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| [[File:Henry Savile.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=A tall elderly man with a beard, wearing long black robes and a large white ruff. He is standing with a fan in his right hand and with his left hand resting on books on a table.|[[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Sir Henry Savile]], founder of the professorship]]
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| The position of '''Savilian Professor of Geometry ''' was established at the [[University of Oxford]] in 1619. It was founded (at the same time as the [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy|Savilian Professorship of Astronomy]]) by [[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Sir Henry Savile]], a mathematician and [[classics|classical scholar]] who was [[Warden (college)|Warden]] of [[Merton College, Oxford]] and [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of [[Eton College]], reacting to what has been described as "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England" at that time.<ref name=Maths1/> He appointed [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]] as the first professor. [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh|Edward Titchmarsh]] (professor 1931–63) said when applying that he was not prepared to lecture on geometry, and the requirement was removed from the duties of the post to enable his appointment, although the title of the chair was not changed. The two Savilian chairs have been linked with professorial [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowships]] at [[New College, Oxford]] since the late 19th century. Before then, for over 175 years until the middle of the 19th century, the geometry professors had an official residence adjoining the college in [[New College Lane]].
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| There have been 19 professors; [[Nigel Hitchin]], the current holder of the chair (as of January 2014), was appointed in 1997. He is one of sixteen statutory professors in the Mathematical Institute of the university, and a member of the institute's Geometry Group of researchers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutory Professors|url=http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/about/statutory-professors|publisher=Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford|date=4 April 2012|accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/groups/geometry/members|title=Geometry Members|publisher=Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford|accessdate=22 March 2010}}</ref> The post has been held by a number of distinguished mathematicians. Briggs helped to develop the [[common logarithm]], described as "one of the most useful systems for mathematics".<ref name=Briggs/> The third professor, [[John Wallis]], introduced the use of <math>\infty</math> for [[infinity]], and was regarded as "one of the leading mathematicians of his time".<ref name=Wallis/> Both [[Edmond Halley]], who successfully predicted the return of the [[Halley's comet|comet named in his honour]], and his successor [[Nathaniel Bliss]] held the post of [[Astronomer Royal]] in addition to the professorship. [[Stephen Peter Rigaud|Stephen Rigaud]] (professor 1810–1827) has been called "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation".<ref name=Rigaud/> The life and work of [[James Joseph Sylvester|James Sylvester]] (professor 1883–1894) was commemorated by the [[Royal Society]] by the inauguration of the [[Sylvester Medal]]; this was won by a later professor, [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh|Edward Titchmarsh]]. Two professors, Sylvester and [[Michael Atiyah]] (professor 1963–1969), have been awarded the [[Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society; Atiyah also won the [[Fields Medal]] while he was professor.
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| ==Foundation and duties==
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| [[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Sir Henry Savile]], the [[Warden (college)|Warden]] of [[Merton College, Oxford]] and [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of [[Eton College]], was deeply saddened by "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England",<ref name=Maths1/> and so founded professorships in geometry and [[astronomy]] at the [[University of Oxford]] in 1619; both chairs were named after him. He also donated his books to the university's [[Bodleian Library]] "for the use chiefly of mathematical readers".<ref name=Maths1>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/about/history|title=Oxford Mathematics and Mathematicians|first=I. W.|last=Busbridge|publisher=Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford|date=August 1974|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref> He required the professors to be men of good character, at least 26 years old, and to have "imbibed the purer philosophy from the springs of [[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]]" before acquiring a thorough knowledge of science.<ref name=Savile/> The professors could come from any Christian country, but he specified that a professor from England should have a [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|Master of Arts]] degree as a minimum.<ref name=Historical>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalregist00univuoft#page/50/mode/2up/search/bodley|page=51|title=Savilian Professors of Geometry and Astronomy|work=The historical register of the University of Oxford : being a supplement to the Oxford University calendar, with an alphabetical record of University honours and distinctions completed to the end of Trinity term 1888 |year=1888|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford}}</ref> He wanted students to be educated in the works of the leading scientists of the ancient world, saying that the professor of geometry should teach [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'', [[Apollonius of Perga|Apollonius]]'s ''Conics'', and the works of [[Archimedes]]; tuition in [[trigonometry]] was to be shared by the two professors. As many students would have had little mathematical knowledge, the professors were also permitted to provide instruction in basic mathematics in English (as opposed to Latin, the language used in education at Oxford at the time).<ref name=Savile/>
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| ==Appointment==
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| Savile's first choice for the professorship of geometry was [[Edmund Gunter]], [[Gresham Professor of Astronomy|Professor of Astronomy]] at [[Gresham College]], London. It was reported that Gunter demonstrated the use of his [[sector (instrument)|sector]] and [[quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]], but Savile regarded this as "showing of tricks" rather than geometry, and instead appointed [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]], the [[Gresham Professor of Geometry]], in 1619.<ref name=Savile>{{cite web|first=R. D.|last=Goulding|title=Savile, Sir Henry (1549–1622)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=January 2008 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24737|accessdate=25 February 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> Briggs took up the chair in 1620 at an annual salary of £150 (approximately £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|150|1620|r=-3}}}} in present day terms){{inflation-fn|UK}} and thus became the first person to hold the first two mathematical chairs established in Britain.<ref name=Maths1/><ref name=Briggs/>
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| Savile reserved to himself the right to appoint the professors during his lifetime. After his death, he provided that vacancies should be filled by a majority of a group of "most distinguished persons":<ref name=ch6/> the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the [[Lord Chancellor]], the [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford|Chancellor]] of the university, the [[Bishop of London]], the [[Secretary of State (England)|Secretary of State]], the [[Chief Justice of the Common Pleas]], the [[Chief Justice of the King's Bench]], the [[Chief Baron of the Exchequer]] and the [[Dean of Arches|Dean of the Court of Arches]]. The [[Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford|Vice-Chancellor]] of the university was to inform the electors of any vacancy, and could be summoned to advise them. The appointment could either be made straight away, or delayed for some months to see whether "any eminent mathematician can be allured" from abroad.<ref name=ch6>{{cite book|title=Oxford University Statutes Volume 1 – containing the Caroline Code or Laudian Statutes promulgated A.D. 1630|others=trans. Ward, G. R. M. |location=London|publisher=William Pickering|year=1845|chapter=Savilian Statutes chapter 6|pages=277–278|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/statutes00oxfogoog#page/n344/mode/1up/search/Bishop+of+London |accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>
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| As part of reforms of the university in the 19th century, the University of Oxford commissioners laid down new statutes for the chair in 1881. The professor was to "lecture and give instruction in pure and analytical Geometry", and was to be a [[Oxbridge Fellow|Fellow]] of [[New College, Oxford|New College]].<ref name=Statute/> The electors for the professorship were to be the Warden of New College (or a person nominated by the college in his place), the [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford]], the President of the [[Royal Society]], the [[Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy]] at Oxford, the [[Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], a person nominated by the university council and one other nominated by New College.<ref name=Statute>{{cite book| url=http://www.archive.org/stream/statutesmadeforu00univuoft#page/68/mode/2up/search/geometry|title=Statutes made for the University of Oxford and for the Colleges and Halls therein, in pursuance of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877, approved by the Queen in Council|year=1883|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|page=69}}</ref> [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh|Edward Titchmarsh]] (professor from 1931 to 1963) said when applying that he was not prepared to lecture on geometry, and the requirement was removed from the duties of the professor to enable his appointment, although the title of the chair was not changed.<ref name=Titchmarsh/> Changes to the university's internal legislation in the 20th and early 21st centuries abolished specific statutes for the duties of, and rules for appointment to, individual chairs such as the Savilian professorships. The University Council is now empowered to make appropriate arrangements for appointments and conditions of service, with the college to which any professorship is allocated (New College in the case of the Savilian chairs) to have two representatives on the board of electors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/375-092.shtml|publisher=University of Oxford|title=Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University|date=16 June 2003|accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/788-121.shtml|title=Statute XIV: Employment of Academic and Support Staff by the University|date=18 December 2009|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>
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| ==Professors' house==
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| [[John Wallis]] (professor 1649–1703) rented a house from New College on [[New College Lane]] from 1672 until his death in 1703; at some point, it was divided into two houses. Towards the end of his life, [[David Gregory (mathematician)|David Gregory]] (the Savilian Professor of Astronomy) lived in the eastern part of the premises: although no lease between Wallis and Gregory survives (if one was ever made between the two friends), Gregory's name appears for the first time in the parish rate-book of 1701. Wallis's son gave the unexpired portion of the lease to the university in 1704 in honour of his father's long tenure of the chair, to provide official residences for the two Savilian professors. New College renewed the lease at a low rent from 1716 and thereafter at intervals until the last renewal in 1814. Records of who lived in each house are not available throughout the period, but surviving documentation shows that the professors often sub-let the houses and for about twenty years in the early 18th century the premises were being used as a lodging house. [[Stephen Peter Rigaud|Stephen Rigaud]] lived there from 1810 until he became the astronomy professor in 1827; thereafter, [[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] lived there with his family. The geometry professors were associated with the houses for longer than the astronomy professors: when the [[Radcliffe Observatory]] was built in 1770s, the post of Radcliffe Observer was coupled to the astronomy professorship, and they were provided with a house in that role; thereafter, the university sublet the astronomy professor's house itself. In the early 19th century, New College decided that it wished to use the properties for itself and the lease expired in 1854.<ref name=House/>
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| ==List of professors==
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| {|class="wikitable sortable"
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| |+ Details about the professors
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| ! scope="column" width=12%|Name
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| ! scope="column" width=7%|Years
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| ! scope="column" width=12%|Education<ref group="n">At the University of Oxford, unless otherwise indicated</ref>
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| ! scope="column" width=12%|College as Professor
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| ! class="unsortable"|Notes
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Henry|Briggs|Henry Briggs (mathematician)}}
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| |align="center"|1619–31
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| |{{hs|Cambridge, St John}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]])
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| |[[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]{{#tag:ref|Briggs resided at Merton, and [[Matriculation#Incorporation|incorporated]] as a member of the university through it, but was not a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]].<ref name=Briggs/><ref name=List>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalregis01oxfogoog#page/n55/mode/2up/search/savilian|title=The historical register of the University of Oxford|year=1900|page=53|accessdate=11 March 2010|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref>|group="n"}}
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| |Briggs was a lecturer in mathematics and in physic (medicine) at Cambridge, also becoming the first professor of geometry at [[Gresham College]], London, in 1597. He had become acquainted with the principles of [[Napier's logarithm]] by 1615: logarithms aided the calculations of astronomy and navigation that were carried out at Gresham since they allowed multiplication of multi-digit numbers to be carried out through the addition of their logarithms. The innovation that Briggs suggested to Napier was to use steps of 10 (the [[common logarithm]]). After two visits by Briggs to [[John Napier]] in Edinburgh, they agreed a redefinition of the logarithm process, but Napier wrote in 1617 that the calculations would have to be carried out by others, including Briggs, because of his own ill health. Briggs is regarded as having created "one of the most useful systems for mathematics".<ref name=Briggs/> In 1624, his main work, ''Arithmetica logarithmica'', was published with calculations of the logarithms of 1 to 20,000 and 90,001 to 100,000 to fourteen decimal places. He died in Merton in 1631 and was buried in the choir of [[Merton College Chapel|Merton College chapel]].<ref name=Briggs>{{cite web|first=Wolfgang |last=Kaunzner|title=Briggs, Henry (bap. 1561, d. 1631)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3407|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Peter|Turner|Peter Turner (mathematician)}}
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| |align="center"|1631–48
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| |{{hs|Oxford, St Mary Hall}}[[St Mary Hall, Oxford|St Mary Hall]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]
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| |[[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]
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| |Turner succeeded Briggs as professor of geometry at [[Gresham College]], London, in 1620; he succeeded him in the Savilian professorship and resigned as Gresham professor in 1631. Before this, he had been asked by [[William Laud]] ([[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford]]) to help draft new statutes to govern the university; the final draft was his work, and was published in 1634. During the [[English Civil War]], he fought on the side of the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] and was captured near [[Stow-on-the-Wold]] in 1641; he was imprisoned in [[Southwark]] until an exchange of prisoners in 1643. He was evicted from his [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowship]] at Merton and from the professorship by the [[Parliamentary visitation of the University of Oxford|Parliamentary visitors]] in charge of the university in 1648, and died in poverty in 1652. He appears to have published little of substance, despite a good contemporary reputation as a mathematician and [[classics|classical scholar]].<ref name=Turner>{{cite web|first=E. I.|last=Carlyle|title=Turner, Peter (1586–1652)|coauthors=Higton, H. K. |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27857|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|John|Wallis}}
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| |align="center"|1649–1703
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| |{{hs|Cambridge, Emma}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College]])
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| |[[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]{{#tag:ref|Wallis incorporated as a member of the university through Exeter College, but was not a fellow of the college.<ref name=Wallis/><ref name=List/>|group="n"}}
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| |Before he entered Cambridge, Wallis was taught some mathematics at the age of 15 by his elder brother. He later claimed to have been self-taught in mathematics thereafter, saying in his autobiography that he had studied it as "a pleasing Diversion, at spare hours", adding that it then was regarded as more for "Traders, Merchants, Seamen, Carpenters, Surveyors of Lands, or the like" than as a subject for academical study at university level.<ref name=Wallis/> He developed an interest in [[cryptography]], working on behalf of the [[Cavaliers|Parliamentarians]] during the [[English Civil War]]. He was one of the founding members of the [[Royal Society]], writing over sixty papers and book reviews for it. After his appointment to the chair, he developed his mathematical skills such that he became "one of the leading mathematicians of his time":<ref name=Wallis/> he introduced <math>\infty</math> as the sign for [[infinity]], influenced [[Isaac Newton]] with his writings, and took part in various mathematical debates with scholars such as [[Blaise Pascal]] and [[Thomas Hobbes]]. He was appointed keeper of the university archives in 1658, and was continued in his posts after [[the Restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1660, until his death at the age of 86.<ref name=Wallis>{{cite web|first=Domenico Bertoloni |last=Meli|title=Wallis, John (1616–1703)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2007 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28572|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Edmond|Halley}}
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| |align="center"|1704–42
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| |{{hs|Oxford, Queens}}[[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]
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| |{{hs|Queen}}[[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]{{#tag:ref|Halley was a member of Queen's, but not appointed to a fellowship.<ref name=List/><ref name=Halley/>|group="n"}}
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| |Halley, who later calculated the orbit of what became known as [[Halley's comet]], was already in correspondence with European astronomers as an undergraduate, writing three scientific papers in this time. He left Oxford to travel to [[St Helena]] for the 1677 [[transit of Mercury]], so that he could calculate the distance of the sun; his work brought him a leading reputation in Europe and election to the [[Royal Society]] aged 22. He questioned [[Isaac Newton]] on the orbits of the planets, leading Newton to renew his study of the topic and write his ''[[Principia Mathematica (Newton)|Principia Mathematica]]'' in 1687; Halley supervised and paid for its publication. He failed to be appointed as [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]] in 1691, but was appointed by Newton to a position in the [[Royal Mint]] instead. His own works included discussion of rainbows, optics and barometers, and he calculated the site of [[Caesar's invasions of Britain|Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain]] by reference to the tides. He also carried out navigational surveys on behalf of the [[Royal Navy]] and drew up tables calculating the positions of the sun, moon and planets for many centuries. He was appointed [[Astronomer Royal]] in 1721.<ref name=Halley>{{cite web|first=Alan|last=Cook|authorlink=Alan Cook|title=Halley, Edmond (1656–1742)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2009 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12011|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Nathaniel|Bliss}}
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| |align="center"|1742–64
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| |{{hs|Oxford, Pembroke}}[[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]]
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| |[[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]]{{#tag:ref|Bliss was a member of Pembroke, but not appointed to a fellowship.<ref name=List/><ref name=Bliss/>|group="n"}}
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| |Bliss was appointed [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[St Ebbe's Church, Oxford]], in 1736. When he applied to succeed Halley, his supporters included [[James Bradley]] (the [[Astronomer Royal]]) and [[Robert Smith (mathematician)|Robert Smith]] ([[Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy|professor of astronomy]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]). As professor, he established an [[observatory]] (the fourth in the city) by attaching his instruments to a part of [[Oxford city wall]] near his official house. He provided astronomical measurements to Bradley and [[George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield]], who had an observatory at [[Shirburn Castle]]. Bliss succeeded Bradley as Astronomer Royal in 1762, but died suddenly in 1764.<ref name=Bliss>{{cite web|first=Anita |last=McConnell|title=Bliss, Nathaniel (1700–1764)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2653|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Joseph|Betts}}
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| |align="center"|1765–66
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| |{{hs|Oxford, Univ}}[[University College, Oxford|University College]]
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| |[[University College, Oxford|University College]]
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| |Betts tried and failed to be elected as [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]] in 1763, the post going to [[Thomas Hornsby]] instead. His supporters at that election included [[George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield]] (the university's [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford|Chancellor]]), [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute]] (Prime Minister 1762–1763), and [[George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax]] ([[Secretary of State for the Southern Department|Secretary of State]]). He expressed his thanks to them in the dedication of a print of the [[annular solar eclipse]] of 1 April 1764.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emu.mhs.ox.ac.uk/Display.php?irn=5610&QueryPage=|publisher=[[Museum of the History of Science, Oxford]]|title=Print of the Annular Solar Eclipse of 1 April, 1764, by Joseph Betts, engraved by Cole, Oxford, c. 1764|date=3 April 2008|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|John|Smith|John Smith (British mathematician)}}
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| |align="center"|1766–96
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| |{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] and [[St Mary Hall, Oxford|St Mary Hall]]
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| |[[St Mary Hall, Oxford|St Mary Hall]]
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| |Smith studied at Balliol from 1744 onwards, receiving his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1748, his [[MA (Oxon)|Master of Arts]] degree in 1751 and his [[Bachelor of Medicine]] degree in 1753. He obtained his [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree as a member of St Mary Hall, and was working as a doctor in [[Cheltenham]] in 1784, when [[Abraham Robertson]] deputised for him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Joseph|authorlink=Joseph Foster (genealogist)|publisher=James Parker & Co|location=London|title=Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 Volume 4: S–Z|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/alumnioxonienses04univuoft#page/1316/mode/2up/search/geometry|page=1316|isbn=978-1-85506-843-8 (reprint)|year=1891/92}}</ref><ref name=Robertson/> Smith built a stable and a small tenement behind his official house, destroying part of the medieval city wall as he did so, and bequeathed both additions to his successors in the chair in a "rather pompous" clause in his will.<ref name=House>{{cite journal|title=The Savilian Professors' Houses and Halley's Observatory at Oxford|first=H. E. |last=Bell|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 16, No. 2 |date=November 1961|volume=16|issue=2|pages=179–186|publisher=[[Royal Society|The Royal Society]]|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/530886|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Abraham|Robertson}}
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| |align="center"|1797–1810
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| |{{hs|Oxford, Christ}}[[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]
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| |[[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]{{#tag:ref|Robertson was a chaplain of Christ Church before the college appointed him as vicar of a parish in Northampton, but he continued to reside in Oxford; he was not appointed to a college fellowship.<ref name=Robertson/>|group="n"}}
| |
| |Robertson started studying at Oxford aged 24, having previously unsuccessfully run an evening school in Oxford for mechanics. He was supported by John Smith, and deputised for him in 1784 as Smith was working as a doctor in [[Cheltenham]]. He was well-regarded as a lecturer, noted for his clarity and the assistance he gave in encouraging students. He was elected as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1795 to mark his work on [[conic section]]s (the subject of his main work, ''Sectionum conicarum libri septem'', in 1792) and his "literary attainments and diligence in the pursuit of science".<ref name=Robertson/> He also oversaw publication of an edition of the works of [[Archimedes]]. He succeeded Smith in 1797, and became [[Savilian professor of astronomy]] in 1810.<ref name=Robertson>{{cite web|first=W. F. |last=Sedgwick|title=Robertson, Abram (1751–1826)|coauthors=Yoshioka, Alan|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23782|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Joseph|title=Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 Volume 3: L–R|publisher=James Parker & Co|location=London|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/alumnioxoniense01oxfogoog#page/n468/mode/1up/search/Savilian|page=1209|isbn=978-1-85506-843-8 (reprint)|year=1891/92}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Stephen|Rigaud|Stephen Peter Rigaud}}
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| |align="center"|1810–27
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| |{{hs|Oxford, Exeter}}[[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]
| |
| |align="center"|—{{#tag:ref|Rigaud was a fellow of Exeter College until 1810; thereafter he is not recorded as holding a college appointment.<ref name=Rigaud/><ref name=List/>|group="n"}}
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| |Rigaud, whose father was the observer at [[Kew Observatory]], made his first recorded observations in astronomy when at Exeter College, and was elected to a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowship]] of the college when still an undergraduate. From about 1805, he substituted for [[Thomas Hornsby]], [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]] and [[Dr Lee's Professor of Experimental Philosophy|reader in experimental philosophy]], because of Hornsby's illness. When Robertson succeeded Hornsby in 1810, Rigaud was appointed to the geometry chair; he succeeded his father at Kew in 1814, becoming joint observer with his grandfather. He succeeded Robertson in the astronomy and experimental philosophy positions in 1827. His wife died in the same year, and Rigaud devoted himself to his children and his work; he has been described as "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation", and as "renowned for his personal and scholarly integrity".<ref name=Rigaud>{{cite web|first=Roger|last=Hutchins|title=Rigaud, Stephen Peter (1774–1839)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23642|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Baden|Powell|Baden Powell (mathematician)}}
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| |align="center"|1827–60
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| |{{hs|Oxford, Oriel}}[[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]]
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| |align="center"|—{{#tag:ref|Powell is not recorded as holding a college appointment.<ref name=List/><ref name=Powell/>|group="n"}}
| |
| |Powell carried out experiments in the areas of heat and light when he was a parish priest in Kent and London, although he found it difficult to keep abreast with mathematical advances in physics and some of the papers he offered to the [[Royal Society]] in the 1830s had considerable mistakes. He resigned his parish position when appointed to the chair, and was an active member of scientific organisations and commissions, with many publications to his credit. He was also noted for his stance on theological issues, opposing the work of the [[Oxford movement]] (a group within the [[Church of England]], sometimes referred to as "Tractarians", who aimed to reform the church by reasserting its links with the early Catholic church), denying miracles and defending the theories of [[Charles Darwin]]. He advocated reform within the university, including improving the position of scientific studies, but opposition to his stance left him isolated at Oxford. He moved to London in 1854, and mixed with leading individuals from science and literature. One of his sons was [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]], the founder of the [[Scout Movement]].<ref name=Powell>{{cite web|first=Pietro |last=Corsi|title=Powell, Baden (1796–1860)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22642|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Henry |Smith|Henry John Stephen Smith}}
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| |align="center"|1861–83
| |
| |{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
| |
| |[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] and [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]]{{#tag:ref|Smith carried on lecturing in mathematics at Balliol for financial reasons until 1871, when he was appointed to a [[sinecure]] fellowship at Corpus Christi; he was made an honorary fellow of Balliol as well.<ref name="Henry Smith"/>|group="n"}}
| |
| |Smith's undergraduate studies at Oxford were interrupted by [[smallpox]] and [[malaria]], but he studied in Paris during his convalescence and obtained first-class degrees in [[literae humaniores|classics]] and also in mathematics in the same year. A fellow and lecturer in mathematics at Balliol, Smith also oversaw the college's laboratory and taught chemistry; he also arranged for lectures in mathematics to be given jointly with other colleges, a system that was adopted by other colleges and subjects and later grew into a university-based lecture system. From 1874, he was also Keeper of the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]. He was heavily involved with university committees, advocating the place of science and mathematics at Oxford, and with [[royal commission]]s on scientific instruction and on universities. His mathematical research in geometry, [[elliptic function]] theory and (in particular) [[number theory]] was highly regarded.<ref name="Henry Smith">{{cite web|first=Keith |last=Hannabuss|title=Smith, Henry John Stephen (1826–1883)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2006 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25813|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|James|Sylvester|James Joseph Sylvester}}
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| |align="center"|1883–94
| |
| |{{hs|London}}[[University of London]] and [[University of Cambridge]] ([[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]])
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| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |Sylvester started at the University of London aged 14 but left after allegedly assaulting another student; he later studied at Cambridge and was [[Second Wrangler]] (second in the university mathematics examinations) but could not be awarded a degree or prizes, or be made a college [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]], because he was Jewish. He then became professor of natural philosophy at [[University College, London]] for three years before moving to the [[University of Virginia]] in 1841, resigning after a dispute with university authorities in 1842. Back in England, he worked as an [[actuary]], carrying out mathematical research in [[elimination theory]] in his spare time, before appointment as professor of mathematics at [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], in 1855. After compulsory retirement aged 55, he spent a few years writing poetry and enjoying his [[Gentlemen's club|club]] before returning to the United States in 1876 as professor of mathematics at the newly opened [[Johns Hopkins University]], in [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. The move reinvigorated his research on [[invariant theory]] and [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix theory]]; he published the results in the ''[[American Journal of Mathematics]]'', which he founded. During this time, he was awarded the [[Copley Medal]] by the [[Royal Society]]. Homesick, he applied for the Savilian professorship (Oxford having lifted the bar on Jewish academics) and resigned from Johns Hopkins before receiving news of his appointment. He delayed his inaugural lecture until 1885 because he had difficulty finding a suitable topic. With his health failing, a deputy was appointed for him in 1892; he resigned in 1894. The Royal Society inaugurated the [[Sylvester Medal]] in his honour in 1901.<ref name=Sylvester>{{cite web|first=Karen |last=Hunger Parshall|authorlink=Karen Parshall|title=Sylvester, James Joseph (1814–1897)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26872|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
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| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|William|Esson}}
| |
| |align="center"|1897–1916
| |
| |{{hs|Oxford, St John}}[[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]
| |
| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |Esson, a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]] of [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]] from 1860, acted as deputy professor from 1894 until his appointment in 1897, when he became a fellow of New College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Esson, William|work=[[Who Was Who|Who Was Who, 1920–2008]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=December 2007 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U196116|accessdate=1 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> His work with [[Augustus George Vernon Harcourt|Augustus Harcourt]] on the rate of chemical change (published in three papers in the ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'', spread over 30 years) led to the award of [[Fellow of the Royal Society|fellowship of the Royal Society]] in 1869; one obituary notice said that the remainder of his publications were "neither numerous nor of great importance."<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|page=299|date=February 1917|title=William Esson|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 77|publisher=Royal Astronomical Society|bibcode=1917MNRAS..77..299.}}</ref> In his obituary, ''[[The Times]]'' called him "a distinguished veteran in mathematical science", who had "devoted himself to higher mathematics and its connexions with natural science with eminent success".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times|title=Death of Professor Esson – Mathematician and Man of Business|date=28 August 1916|page=9}}</ref>
| |
| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|G. H.|Hardy|G. H. Hardy}}
| |
| |align="center"|1919–31
| |
| |{{hs|Cambridge, Trinity}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]])
| |
| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |Hardy was awarded a prize [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowship]] at Trinity College in 1900, and published the first of his research papers (which eventually totalled over 350) in the same year. His collaboration with [[J. E. Littlewood]] began in 1911, a partnership described as "the most famous in the history of mathematics",<ref name=Hardy/> with more than 100 joint papers on topics such as distribution of [[prime number]]s, [[mathematical analysis]], [[analytic number theory]], and solving the [[Waring problem]]. He also worked with the Indian mathematical prodigy [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]. He was a friend and colleague of the philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]] and was upset by Russell's treatment by Cambridge for his pacifist views during the First World War. He was happier in Oxford, but returned to Cambridge in 1931 to take up the position of [[Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics]]. His contribution to [[population genetics]] is known as the [[Hardy–Weinberg principle]], described by a biographer of Hardy (the Cambridge mathematician [[Béla Bollobás]]) as one of the few exceptions to Hardy's claim that nothing he had done, "for good or ill", had made or was likely to make "the least difference to the amenity of the world".<ref name=Hardy>{{cite web|first=Béla |last=Bollobás|title=Hardy, Godfrey Harold (1877–1947)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33706|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| |- valign="top"
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| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Edward|Titchmarsh|Edward Charles Titchmarsh}}
| |
| |align="center"|1931–63
| |
| |{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
| |
| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |Titchmarsh studied with Hardy and acted as his secretary before obtaining a lectureship at [[University College, London]] in 1923; he was also a non-resident fellow of [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] between 1924 and 1930. He was professor of pure mathematics at the [[University of Liverpool]] from 1929 until succeeding Hardy at Oxford in 1931. As Titchmarsh (unlike Hardy) had said when applying that he was unwilling to lecture on geometry, one of the requirements of the Oxford chair, the stipulation was removed for him. He was a leading figure in Oxford mathematics thereafter, publishing extensively and winning the [[Sylvester Medal]] of the [[Royal Society]] in 1955, but had little enthusiasm for lecturing.<ref name=Titchmarsh>{{cite web|first=M. L.|last=Cartwright|title=Titchmarsh, Edward Charles (1899–1963)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36526|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| |- valign="top"
| |
| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Michael|Atiyah}}
| |
| |align="center"|1963–69
| |
| |{{hs|Cambridge, Trinity}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]])
| |
| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |Atiyah taught and carried out research in Cambridge and in the United States (at [[Princeton University]], [[New Jersey]]). He then moved to Oxford in 1961, initially as a [[Oxbridge Fellow|Fellow]] of [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]] and [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in Mathematics, before he succeeded Titchmarsh. He moved back to Princeton to take up a chair in 1969, although returned to Oxford in 1973 as Royal Society Research Professor. In 1990, he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge (a post he held until 1997), and was later President of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (2005–2008). He was knighted in 1983 and made a member of the [[Order of Merit]] in 1992. Mathematical awards include the [[Fields Medal]] (1966) for his work on [[K-theory]] and the [[Atiyah–Singer index theorem]] (work which has been used by [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicists]]) and the [[Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society (1988).<ref>{{cite web|title=Atiyah, Sir Michael (Francis)|work=[[Who's Who|Who's Who 2010]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date= November 2009 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U5927|accessdate=1 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Michael Francis Atiyah|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Atiyah.html|first=J. J. |last=O'Connor |coauthors=Robertson, E. F. |date=April 1998|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, [[University of St Andrews]]|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| |- valign="top"
| |
| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Ioan|James}}
| |
| |align="center"|1970–95
| |
| |{{hs|Oxford, Queens}}[[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]
| |
| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |After studying at Oxford, James moved to the United States to carry out research at [[Princeton University]] in [[New Jersey]] and at [[University of California, Berkeley]], returning to a research fellowship at [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]. In 1957, James became [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in Pure Mathematics at Oxford, and also was a Senior Research Fellow at [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]] from 1959 until his appointment to the Savilian professorship in 1970. He retired in 1995, becoming professor emeritus. His research topics were in the field of [[topology]], especially [[homotopy]], and he has also written on the history of topology and edited a journal on the subject.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ioan Mackenzie James|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/James.html|first=J. J. |last=O'Connor |coauthors=Robertson, E. F. |date=September 2009|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| |- valign="top"
| |
| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Richard|Taylor|Richard Taylor (mathematician)}}
| |
| |align="center"|1995–96
| |
| |{{hs|Cambridge, Clare}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]])
| |
| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |Taylor studied at Cambridge and in the United States at [[Princeton University]], [[New Jersey]], before becoming a fellow of Clare College in 1988. He moved to Oxford in 1995, but resigned after one year to take up a chair at [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Taylor, Prof. Richard Lawrence|work=Who's Who 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=November 2009 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U37171|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref> He has worked on [[Langlands program]] and, with others, proved the [[Sato–Tate conjecture]], and collaborated with [[Andrew Wiles]] on the solution to [[Fermat's last theorem]].<ref>{{cite web|title=An Essay on Robert Langlands and Richard Taylor|url=http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2007/mathematical/Langlands_Taylor/essay.html|year=2007|accessdate=1 March 2010|publisher=The Shaw Prize Foundation}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Shaw Prize]] in 2007 (along with [[Robert Langlands]]) "for initiating and developing a grand unifying vision of mathematics that connects prime numbers with symmetry."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2007/mathematical/Langlands_Taylor/announcement.html|publisher=The Shaw Prize Foundation|title=Robert Langlands and Richard Taylor|date=12 June 2007|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| |- valign="top"
| |
| !scope = "row" |{{sortname|Nigel|Hitchin}}
| |
| |align="center"|1997 onwards
| |
| |{{hs|Oxford, Jesus}}[[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]] and [[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson College]]
| |
| |[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
| |
| |Hitchin taught in the United States at [[Princeton University]] in [[New Jersey]] and at [[New York University]], then returned to Wolfson College for further research before becoming a fellow and tutor at [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]]. He was a professor of mathematics at [[Warwick University]] before becoming [[Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1994. His research areas include [[differential geometry]], [[algebraic geometry]], [[Hyperkähler manifold|Hyperkähler geometry]] and [[Symplectic manifold|special Lagrangian geometry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1996-7/weekly/010597/news/story_4.htm|title=New Savilian Professor of Geometry |work=Oxford University Gazette|publisher=University of Oxford|date=24 April 1997|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Portrait gallery==
| |
| {{Gallery
| |
| |title=
| |
| |width=190 | height=200 | lines=2
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| |align=left
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| |footer=
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| |File:John Wallis by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg
| |
| | alt1=An elderly man with some strands of white hair visible from beneath a close-fitting black cap; he is wearing red and black robes with a red academical hood and broad white bands at his collar
| |
| |[[John Wallis]], professor from 1649 to 1703
| |
| |File:Edmund Halley.gif
| |
| | alt2=A middle-aged man in robes, holding a piece of paper in his left hand. At the top of the painting, the caption reads "EDMVND HALLEIVS LL.D. GEOM. PROF. SAVIL. & R. S. SECRET."
| |
| |[[Edmond Halley]], professor from 1704 to 1742
| |
| |File:Rev Baden Powell.jpg
| |
| | alt3=A balding middle-aged man in a dark suit and academic gown, with a high collared white shirt and academic bands around his neck. He is sitting in a chair, holding a mortar board
| |
| |[[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] held the chair from 1827 to 1860.
| |
| |File:Henry John Stephen Smith.jpg
| |
| |alt3=A stone head and shoulders bust of a balding man with a full beard and sideburns
| |
| |[[Henry John Stephen Smith|Henry Smith]], professor from 1860 to 1883
| |
| |File:James Joseph Sylvester by Alfred Edward Emslie.jpg
| |
| |alt3=An elderly man wearing dark robes, sitting in a chair with his left arm on the armrest; the top of his head is bald and he has a long white beard
| |
| |[[James Joseph Sylvester|James Sylvester]] held the chair from 1883 to 1894.
| |
| |File:Michael Francis Atiyah.jpg
| |
| |alt3=An elderly balding man with some thin white hair, wearing clear-rimmed glasses, a dark suit and blue tie, smiling.
| |
| |[[Michael Atiyah]], professor from 1963 to 1969
| |
| |File:Nigel Hitchin 2004.jpg
| |
| |alt3=A man in late middle-age with a greying black beard and thinning hair, wearing an open-necked casual blue shirt and large thin-rimmed glasses
| |
| |[[Nigel Hitchin]], professor since 1997
| |
| }}{{-}}
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| | |
| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|group="n"|colwidth=30em}}
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| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *[[List of professorships at the University of Oxford]]
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| | |
| ==References==
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| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| | |
| {{Savilian Professors of Geometry}}
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| | |
| {{featured list}}
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| | |
| [[Category:Professorships at the University of Oxford]]
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| [[Category:Savilian Professors of Geometry| ]]
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| [[Category:Professorships in mathematics]]
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| [[Category:1619 establishments in England]]
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| [[Category:Lists of people associated with the University of Oxford]]
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| [[Category:New College, Oxford]]
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| [[Category:Mathematics education in the United Kingdom]]
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