (1952); in fact it is rectangle if B-µ<sub>0</sub>H is used instead B on the plot);
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| *'''[[remanence]]''' B<sub>r</sub> - "induction which remains" - after magnetization to saturation, a value of induction B in the material in a closed magnetic circuit without external field H; the point where hysteresis loop crosses B axis;
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| *'''[[coercivity]]''' H<sub>c</sub> - after magnetization to saturation, a value of field strength H at which induction B in the material becomes 0; the point where hysteresis loop crosses H axis;
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| *(maximum) '''energy product''' (BH)<sub>max</sub> - largest possible field of a rectangle on the hysteresis loop plot, which has two edges on the B and H axes, and a vertex on the hysteresis loop in the second quadrant (B positive, H negative); range from below 1J/m<sup>3</sup> for some soft materials (permalloy, 3E4 ferrite), to above 400kJ/m<sup>3</sup> for hard ones ([[neodymium magnet]]s);
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| *'''magnetic viscosity''' - when an external field H is changed, and then kept at a new value, the induction B first changes almost at once, then some smaller change of B follows in a time; for a permanent magnet typically the time dependence is B(t)=B(t<sub>0</sub>)-S*ln(t/t<sub>0</sub>), where t is time since H change, t0 is some reference time, and S is a constant of the process (but not of the material, as it varies with magnitude of the H and its change); a theory describing this kind of time dependency was developed by [[Louis Néel]] (''J. de Phys. et Radium'', '''11''', 49 (1950)) and by Street and Wooley (A Study of Magnetic Viscosity, ''Proc. Phys. Soc.'' '''A62'''. 562 (1949)).
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| ==Formulae==
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| To describe a soft [[ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] material for technical use, the following parameters are specified:
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| *(relative) '''[[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]]''' - ratio of induction B in the material caused by some field H to an induction in a vacuum in the same field; it is a dimensionless value, as it is ''relative'' to a vacuum permeability;
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| **''initial permeability'' is the ratio for small magnetization of initially demagnetized material: <math>\mu_i=\frac{B}{\mu_{0}*H}</math> for very small H;
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| **''incremental permeability'' is the ratio of change of induction in the material to a change of induction in a vacuum due to the same field change, when the change is superimposed to some constant field: <math>\mu_\Delta=\frac{\Delta B}{\mu_{0}*\Delta H}</math>;
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| **''amplitude permeability'' is the ratio of induction in the material to an induction in a vacuum for larger magnetization: just <math>\mu_a=\frac{B}{\mu_{0}*H}</math>;
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| **''maximum incremental/amplitude permeability'' is the maximal value of the incremental/amplitude permeability on the hysteresis curve;
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| *'''[[Saturation (magnetic)|saturation induction]]''' - induction B for large (enough for <math>\mu_\Delta</math> to become small), but reasonable H;
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| *'''[[resistivity]]''' <math>\rho</math> - specific resistance, as for usual resistive materials, important because of eddy currents; unit = <math>\Omega*m</math>;
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| *'''[[mass density]]''' - mass per unit volume, as for usual materials;
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| *'''temperature factor''' of the permeability is defined as <math>\alpha_F=\frac{\mu_\theta-\mu_{ref}}{\mu_{ref}^2*(\theta-\theta_{ref})}</math> by IEC133, and as <math>\alpha_F=\frac{\mu_\theta-\mu_{ref}}{\mu_\theta*\mu_{ref}*(\theta-\theta_{ref})}</math> by IEC367-1;
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| *'''[[Curie point]]''' (or Curie temperature) - a temperature, above which the ferromagnetic material becomes a paramagnet; more in [[ferromagnetism]];
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| *'''[[Loss tangent|tangent of loss angle]]''' - ratio of a resistance (R) to a reactance (<math>2*Pi*f*L</math>) of a coil on a core without a gap (<math>\mu_e=\mu_i</math> - otherwise it must be scaled), assuming the resistance is result of losses in the magnetic material; the angle describes a delay between B in the material versus H; measured for sinusoidal magnetic field of frequency f; usually specified as <math>{\frac{tan\delta}{\mu_i}}*10^6</math>
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| *'''disaccomodation factor''' - it is a measure of material permeability variation after demagnetization, given by a formula <math>D_F=\frac{\mu_1-\mu_2}{(\mu_1)^2*log(t2/t1)}</math>, where <math>\mu_1,\mu_2</math> - permeability values, t1,t2 - time from demagnetization; usually determined for t1=10min, t2=100min; range from 2*10<sup>−6</sup> to 12*10<sup>−6</sup> for typical MnZn and NiZn ferrites;
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| *'''hysteresis constant''' <math>\eta_B</math> - ?
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| *'''d.c. sensitivity constant''' <math>\beta_F</math> - ?
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| ==Magnetic core parameters==
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| *'''core constant C<sub>1</sub>''' - sum of l/A along magnetic path; l is length of a part of the path, A is its cross-section. The summation of the magnetic path lengths of each section of the magnetic circuit divided by the square of the corresponding magnetic area of the same section;
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| *'''core constant C<sub>2</sub>''' - sum of l/A^2 along magnetic path;
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| *'''effective length''' of a magnetic path l<sub>e</sub>;
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| *'''effective cross-section''' A<sub>e</sub>;
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| *'''effective volume''' <math>V_e=\frac{{C_1}^3}{{C_2}^2}</math>;
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| *'''effective permeability''' <math>\mu_e=\frac{C_1}{\Sigma \frac{l}{\mu A}}</math> For a magnetic circuit constructed with an air gap or air gaps, the permeability of a hypothetical homogeneous material which would provide the same reluctance;
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| (these "effective" above are sizes of a toroid core made from the same material which has the same magnetic properties as the core);
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| *'''minimum cross-section''' A<sub>min</sub>;
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| *'''inductance factor''' A<sub>L</sub> - inductance of one-turn coil, in nH (note inductance L=A<sub>L</sub>*n<sup>2</sup>, n is number of turns) Inductance of a coil on a specified core divided by the square of the number of turns. (Unless otherwise specified the inductance test conditions for inductance factor are at a flux density ~10 gauss);
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| *'''turns factor''' <math>\alpha</math> = number of turn for 1mH (note <math>\alpha^2*A_L=1000000</math>);
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| These parameters used e.g. in Philips' handbook <ref>Philips' handbook ''Components and materials'', Part 4a, Nov 1978, said in accordance with IEC401 and IEC125</ref> and Magnetic Materials Producers Association "Soft Ferrites, A Users Guide".<ref>Magnetic Materials Producers Association "Soft Ferrites, A Users Guide", MMPA SFG-98, 1998</ref>
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| Note: possibly there are some errors - need verification from another source; see discussion page.
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| [[Category:Ferromagnetic materials]]
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Luckily, for Word - Press users, WP Touch plugin transforms your site into an IPhone style theme. After all, Word - Press is free, many of the enhancements for Word - Press like themes and plugins are also free, and there is plenty of free information online about how to use Word - Press. There are number of web services that offer Word press development across the world. It primarily lays emphasis on improving the search engine results of your website whenever a related query is typed in the search box. In the event you loved this informative article and you would like to receive more details relating to wordpress backup kindly visit our web-site. W3C compliant HTML and a good open source powered by Word - Press CMS site is regarded as the prime minister.
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The primary differences are in the plugins that I install, as all sites don't need all the normal plugins. High Quality Services: These companies help you in creating high quality Word - Press websites. Some examples of its additional features include; code inserter (for use with adding Google Analytics, Adsense section targeting etc) Webmaster verification assistant, Link Mask Generator, Robots. Fast Content Update - It's easy to edit or add posts with free Wordpress websites. Make sure you have the latest versions of all your plugins are updated.
Internet is not only the source for information, it is also one of the source for passive income. I'm a large fan of using Word - Press to create pretty much any sort of web page. Just download it from the website and start using the same. In addition, Word - Press design integration is also possible. Customers within a few seconds after visiting a site form their opinion about the site.