Normally hyperbolic invariant manifold: Difference between revisions

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The '''Newman–Keuls''' or '''Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK)''' method is a stepwise [[multiple comparisons]] procedure used to identify [[Sample (statistics)|sample]] [[Arithmetic mean|means]] that are [[Statistical significance|significantly]] different from each other.<ref name=Muth>{{cite book |last1 = Muth |first1 = James E. De |title = Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Applications |edition=2nd |publisher = Chapman and Hall/CRC |location = Boca Raton, FL |year = 2006 |isbn = 0-849-33799-2 |pages=229–259}}</ref> It was named after [[William Sealy Gosset|Student]] (1927),<ref name=Student>{{cite journal|author=Student|title=Errors of routine analysis|journal=Biometrika|volume=19|issue=1/2|year=1927|pages=151–164}}</ref> D. Newman,<ref name=Newman>{{cite journal|author=Newman D|title=The distribution of range in samples from a normal population, expressed in terms of an independent estimate of standard deviation|journal=Biometrika|volume=31|issue=1|year=1939|pages=20&ndash;30|doi=10.1093/biomet/31.1-2.20}}</ref> and M. Keuls.<ref name=Keuls>{{cite journal|author=Keuls M|title=The use of the "studentized range" in connection with an analysis of variance|journal=Euphytica|volume=1|year=1952|pages=112&ndash;122}}</ref> This procedure is often used as a [[post-hoc analysis|post-hoc test]] whenever a significant difference between three or more sample means has been revealed by an [[analysis of variance|analysis of variance (ANOVA)]].<ref name=Muth /> The Newman–Keuls method is similar to [[Tukey's range test]] as both procedures use [[Studentized range|Studentized range statistics]].<ref name=Broota>{{cite book |last1 = Broota |first1 = K.D. |title = Experimental Design in Behavioural Research |edition=1st |publisher = New Age International (P) Ltd. |location = New Delhi, India |year = 1989 |isbn = 8-122-40215-1 |pages=81–96}}</ref><ref name=Sheskin>{{cite book |last1 = Sheskin |first1 = David J. |title = Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures |edition=3rd |publisher = CRC Press |location = Boca Raton, FL |year = 1989 |isbn = 1-584-88440-1 |pages=665–756}}</ref> Compared to Tukey's range test, the Newman–Keuls method is more [[Statistical power|powerful]] but less conservative.<ref name="Sheskin"/>
If you are looking for a specific plugin, then you can just search for the name of the plugin. Good luck on continue learning how to make a wordpress website. Change the site's theme and you have essentially changed the site's personality. In case you loved this short article and you wish to receive much more information with regards to [http://urlon.com.br/wordpress_dropbox_backup_974168 wordpress backup] assure visit our own internet site. Out of the various designs of photography identified these days, sports photography is preferred most, probably for the enjoyment and enjoyment associated with it. In the most current edition you can customize your retailer layout and display hues and fonts similar to your site or blog. <br><br>Right starting from social media support to search engine optimization, such plugins are easily available within the Word - Press open source platform. You may either choose to link only to the top-level category pages or the ones that contain information about your products and services. There are number of web services that offer Word press development across the world. This is identical to doing a research as in depth above, nevertheless you can see various statistical details like the number of downloads and when the template was not long ago updated. Once you've installed the program you can quickly begin by adding content and editing it with features such as bullet pointing, text alignment and effects without having to do all the coding yourself. <br><br>This gives a clearer picture that online shoppers are familiar with the WP ecommerce system. To sum up, ensure that the tactics are aiming to increase the ranking and attracting the maximum intended traffic in the major search engines. For a much deeper understanding of simple wordpress themes", check out  Upon browsing such, you'll be able to know valuable facts. The animation can be quite subtle these as snow falling gently or some twinkling start in the track record which are essentially not distracting but as an alternative gives some viewing enjoyment for the visitor of the internet site. If you have any questions on starting a Word - Press food blog or any blog for that matter, please post them below and I will try to answer them. <br><br>A built-in widget which allows you to embed quickly video from popular websites. I didn't straight consider near it solon than one distance, I got the Popup Ascendancy plugin and it's up and lengthways, likely you make seen it today when you visited our blog, and I yet customize it to fit our Thesis Wound which gives it a rattling uncomparable visage and search than any different popup you know seen before on any added journal, I hump arrogated asset of one of it's quatern themes to make our own. re creating a Word - Press design yourself, the good news is there are tons of Word - Press themes to choose from. If you choose a blog then people will be able to post articles on your site and people will be able to make comments on your posts (unless you turn comments off). Look for experience: When you are searching for a Word - Press developer you should always look at their experience level. <br><br>Website security has become a major concern among individuals all over the world. Automated deal feed integration option to populate your blog with relevant deals. As a result, it is really crucial to just take aid of some experience when searching for superior quality totally free Word - Press themes, Word - Press Premium Themes for your web site. If this is not possible you still have the choice of the default theme that is Word - Press 3. For your information, it is an open source web content management system.
 
==Procedure==
 
The Newman–Keuls method employs a stepwise approach when comparing sample means.<ref name=Toothaker>{{cite book |last1 = Toothaker |first1 = Larry E. |title = Multiple Comparison Procedures (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences) |edition=2nd |publisher = Chapman and Hall/CRC |location = Newburry Park, CA |year = 1993 |isbn = 0-803-94177-3 |pages=27–45}}</ref> Prior to any mean comparison, all sample means are rank-ordered in ascending or descending order, thereby producing an ordered range of sample means.<ref name=Muth /><ref name=Toothaker /> A comparison is then made between the largest and smallest sample means within the largest range.<ref name=Toothaker /> Assuming that the largest range is four means, a significant difference between the largest and smallest means as revealed by the Newman–Keuls method would result in a rejection of the [[null hypothesis]]. The next largest comparison of two sample means would then be made within a smaller range of three means. Unless there is no significant differences between two sample means within any given range, this stepwise comparison of sample means will continue until a final comparison is made with the smallest range of just two means. If there is no significant difference between the two sample means, then all the null hypotheses within that range would be retained and no further comparisons within smaller ranges are necessary.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Range of sample means
|-
!
! <math>\bar{X}_1</math>
! <math>\bar{X}_2</math>
! <math>\bar{X}_3</math>
! <math>\bar{X}_4</math>
|-
| Mean values || 2 || 4 || 6|| 8
|-
| 2
|
| 2
| 4
| 6
|-
| 4
|
|
| 2
| 4
|-
| 6
|
|
|
| 2
|-
|}
To determine if there is a significant difference between two means with equal sample sizes, the Newman–Keuls method uses a formula that is identical to the [[Tukey's_range_test#The_test_statistic|one]] used in Tukey's range test, which calculates the ''q'' value by taking the difference between two sample means and dividing it by the standard error:
 
:<math> q = \frac{\bar{X}_A - \bar{X}_B}\sqrt{\frac{MS_E}{n}}, </math>
 
where <math>q</math> represents the [[Studentized range]] value, <math>\bar{X}_A</math> and <math>\bar{X}_B</math> are the largest and smallest sample means within a range, <math>MS_E</math> is the error variance taken from the ANOVA table, and <math>n</math> is the sample size (number of observations within a sample). The computed ''q'' value is then compared to a ''q'' critical value taken from a ''q'' distribution table. If the computed ''q'' value is equal to or greater than the ''q'' critical value, then the null hypothesis (''H''<sub>0</sub>: ''μ''<sub>A</sub> = ''μ''<sub>B</sub>) can be rejected.<ref name=Zar>{{cite book |last1 = Zar |first1 = Jerrold H. |title = Biostatistical Analysis |edition=4th |publisher = Prentice Hall |location = Newburry Park, CA |year = 1999 |isbn = 0-130-81542-X |pages=208–230}}</ref>
 
If comparisons are made with means of unequal sample sizes, then the Newman-Keuls formula would be adjusted as follows:
 
:<math> q = \frac{\bar{X}_A - \bar{X}_B}\sqrt{\frac{MS_E}{2}(\frac{1}{n_A} + \frac{1}{n_B})}, </math>
 
where <math>n_A</math> and <math>n_B</math> represent the sample sizes of the two sample means.
 
==See also==
*[[Multiple comparisons]]
*[[Post-hoc analysis]]
*[[Tukey's range test]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Newman-Keuls method}}
[[Category:Multiple comparisons]]
[[Category:Analysis of variance]]

Latest revision as of 15:02, 5 May 2014

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